Abstract
目的
综合医院护士是识别和处理躯体-精神共病患者的核心力量,但现行教育培训体系下其精神卫生专业储备常面临瓶颈。本研究旨在通过潜在剖面分析(latent profile analysis,LPA),精准识别重庆市三级综合医院护士心理健康素养的潜在类别,并探讨不同群体剖面的特征及其社会人口学、职业环境相关因素,从而为制订靶向性、分层精准干预策略提供科学依据。
方法
本研究采用横断面调查设计和多阶段分层整群抽样方法,于2023年4月至5月,基于重庆市38个区县的国内生产总值进行高、中、低经济发展层级分层后,在各层级中随机抽取共9家三级综合医院,然后以科室为单位,对符合纳入与排除标准的在岗护士进行整群调查。研究工具包括自行设计的一般资料问卷及中文版心理健康素养量表(Chinese version of the Mental Health Literacy Scale,MHLS-C);其中,对MHLS-C的分析包括心理障碍知识(以下简称“知识”)、寻求信息和帮助的能力(以下简称“能力”)、心理障碍的识别(以下简称“识别”)及对精神疾病患者的接纳(以下简称“接纳”)4个维度。使用LPA进行模型拟合,评价指标包括信息熵及各类拟合准则;由于存在医院与研究对象的嵌套结构,采用多变量广义估计方程(generalized estimating equations,GEE)分析相关因素,并以科室作为聚类变量。综合考量贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)、样本量校正的BIC(sample-size adjusted BIC,aBIC)、赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)及临床解释意义的分析结果,以识别潜在剖面。
结果
最终共纳入1 492名研究参与者,MHLS-C总分为92.38±10.04。结合LPA结果,综合考量BIC、aBIC、AIC及临床解释意义的分析结果,最终识别出3个具有显著异质性的潜在类别:剖面1在“知识”“能力”“识别”维度的得分极低,但“接纳”的维度中等,命名为“低认知-中接纳型”(n=90,6.03%);剖面2的各项认知指标得分中等,但“接纳”维度的得分为全样本最低,命名为“中认知-低接纳型”(n=886,59.38%);剖面3的认知水平较高,但“接纳”维度的得分中等,命名为“高认知-中接纳型”(n=516,34.59%)。以“高认知-中接纳型”为参照组的多变量GEE分析结果显示,曾接受专业心理干预(OR=3.742,95% CI 2.124~6.592)、未接受心理知识相关培训(OR=2.136,95% CI 1.705~2.677)及年收入≤10万元(OR=2.682,95% CI 1.284~5.605)的护士更倾向于归入“低认知-中接纳型”(均P<0.05);而男性(OR=2.104,95% CI 1.309~3.382)、年龄≥30岁(OR=1.476,95% CI 1.013~2.150)、已婚(OR=1.358,95% CI 1.069~1.725)、在急危重症医学科(OR=2.286,95% CI 1.543~3.387)或外科(OR=1.499,95% CI 1.141~1.969)工作、未接受心理知识培训(OR=1.573,95% CI 1.326~1.866)、在区县医院工作(OR=1.353,95% CI 1.043~1.754)及年收入≤10万元(OR=1.558,95% CI 1.206~2.014)的护士,归入“中认知-低接纳型”的可能性显著更高(均P<0.05)。
结论
重庆市三级综合医院护士的心理健康素养存在显著的非线性群体异质性。个人心理求助经历、专业培训缺失及高压执业环境是决定剖面归属的关键因素。未来建议摒弃“一刀切”模式,实施分层精准干预:针对“低认知-中接纳型”护士,重在知识补盲;针对“中认知-低接纳型”护士,需推行抗污名化与认知减负策略;针对“高认知-中接纳型”护士,则需强化人文反思与心理赋能,最终构建全人护理生态。
Keywords: 心理健康素养, 潜在剖面分析, 心理健康, 护士, 综合医院
Abstract
Objective
Nurses in general hospitals play a critical role in identifying and managing patients with comorbid physical and mental health conditions. However, under current educational and training systems, their professional competence in mental health often faces limitations. This study aims to identify latent profiles of mental health literacy among nurses in tertiary general hospitals in Chongqing, China, using latent profile analysis (LPA), and to explore associated sociodemographic and occupational factors, thereby providing a scientific basis for targeted and stratified intervention strategies.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using a multistage stratified cluster sampling method from April to May 2023. Based on the gross domestic product levels of 38 districts and counties in Chongqing, regions were stratified into high-, medium-, and low-economic levels. A total of nine tertiary general hospitals were randomly selected from each stratum. Nurses meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited using department-based cluster sampling. Data were collected using a self-designed demographic questionnaire and the Chinese version of the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS-C). The MHLS-C comprised four dimensions: knowledge of mental disorders (“knowledge”), ability to seek information and help (“ability”), recognition of mental disorders (“recognition”), and acceptance of individuals with mental illness (“acceptance”). LPA was performed to identify latent profiles, with model fit evaluated using entropy and multiple information criteria. Considering the nested structure of participants within hospitals, multivariable generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to analyze associated factors, with departments treated as clustering units. The latent profiles are identified based on LPA, and considering the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), sample-size adjusted BIC (aBIC), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and clinical interpretability.
Results
A total of 1 492 valid participants were included, with a mean MHLS-C score of 92.38±10.04. Based on LPA, and considering the BIC, aBIC, AIC, and clinical interpretability, 3 distinct latent profiles were identified: Profile 1 (“low cognition-moderate acceptance”, n=90, 6.03%): very low scores in knowledge, ability, and recognition, but moderate acceptance; Profile 2 (“moderate cognition-low acceptance”, n= 886, 59.38%): moderate cognitive scores but the lowest acceptance; Profile 3 (“high cognitive-moderate acceptance”, n=516, 34.59%): high cognition levels with moderate acceptance. Using Profile 3 as the reference, multivariable GEE analysis showed that nurses who had received professional psychological interventions (OR=3.742, 95% CI 2.124 to 6.592), had not received mental health training (OR=2.136, 95% CI 1.705 to 2.677), or had an annual income ≤100 000 CNY (OR=2.682, 95% CI 1.284 to 5.605) were more likely to be classified into Profile 1 (all P<0.05). Male sex (OR=2.104, 95% CI 1.309 to 3.382), aged≥30 years (OR=1.476, 95% CI 1.013 to 2.150), being married (OR=1.358, 95% CI 1.069 to 1.725), working in intensive care units (OR=2.286, 95% CI 1.543 to 3.387) or surgical departments (OR=1.499, 95% CI 1.141 to 1.969), lack of mental health training (OR=1.573, 95% CI 1.326 to 1.866), employment in county-level hospitals (OR=1.353, 95% CI 1.043 to 1.754), and annual income ≤100 000 CNY (OR=1.558, 95% CI 1.206 to 2.014) were significantly associated with Profile 2 (all P<0.05).
Conclusion
Significant heterogeneity exists in mental health literacy among nurses in tertiary general hospitals in Chongqing. Personal help-seeking experience, lack of professional training, and high-pressure work environments are key determinants of profile membership. Future interventions should move beyond a “one-size-fits-all” approach and adopt stratified strategies: for the “low cognition-moderate acceptance” group, emphasis should be placed on improving knowledge; for the “moderate cognition-low acceptance” group, anti-stigma interventions and cognitive burden reduction are needed; for the “high cognition-moderate acceptance” group, efforts should focus on enhancing humanistic reflection and psychological empowerment. Such tailored approaches may ultimately contribute to the development of a holistic nursing care system.
Keywords: mental health literacy, latent profile analysis, mental health, nurses, general hospitals
心理健康素养指有关精神障碍的知识、信念及行为习惯,是早期识别、管理和预防精神障碍的关键[1-2]。研究[3-5]表明,大量未确诊的抑郁症等精神障碍患者常因躯体不适首先就诊于综合医院,精神症状的“躯体化”极易导致误诊或漏诊。同时,综合医院的躯体疾病患者也普遍存在心理困扰[6-8]。这种“身心共病”现象显著延长了患者的住院时间,增加了并发症的发生率及病死率[9]。护士作为与患者接触最密切的临床一线专业人员,是识别和应对精神心理问题的第一道防线[10]。
因此,准确评估综合医院护士心理健康素养的现状与群体特征,是破解这一临床困境的先决条件。尽管既往关于国内外综合医院医护人员心理健康素养的研究[10-14]已较为丰富,但这些研究多遵循“以变量为中心”的研究范式。这种视角虽能揭示整体趋势,却往往掩盖了群体内部的结构性差异,难以发现知识、信念及求助效能等维度在个体身上复杂的组合模式。相比之下,潜在剖面分析(latent profile analysis,LPA)作为一种“以个体为中心”的方法,能够根据个体在各维度上的反应模式识别出异质性的潜在亚组,有助于发现非线性的特征模式。尽管近期有研究[15]利用LPA探索了重症监护室护士的分类特征,但其样本仅局限于单一高压科室,且结果呈现单一的线性梯度分布,即“低知识-低素养”、“中等素养”和“高态度-高素养”,难以外推至人员结构更复杂、科室亚文化更多元的综合医院护士群体。同时,既往研究[10-11]提示护士的心理健康素养受多维人口学及职业环境因素的交互影响。鉴于此,本研究拟引入“以个体为中心”的LPA,在更广泛的综合医院情境下识别护士心理健康素养的潜在亚组,深入剖析其分布特征与相关因素,旨在为制订分层分类的精准干预策略提供实证依据。
1. 对象与方法
1.1. 伦理声明
本研究已获得重庆医科大学附属第一医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:K2023-183),并获得参与研究的各医院护理部许可。所有参与者均知情同意并在线签署电子同意书,拥有随时退出权且不影响职业评价。为保护隐私,问卷不采集姓名、工号等直接标识符,数据加密存储并仅限本文研究者查阅。鉴于LPA旨在识别群体的异质性特征,针对分析中可能识别出的具有相对劣势特征的潜在亚组,本研究严格限定在群体层面进行统计推断与结果汇报,严禁向医院管理层反馈任何关于个体的剖面归属结果,以规避潜在的能力标签化风险,充分维护参与者的职业尊严与心理安全。
1.2. 对象
于2023年4月至5月,选取重庆市三级综合医院在岗护士作为研究对象。抽样过程如下。1)区域分层:基于重庆2022年各个区、县的国内生产总值(gross domestic product,GDP)[16],将全市38个区、县按GDP排序后以三分位法划分为高、中、低经济发展层级(前、中、后1/3分别对应高、中、低层级),旨在控制区域经济水平对医疗资源配置的异质性影响,确保样本覆盖不同发展水平的区域。2)医院抽样:在每个经济层级中,从三级综合医院名录中随机抽取3家(共9家)。3)科室抽样:在每家医院,将临床科室分为内科、外科、急危重症医学科3类,按15%~20%的比例随机抽取内科及外科病区(各2~3个);急危重症医学科因病区数量有限,因此全部纳入调查。4)护士调查:以入选临床科室为单位,对调查期间符合纳排标准的在岗护士进行整群调查。纳入标准:1)持有护士执业资格证并在岗执业的护士;2)执业时间≥1年;3)知情同意并自愿参与本研究。排除标准:1)进修护士;2)规范化培训护士;3)实习护士及护理专业在读学生。
1.3. 样本量计算
根据现状调查公式 ,估计本研究的样本量 ,其中 、 、 、 分别为标准正态分布的临界值、检验水准、总体标准差和允许误差。100例护士预调查的结果显示,其心理健康素养得分均数为94.5,标准差σ=11.0。本研究允许误差δ=1(即估计总体均数在样本均数±1分的范围内)。设置检验水准α=0.05(双侧),即 =1.960。将相关数据代入现状调查公式,可得n=465。考虑20%的预期问卷无效率,为保证充足的有效样本,本研究实际至少需要发放582份问卷。
1.4. 方法
1.4.1. 调查方法
数据通过在线平台“问卷星”进行收集。在调查实施前,研究者已获得各医院护理部的许可与协助。调查问卷由各医院护理部统一协调发放给各抽样科室护士长。随后,护士长将问卷链接及二维码发布于科室内部微信工作群,说明研究目的及匿名性原则,组织符合纳入标准的在岗护士利用非工作时间自愿填写。本次调查共收到1 561份问卷,剔除69份无效问卷(剔除标准:作答时间少于180 s或所有条目选择相同选项等规律性作答)后,最终获得1 492份有效问卷,有效回收率为95.58%。
1.4.2. 调查工具
1)一般情况调查问卷。基于既往文献回顾及本研究的理论框架,本研究自行设计一般情况调查问卷。既往研究[10-11, 17]表明,社会人口学因素(如年龄、性别、经济地位)、职业特征(如工作科室、培训经历)及个人心理求助经历等与医护人员的心理健康素养密切相关。据此,本研究选取了包括年龄、性别、教育背景、工作科室等一般人口学及职业特征的相关变量,共计17个。
2)中文版心理健康素养量表(Chinese version of the Mental Health Literacy Scale,MHLS-C)。本研究采用由Wang等[18]汉化并验证的MHLS-C来评估护士的心理健康素养水平。该量表基于O’Connor和Casey[19]开发的原始量表修订而成,共包含29个条目。量表分为“核心素养”(22个条目)和“社会接纳”(7个条目)2个主要分量表,涵盖4个维度:心理障碍知识(以下简称“知识”;13个条目)、寻求信息和帮助的能力(以下简称“能力”;4个条目)、心理障碍的识别(以下简称“识别”;5个条目)及对精神疾病患者的接纳(以下简称“接纳”;7个条目)。MHLS-C采用混合计分法,前13个条目为Likert 4级计分,后16个条目为5级计分(部分条目反向计分),总分范围为29~132,得分越高表明研究参与者的心理健康素养水平越高。该量表在中国临床护士群体中已被证实具有良好的信度和效度,总量表的克龙巴赫α系数为0.85,重测信度为0.80[18]。在本研究中,总量表的克龙巴赫α系数为0.846,4个维度的克龙巴赫α系数在0.822至0.893之间,表明内部一致性良好。针对MHLS-C的4个维度构建结构方程模型,并采用验证性因子分析进行验证,其中χ 2/df=1 491.527/352=4.237(<5),标准化残差均方根(standardized root mean square residual,SRMR)=0.057(<0.08)、近似误差均方根(root mean square error of approximation,RMSEA)=0.047(<0.08),Tucker-Lewis指数(Tucker-Lewis index,TLI)=0.940(>0.9),比较拟合指数(comparative fit index,CFI)=0.948(>0.9),模型的拟合指数较好,表明该量表在本研究的样本中具有理想的结构效度。
1.5. 统计学处理
采用SAS 9.4软件进行数据整理与分析,使用Mplus 8.3软件进行LPA。MHLS-C各维度和总分符合正态分布,用均数及其95% CI进行描述;计数资料以例数和率表示。由于MHLS-C各维度条目数及得分范围不一致,为消除量纲影响,先对各维度得分进行标准化处理(均值=0,标准差=1),再纳入模型。LPA中,通过最大似然法估计模型参数,将每个个体分配到后验概率最高的类别中。当各类别的平均后验概率>0.7、信息熵>0.8,且每个类别的人数占比超过样本总量的5%时,认为潜在剖面的数量适宜。采用贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)、样本量校正的BIC(sample-size adjusted BIC,aBIC)和赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)对模型的拟合程度进行评价,AIC、BIC及aBIC值越小表示拟合程度越好。基于自助法的似然比检验(bootstrapped likelihood ratio test,BLRT)和Lo-Mendell-Rubin校正似然比检验(Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test,LMRT)用于模型比较,若P<0.05,则表明K类别模型优于K-1类别模型。本研究采用多阶段抽样,存在医院与研究对象的2个水平层次结构,因此采用广义估计方程(generalized estimating equations,GEE)进行分析。不同潜在剖面的事后两两比较采用Tukey法调整P值。以潜在剖面为因变量,一般资料为自变量进行单变量GEE分析,将单变量分析中P<0.05的变量纳入多变量GEE模型中,探讨各变量与潜在剖面归属的相关性,其中GEE分析中以科室作为聚类变量。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
2.1. MHLS-C及各维度的得分情况
参与调查的1 492名护士的MHLS-C总分为92.38±10.04,条目均分为3.19±0.35;“知识”维度的总分为40.65±5.42,条目分为3.13±0.42;“能力”维度的总分为15.05±2.54,条目分为3.76±0.63;“识别”维度的总分为17.58±3.66,条目分为3.52±0.73;“接纳”维度的总分为19.09±5.44,条目分为2.73±0.78。
2.2. 护士心理健康素养的LPA结果
本研究拟合了1~5个潜在剖面模型,其拟合指数结果见表1。随着模型中潜在剖面数量的增加,AIC、BIC、aBIC均呈下降趋势。当保留4个或5个潜在剖面时,出现了样本量占比小于5%的类别,表明4个或5个潜在剖面的模型可能存在过度拟合,故排除。虽然保留2个潜在剖面的模型拟合指标尚可,但保留3个潜在剖面的模型其AIC和BIC更低,BLRT和LMRT的P<0.001,且能识别出具有独特临床意义的亚组。因此,本研究最终选择了包含3个潜在剖面的模型,剖面1(Class 1,C1)包含90例(6.03%);剖面2(Class 2,C2)包含886例(59.38%);剖面3(Class 3,C3)包含516例(34.59%)。该模型的信息熵为0.818,各剖面成员归属于相应类别的平均概率分别为0.953、0.926和0.901,表明分类界限清晰,符合评估标准。
表1.
护士心理健康素养LPA的模型拟合结果(n=1 492)
Table 1 Fit indices of latent profile analysis models for mental health literacy among nurses (n=1 492)
| Number of classes | BIC | aBIC | AIC | Entropy | BLRT | LMRT | Number and proportion of cases in each class | Average posterior probability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16 948.449 | 16 990.912 | 16 965.498 | — | — | — | C1=1 492 (100%) | C1=1.000 |
| 2 | 16 677.050 | 16 746.052 | 16 704.755 | 0.940 | <0.001 | 0.006 |
C1=85 (5.70%) C2=1 407 (94.30%) |
C1=0.898 C2=0.990 |
| 3 | 16 366.067 | 16 461.609 | 16 404.428 | 0.818 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
C1=90 (6.03%) C2=886 (59.38%) C3=516 (34.59%) |
C1=0.953 C2=0.926 C3=0.901 |
| 4 | 16 159.365 | 16 281.446 | 16 208.382 | 0.850 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
C1=90 (6.03%) C2=882 (59.12%) C3=20 (1.34%) C4=500 (33.51%) |
C1=0.946 C2=0.923 C3=0.930 C4=0.896 |
| 5 | 15 996.078 | 16 144.699 | 16 055.751 | 0.910 | <0.001 | 0.012 |
C1=88 (5.90%) C2=22 (1.47%) C3=508 (34.05%) C4=854 (57.24%) C5=20 (1.34%) |
C1=0.957 C2=0.957 C3=0.935 C4=0.944 C5=0.920 |
LPA: Latent profile analysis; BIC: Bayesian information criterion; aBIC: Sample-size adjusted BIC; AIC: Akaike information criterion; BLRT: Bootstrapped likelihood ratio test; LMRT: Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test; C: Class.
从绝对分值来看,本研究中各组“接纳”维度的得分均未超过该维度的理论中位数(21分),反映了综合医院护士群体对精神疾病患者的接纳度普遍不足的客观现实。基于LPA分析结果及各维度的得分特征(表2),将3个剖面命名如下:1)C1在“知识”“能力”及“识别”3个认知维度上的得分均处于全样本的最低水平。然而,其“接纳”维度得分(20.19)虽未达到高分标准,但并未与认知水平同步跌落,而是维持在全样本中的中等偏上水平(与C3相比的差异无统计学意义)。鉴于其表现出“认知水平低下,但“接纳”维度维持在中等水平”的特征,将其命名为“低认知-中接纳型”。2)C2是样本中的主体人群。标准化分数图结果(图1)表明,C2在“知识”“能力”及“识别”等认知维度的得分均围绕平均水平波动(Z接近0),但其“接纳”维度的得分(18.73)在所有亚组中处于最低水平,且显著低于C3(P<0.05)。鉴于该组表现出“专业认知尚可,但情感接纳明显不足”的矛盾特征,本研究将其命名为“中认知-低接纳型”。3)C3在“知识”“能力”“识别”维度上得分较高,表现出卓越的专业认知水平,但其“接纳”维度的得分(19.52)并未实现相应的跨越,而是与C1保持在类似水平,同样停滞在中等区间。因其具备优越的认知技能但情感接纳未能同步提升,本研究将其命名为“高认知-中接纳型”。
表2.
综合医院护士不同潜在剖面与心理健康素养各维度的关系 (n=1 492)
Table 2 Relationship between different latent profiles and various dimensions of mental health literacy among nurses in general hospitals (n=1 492)
| Dimension | Low cognition-medium acceptance (n=90) | Medium cognition-low acceptance (n=886) | High cognition-medium acceptance (n=516) | Wald χ 2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 76.76(75.23 to 78.28) | 89.00(88.41 to 89.60)* | 100.91(99.95 to 101.87)*† | 1 420.336 | <0.001 |
| Knowledge of mental disorder (Knowledge) | 26.92(26.32 to 27.53) | 38.88(38.67 to 39.09)* | 46.09(45.92 to 46.26)*† | 22 575.160 | <0.001 |
| Ability to seek information and help (Ability) | 13.48(12.54 to 14.41) | 14.51(14.28 to 14.73)* | 16.26(15.99 to 16.53)*† | 242.535 | <0.001 |
| Recognition of mental disorder (Recognition) | 16.17(15.62 to 16.71) | 16.88(16.69 to 17.07) | 19.04(18.52 to 19.55)*† | 79.446 | <0.001 |
| Acceptance of patients with mental illness (Acceptance) | 20.19(18.98 to 21.39) | 18.73(18.47 to 18.99) | 19.52(18.99 to 20.05)† | 7.673 | 0.022 |
Data are presented as the mean and 95% CI, and inter-group comparisons were performed using GEE, P for post-hoc pairwise comparisons were adjusted using Tukey’s method. *P<0.05 vs the “Low cognition-medium acceptance” profile; †P<0.05 vs the “Medium cognition-low acceptance” profile; GEE: Generalized estimating equations.
图1.
综合医院护士心理健康素养各维度标准化得分估计值在3种潜在剖面上的分布情况
Figure 1 Distribution of the standardized score estimates for mental health literacy of nurses in general hospitals across three latent profiles
2.3. 一般资料与心理健康素养的关系
单变量GEE分析结果(表3)显示,性别、年龄、工龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、工作科室、接受专业心理干预情况、接受心理知识相关培训情况、地域和年收入情况均与潜在剖面的归属存在显著关联(均P<0.05)。
表3.
调查对象一般资料与护士心理健康素养潜在剖面的单变量GEE分析结果(n=1 492)
Table 3 Univariable GEE analysis of associations between general characteristics and latent profiles of mental health literacy among nurses (n=1 492)
| Characteristics |
Total (n=1 492) |
Low cognition-medium acceptance (n=90) |
Medium cognition-low acceptance (n=886) |
High cognition-medium acceptance (n=516) | Wald χ 2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender/[No.(%)] | 13.829 | 0.001 | ||||
| Male | 73(4.89) | 5(5.56) | 54(6.09) | 14(2.71) | ||
| Female | 1 419(95.11) | 85(94.44) | 832(93.91) | 502(97.29) | ||
| Age/[No.(%)] | 13.459 | 0.009 | ||||
| ≤25 years | 283(18.97) | 16(17.78) | 158(17.83) | 109(21.13) | ||
| 26-29 years | 417(27.95) | 25(27.78) | 241(27.20) | 151(29.26) | ||
| ≥30 years | 792(53.08) | 49(54.44) | 487(54.97) | 256(49.61) | ||
| Work experience/[No.(%)] | 10.371 | 0.035 | ||||
| ≤5 years | 498(33.38) | 29(32.22) | 283(31.94) | 186(36.04) | ||
| 6-10 years | 410(27.48) | 23(25.56) | 251(28.33) | 136(26.36) | ||
| ≥11 years | 584(39.14) | 38(42.22) | 352(39.73) | 194(37.60) | ||
| Marital status/[No.(%)] | 6.553 | 0.038 | ||||
| Married | 987(66.15) | 57(63.33) | 604(68.17) | 326(63.18) | ||
| Unmarried or divorced | 505(33.85) | 33(36.67) | 282(31.83) | 190(36.82) |
| Characteristics |
Total (n=1 492) |
Low cognition-medium acceptance (n=90) |
Medium cognition-low acceptance (n=886) |
High cognition-medium acceptance (n=516) | Wald χ 2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presence of children/[No.(%)] | 4.028 | 0.133 | ||||
| Yes | 924(61.93) | 53(58.89) | 566(63.88) | 305(59.11) | ||
| No | 568(38.07) | 37(41.11) | 320(36.12) | 211(40.89) | ||
| Education level/[No.(%)] | 19.814 | 0.001 | ||||
| Associate degree | 353(23.66) | 20(22.22) | 230(25.96) | 103(19.96) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree | 1 109(74.33) | 68(75.56) | 641(72.35) | 400(77.52) | ||
| Master’s degree or above | 30(2.01) | 2(2.22) | 15(1.69) | 13(2.52) | ||
| Working department/[No.(%)] | 43.108 | <0.001 | ||||
| Internal medicine | 657(44.04) | 40(44.45) | 361(40.75) | 256(49.61) | ||
| Surgery | 510(34.18) | 31(34.44) | 308(34.76) | 171(33.14) | ||
| Emergency or critical care | 133(8.91) | 9(10.00) | 90(10.16) | 34(6.59) | ||
| Other | 192(12.87) | 10(11.11) | 127(14.33) | 55(10.66) | ||
| Professional title/[No.(%)] | 4.659 | 0.324 | ||||
| Junior | 995(66.69) | 61(67.78) | 592(66.82) | 342(66.28) | ||
| Intermediate | 431(28.89) | 28(31.11) | 257(29.01) | 146(28.29) | ||
| Senior | 66(4.42) | 1(1.11) | 37(4.17) | 28(5.43) | ||
| Physical condition/[No.(%)] | 0.054 | 0.974 | ||||
| Good | 1 036(69.44) | 63(70.00) | 616(69.53) | 357(69.19) | ||
| Fair or poor | 456(30.56) | 27(30.00) | 270(30.47) | 159(30.81) | ||
| Received mental health-related training/[No.(%)] | 34.680 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 686(45.98) | 39(43.33) | 378(42.66) | 269(52.13) | ||
| No | 806(54.02) | 51(56.67) | 508(57.34) | 247(47.87) | ||
| Received professional psychological intervention/[No.(%)] | 19.680 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 208(13.94) | 24(26.67) | 123(13.88) | 61(11.82) | ||
| No | 1 284(86.06) | 66(73.33) | 763(86.12) | 455(88.18) | ||
| Satisfaction with medical and nurse-patient relationships/[No.(%)] | 4.959 | 0.084 | ||||
| Satisfied | 1 461(97.92) | 89(98.89) | 864(97.52) | 508(98.45) | ||
| Unsatisfied | 31(2.08) | 1(1.11) | 22(2.48) | 8(1.55) | ||
| Support from family or friends for work/[No.(%)] | 3.781 | 0.151 | ||||
| Yes | 1 206(80.83) | 70(77.78) | 709(80.02) | 427(82.75) | ||
| No | 286(19.17) | 20(22.22) | 177(19.98) | 89(17.25) | ||
| Region/[No.(%)] | 10.597 | 0.005 | ||||
| Urban area | 817(54.76) | 46(51.11) | 447(50.45) | 324(62.79) | ||
| Other | 675(45.24) | 44(48.89) | 439(49.55) | 192(37.21) | ||
| Sufficient ability to provide psychological care/[No.(%)] | 2.398 | 0.302 | ||||
| Yes | 1 232(82.57) | 78(86.67) | 724(81.72) | 430(83.33) | ||
| No | 260(17.43) | 12(13.33) | 162(18.28) | 86(16.67) |
| Characteristics |
Total (n=1 492) |
Low cognition-medium acceptance (n=90) |
Medium cognition-low acceptance (n=886) |
High cognition-medium acceptance (n=516) | Wald χ 2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work causes anxiety/depression/burnout/[No.(%)] | 4.404 | 0.111 | ||||
| Never or occasionally | 1 248(83.65) | 80(88.89) | 742(83.75) | 426(82.56) | ||
| Often or always | 244(16.35) | 10(11.11) | 144(16.25) | 90(17.44) | ||
| Annual income/[No.(%)] | 12.934 | 0.002 | ||||
| ≤100 000 CNY | 1 098(73.59) | 74(82.22) | 675(76.19) | 349(67.64) | ||
| >100 000 CNY | 394(26.41) | 16(17.78) | 211(23.81) | 167(32.36) |
Univariable GEE analysis was performed with the latent profile as the dependent variable and general characteristics as independent variables. CNY: Chinese Yuan.
2.4. 心理健康素养各亚类的多变量GEE分析
尽管“高认知-中接纳型”在“接纳”维度上并非全样本最优,但其在“知识”“能力”及“识别”等核心维度上得分显著高于其他2个剖面,代表了当前样本中心理健康素养水平相对最高的群体,因此本研究选择该组作为参照组,以精准识别其他剖面护士在心理健康素养层面的特征差异及相关因素。将单变量分析中差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)的变量纳入多变量模型。考虑到护士的年龄与工龄之间存在较强的共线性,为保证模型的稳健性,本研究仅将年龄纳入最终的多变量无序多分类GEE分析。结果(表4)表明,“高认知-中接纳型”与“低认知-中接纳型”相比,曾接受专业心理干预(OR=3.742,95% CI 2.124~6.592)、未接受心理知识相关培训(OR=2.136,95% CI 1.705~2.677)和年收入≤10万元(OR=2.682,95% CI 1.284~5.605)的护士更倾向于归入“低认知-中接纳型”(均P<0.05)。“高认知-中接纳型”与“中认知-低接纳型”比较时,男性(OR=2.104,95% CI 1.309~3.382)、年龄≥30岁(OR=1.476,95% CI 1.013~2.150)、已婚(OR=1.358,95% CI 1.069~1.725)、在急危重症医学科(OR=2.286,95% CI 1.543~3.387)或外科(OR=1.499,95% CI 1.141~1.969)工作、未接受心理知识培训(OR=1.573,95% CI 1.326~1.866)、在区县医院工作(OR=1.353,95% CI 1.043~1.754)和年收入≤10万元(OR=1.558,95% CI 1.206~2.014)的护士更倾向于归入“中认知-低接纳型”(均P<0.05)。
表4.
综合医院护士心理健康素养不同潜在剖面的多变量GEE模型分析 (n=1 492)
Table 4 Multivariable generalized estimating equations analysis of latent profiles of mental health literacy among nurses in general hospitals (n=1 492)
| Variables | β | SE | Z | P | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low cognition-medium acceptance vs high cognition-medium acceptance | |||||
| Gender (male vs female) | 1.419 | 0.393 | 0.891 | 0.373 | 1.419(0.657 to 3.065) |
| Age (Ref: ≤25 years) | |||||
| 26-29 years | 1.444 | 0.461 | 0.797 | 0.425 | 1.444(0.585 to 3.567) |
| ≥30 years | 2.114 | 0.567 | 1.320 | 0.187 | 2.114(0.696 to 6.419) |
| Marital status (married vs unmarried or divorced) | 0.970 | 0.255 | -0.118 | 0.906 | 0.970(0.589 to 1.599) |
| Education level (Ref: Master’s degree or above) | |||||
| Associate degree | 0.790 | 0.965 | -0.244 | 0.807 | 0.790(0.119 to 5.236) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.590 | 0.780 | -0.677 | 0.498 | 0.590(0.128 to 2.721) |
| Department (Ref: Internal medicine) | |||||
| Surgery | 1.169 | 0.389 | 0.402 | 0.688 | 1.169(0.545 to 2.507) |
| Emergency or critical care | 2.185 | 0.543 | 1.438 | 0.150 | 2.185(0.753 to 6.339) |
| Other | 1.107 | 0.310 | 0.328 | 0.743 | 1.107(0.603 to 2.031) |
| Received professional psychological intervention (yes vs no) | 3.742 | 0.289 | 4.567 | <0.001 | 3.742(2.124 to 6.592) |
| Received mental health-related training (no vs yes) | 2.136 | 0.115 | 6.594 | <0.001 | 2.136(1.705 to 2.677) |
| Region (other vs urban area) | 1.198 | 0.375 | 0.481 | 0.630 | 1.198(0.574 to 2.499) |
| Annual income (≤100 000 CNY vs >100 000 CNY) | 2.682 | 0.376 | 2.624 | 0.009 | 2.682(1.284 to 5.605) |
| Medium cognition-low acceptance vs high cognition-medium acceptance | |||||
| Gender (male vs female) | 2.104 | 0.242 | 3.073 | 0.002 | 2.104(1.309 to 3.382) |
| Age (Ref: ≤25 years) | |||||
| 26-29 years | 1.101 | 0.183 | 0.524 | 0.600 | 1.101(0.769 to 1.575) |
| ≥30 years | 1.476 | 0.192 | 2.026 | 0.043 | 1.476(1.013 to 2.150) |
| Marital status (married vs unmarried or divorced) | 1.358 | 0.122 | 2.503 | 0.012 | 1.358(1.069 to 1.725) |
| Variables | β | SE | Z | P | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education level (Ref: Master’s degree or above) | |||||
| Associate degree | 1.494 | 0.222 | 1.814 | 0.070 | 1.494(0.968 to 2.307) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 1.001 | 0.284 | 0.005 | 0.996 | 1.001(0.574 to 1.747) |
| Department (Ref: Internal medicine) | |||||
| Surgery | 1.499 | 0.139 | 2.904 | 0.004 | 1.499(1.141 to 1.969) |
| Emergency or critical care | 2.286 | 0.201 | 4.122 | <0.001 | 2.286(1.543 to 3.387) |
| Other | 1.770 | 0.133 | 4.296 | <0.001 | 1.770(1.364 to 2.296) |
| Received professional psychological intervention (yes vs no) | 1.212 | 0.130 | 1.477 | 0.140 | 1.212(0.939 to 1.564) |
| Received mental health-related training (no vs yes) | 1.573 | 0.087 | 5.196 | <0.001 | 1.573(1.326 to 1.866) |
| Region (other vs urban area) | 1.353 | 0.133 | 2.275 | 0.023 | 1.353(1.043 to 1.754) |
| Annual income (≤100 000 CNY vs >100 000 CNY) | 1.558 | 0.131 | 3.390 | 0.001 | 1.558(1.206 to 2.014) |
3. 讨 论
本研究发现,重庆市三级综合医院护士的MHLS-C总分处于中等水平。这一结果并非孤立现象,而是反映了全球非精神科护理领域面临的系统性困境。尽管医疗体制与文化背景各异,本研究数据与约旦、土耳其及阿联酋等近期的研究[14, 20-21]结果高度相似,即不同执业背景下护士的素养普遍徘徊在中等但非最优的水平。这种跨文化的一致性强烈提示,现行的常规护理教育体系存在结构性缺陷:即过度侧重生物医学模式下的躯体护理,而将精神心理知识边缘化。既往调查[10, 22]显示,综合医院护士在校期间的精神科理论课时占比较低,且入职后往往缺乏系统性的精神专科继续教育支持,导致其知识储备难以匹配临床日益增长的身心共病护理需求。因此,“中等水平”深刻揭示了传统教育模式与现代整体护理需求之间的能力断层。
值得注意的是,本研究中各维度发展呈现显著的不平衡性。其中,“寻求信息和帮助的能力”维度得分最高。这主要归因于三级综合医院拥有成熟的多学科诊疗(multi-disciplinary team,MDT)与畅通的转诊渠道,这种组织赋能显著提升了护士获取精神卫生资源的可及性与自我效能感。然而,接纳维度的得分最低,这与Wang等[11]针对中国公立医院的调查结果相呼应。该研究[11]指出,即便是专业医护人员,在长期高负荷工作环境及对精神科患者暴力行为刻板印象的影响下,亦倾向于采取防御性回避策略,从而拉大了与患者的社会距离。因此,如何在利用制度优势赋能的同时,破除负面刻板印象并化解护士的接触焦虑,是护理管理者面临的深层挑战。
本研究基于LPA识别出3个具有鲜明特征的潜在亚组,揭示了护士群体内部的结构性差异。其中,“中认知-低接纳型”(59.38%)占比最大,其特征为各个认知维度处于平均水平,但“接纳”维度却为全样本最低。一方面,这一现象可能在一定程度上反映了现行以知识普及为主的培训模式存在局限性,这类培训往往侧重于理论层面的基础构建,而在破除对精神障碍的隐性病耻感、促进深层情感认同方面尚有欠缺。另一方面,这亦可能反映了护士在日常繁重的躯体疾病护理中,由于缺乏应对精神症状的实操技能及系统性支持,出于对医疗安全和执业风险的担忧,而在情感态度上采取的一种“防御性疏远”策略。“低认知-中接纳型”(6.03%)是本研究识别出的另一非线性特征亚组。尽管“低认知-中接纳型”的样本占比相对较小(<10%),但本研究最终决定保留该潜在类别,主要基于以下方法学与临床意义方面的双重考量:首先,其绝对样本量(n=90)足以支持后续多变量分析(如GEE模型)的稳健统计推断;其次,该剖面的平均后验概率高达0.953,表明模型对该亚组的识别较精确,分类界限清晰;更关键的是,该剖面精准识别出了综合医院护士群体中“认知各维度得分较低但接纳维度维持在中等水平”的非线性特征亚组,这一独特的得分模式具有不可替代的临床解释价值。尽管该组的“接纳”维度在绝对得分上仅处于中等水平,但相较于其处于低谷的认知得分,该组展现出了一种典型的“情感先行”或“认知滞后”的错位特征。不同于既往研究[15]呈现的“低-中-高”单一线性梯度,本组独特的发展错位现象揭示:情感接纳可能拥有一条独立于认知积累的发展路径。在特定经历(如有心理健康问题的亲身经历或朴素的同理心)驱动下,相对积极的接纳态度可能先于系统的专业知识而形成。这提醒管理者在制订干预策略时需精准甄别短板,将这种“具备接纳潜质但认知储备欠缺”(“低认知-中接纳型”)的群体,与前述“具备基础认知但存在防御性排斥”(“中认知-低接纳型”)的群体严格区分开来,实施靶向性的差异化培训。“高认知-中接纳型”(34.59%)代表了具备最扎实疾病认知与技术理性的相对高阶群体,故在多变量分析中被设为参照组。然而,该组的接纳度并未随认知水平实现同步提升,呈现出显著的“知高接平”特征。这一现象交织着复杂的临床现实与系统性环境因素。一方面,正如Wang等[11]所揭示,专业素养较高的护士在临床中往往需承担更多复杂精神心理症状的识别与处理,长期的精神消耗极易诱发更深层次的共情疲劳与职业倦怠。另一方面,多项实证研究[22-24]指出,即使在专业医护群体中,对精神疾病的刻板印象和污名化态度依然顽固存在。因此,“高认知-中接纳型”的接纳度瓶颈,更应被客观地视为高负荷临床现实与宏观医疗环境污名化共同作用的结果,而非单纯的个体态度缺陷。这提示,对专家型护士的培养不仅需为其建立应对共情疲劳的心理支持与缓冲机制,更需优化执业生态,致力于在科室及医疗机构内部逐步构建去污名化的包容性文化[25]。
本研究发现,曾接受专业心理干预的护士归入“低认知-中接纳型”的可能性显著增加。这与一项欧洲32国医务人员的多中心研究[16]的结果一致,即个人求助经历与对精神障碍患者的积极态度呈正相关。本研究在更广泛的样本中识别出了具有“非线性”特征的“低认知-中接纳型”,深刻揭示了心理健康素养中“理性认知(知)”与“感性态度(信)”的非同步发展。该现象可用“接触假说”与“经验学习理论”联合解释:亲身的患病或求助经历作为一种深度的人际接触经验,可能有助于缓解护士对精神障碍的恐惧与刻板印象,从而促进了相对积极的情感接纳基础的形成(信);然而,本研究数据显示未接受心理知识相关培训与该组特征显著相关,这提示在缺乏系统专业理论培训的情况下,这种基于感性体验的共情往往较难自发地经过抽象概念化,转化为科学的识别与干预能力(知)[23, 26]。此外,年收入≤10万元是归入“低认知-中接纳型”和“中认知-低接纳型”的共同相关因素,印证了社会经济地位与心理健康素养的正相关性[27-29]。这提示,较低的薪资待遇往往伴随着更大的生活负荷,这种由经济压力带来的认知资源消耗,在一定程度上限制了护士在工作之余投入额外精力进行深度专业学习与高强度情绪劳动的能力[30]。
急危重症医学科和外科护士归入“中认知-低接纳型”的可能性显著高于其他科室。结合该类别“接纳度全样本最低”的核心特征,这一现象并非简单的职业倦怠,而更可能反映了高压环境下的“功能性防御”。从职业社会化与认知负荷视角分析:急危重症科护士常面临精神障碍患者的不可预测行为(如暴力攻击),在这种高强度的环境压力下,护士可能更倾向于在有限的认知资源内,优先处理威胁生命安全的生理问题[31]。在面临认知超载时,为了快速应对并降低自身的恐惧感,护士可能下意识地采用刻板印象作为认知捷径,将精神症状标签化为安全威胁,这一现象可能与防御性情感疏离的增加密切相关[15, 32]。对于外科护士而言,快节奏的手术周转与精细化专科护理要求往往占据了其主要精力,当其面对患者的心理需求时,极易表现出更为明显的“情感钝化”(如对患者的心理需求识别意识淡漠和接纳度降低)[33-34]。此外,需警惕横断面研究中难以排除的“选择效应”:即情感接纳度本就偏低的护士,可能更倾向于选择或留任在以躯体救治为绝对核心的高压科室。这提示,提升此类科室护士的心理健康素养不能仅靠单向的知识灌输,更需结合科室生态,从组织层面切实化解其深层的接触焦虑与防御性疏离。
本研究结果显示,男性护士归入“中认知-低接纳型”的可能性显著更高。这一结果与李丽青等[15]的发现相符,但与土耳其及约旦等未发现性别差异的国际研究结论不一致[14, 20]。这种跨文化的异质性可能根植于中国特定的“社会性别角色”期待[35-36]。男性往往被期待展现坚强、理性的工具性特质,这种传统角色设定与精神心理护理所需的柔软共情存在潜在张力,进而可能促使男护士在面对患者复杂的心理需求时,更易潜意识地采取情感回避策略。在地域因素方面,区县医院护士更易于归入“中认知-低接纳型”,这可能反映了医疗资源分布不均所带来的发展阻滞效应。相比主城区,基层医院在精神专科前沿教育及多学科支持平台上的相对匮乏,可能使其护士群体难以顺利实现从基础理论认知向高阶人文接纳的进阶[37]。
代际生命周期也是与心理健康素养密切相关的重要变量。本研究发现,已婚及≥30岁的护士更易归入“中认知-低接纳型”。这一发现与约旦及沙特等跨文化研究结果[38-40]高度一致。Vistorte等[24]指出,相较于年轻医生,经验丰富的年长医务人员反而表现出更强的污名化态度。这一现象可从信息获取行为与社会文化变迁双重维度解析:一方面,年轻一代作为“数字原住民”,其电子健康素养较高,能熟练利用多元网络资源主动获取精神卫生相关资讯与前沿理念;另一方面,随着社会对精神卫生认知的进步,年轻护士受传统病耻感文化的束缚较小,持有更为开放和包容的职业态度。相反,年长护士虽然临床经验丰富,但其早期受到的教育模式可能更为传统,且长期累积的职业负荷与家庭压力可能共同加剧了其深层刻板印象的固化。因此,管理者在未来的科室建设中,应充分发挥年轻护士的信息与态度优势,将其培养为心理健康联络员;同时,针对年长护士开展以“观念更新与心理减负”为导向的继续教育。
鉴于护士群体的显著异质性,本研究建议摒弃“一刀切”的培训模式,实施基于剖面特征的分层精准干预。1)针对“低认知-中接纳型”,实施“知识补盲与心理护理胜任力转化”策略。该组护士展现出超越其认知水平的相对积极的接纳意愿(“中接纳”),培训重点不应放在态度的动员上,而应聚焦于心理健康知识与技能的系统化补给。建议开展精神症状学识别、常用评估量表使用及危机干预流程等基础理论培训。利用其同理心潜质,通过案例教学或高保真模拟教学,将感性的共情体验转化为理性的心理护理胜任力,靶向填补“认知滞后”[41]。2)针对“中认知-低接纳型”,实施“抗污名化与认知减负”策略。该组护士面临着传统观念固化与临床高负荷的双重挑战,其核心痛点在于高压环境下的认知过载与防御性疏离。干预应双管齐下,首先,引入基于“接触假说”的模拟体验课程,通过听幻觉模拟等具身化体验,促使护士从旁观者视角转向体验者视角,通过观点采择深度理解精神症状背后的主观痛苦[42]。其次,推行“认知减负”式的操作支持,避免增加冗余的理论考核,而是开发简明实用的精神心理急救流程图或口袋卡片。通过可视化指引(如急救行动链及记忆符号)降低护士在高压场景下的决策难度,使其在不耗费过多认知资源的前提下规范应对患者的精神心理需求[43]。3)针对“高认知-中接纳型”,实施“缓解共情疲劳与重塑包容性执业生态”策略。该专家型群体的瓶颈主要源于长期的职业情感消耗与环境污名化的隐性约束,常规知识培训易陷入“边际效益递减”。因此,干预重心应全面转向人文反思与职业赋能。建议管理者在科室层面常态化推行叙事护理分享会或结构化同伴支持小组。构建此类职场社会支持系统,不仅能有效缓解临床护士的情绪耗竭与职业倦怠,还能通过提升自我效能感,显著促进其人文关怀与叙事实践能力的提升[44-45]。这种普及化的心理赋能策略,有望为高阶护士提供必要的心理支持与缓冲,实现“技术理性”与“人文关怀”的深度整合。
本研究尚存在一定的局限性,需在未来研究中进一步完善。首先,为横断面设计,只能揭示护士心理健康素养潜在剖面与各人口学、职业环境因素之间的相关性,无法明确因果方向(如执业环境压力与防御性疏离之间可能存在的“选择效应”)。未来需开展纵向追踪研究或干预性试验以厘清其动态演变机制。其次,调查对象限于重庆市三级综合医院,在一定程度上限制了结果向更广泛护理群体(如基层医疗机构或其他区域)的外推。未来可跨地域、跨医院层级开展验证性调查,以探究护士心理健康素养剖面特征的宏观演变规律。再次,研究数据主要依赖于护士的自评问卷,在触及“情感接纳”等具有较强社会伦理倾向的议题时,可能难以完全避免社会期望效应的影响。最后,在统计方法学方面,本研究采用了传统的“分类-分析”策略,即基于最大后验概率将个体硬性划分至特定潜在类别后,再进行多变量回归分析。这一处理方式未能充分纳入潜在类别划分过程中的分类误差,可能会导致回归参数的估计出现一定程度的偏差。
本研究首次在综合医院情境下,识别出护士心理健康素养存在3种具有显著异质性的潜在剖面,即“中认知-低接纳型”(59.38%)、“高认知-中接纳型”(34.59%)及“低认知-中接纳型”(6.03%),打破了心理健康素养发展的线性假设。本研究发现,个人心理求助经历、专业培训缺失、高压执业环境(如急危重症医学科与外科)及特定社会人口学特征(性别、地域与年龄)是决定剖面归属的关键因素。这些因素交织映射出各亚组截然不同的核心痛点:“低认知-中接纳型”特有的“情感先行”,“中认知-低接纳型”在高压临床负荷下的“防御性疏离”,以及“高认知-中接纳型”的“隐性共情疲劳”。鉴于此,建议医院管理者摒弃“一刀切”的传统模式,实施基于剖面特征的分层精准干预:即对“低认知-中接纳型”重在知识补盲,对“中认知-低接纳型”推行抗污名化与认知减负,对“高认知-中接纳型”强化人文反思与心理赋能。通过差异化的管理路径,有效弥合各亚组间的素养鸿沟,打破高压临床环境下的情绪内耗,最终构建出躯体救治与心理支持并重的全人护理生态。
基金资助
重庆医科大学附属第一医院护理科研基金(HLJJ2022-11)。This work was supported by the Nursing Research Fund of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China (HLJJ2022-11).
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
作者贡献
魏莎 研究设计,数据分析,论文撰写及修改;赵庆华、罗业涛、倪世芬 问卷发放与数据收集,并对文章进行批评性审阅;肖明朝 研究指导、质量把控,论文定稿。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。
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