Alok Kumar
Alok Kumar
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
2Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,2,
Dayana B Rivadeneira
Dayana B Rivadeneira
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
2Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,2,
Isha Mehta
Isha Mehta
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
3Department Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,3,
Bingxian Xie
Bingxian Xie
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
2Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,2,
Rachel Cumberland
Rachel Cumberland
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
2Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,2,
Supriya K Joshi
Supriya K Joshi
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
2Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,2,
Jitendra S Kanshana
Jitendra S Kanshana
4Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pittsburgh, PA USA
4,
William G Gunn
William G Gunn
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
2Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,2,
Victoria Dean
Victoria Dean
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
2Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,2,
Angelina Parise
Angelina Parise
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
2Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,2,
Kristin Morder
Kristin Morder
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,
Erica S Myers
Erica S Myers
5Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
5,
Steven J Mullett
Steven J Mullett
5Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
6Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
5,6,
Richard T Cattley
Richard T Cattley
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,
Stacy L Gelhaus
Stacy L Gelhaus
5Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
6Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
5,6,
Abigail E Overacre-Delgoffe
Abigail E Overacre-Delgoffe
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,
Jishnu Das
Jishnu Das
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
3Department Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,3,
William F Hawse
William F Hawse
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,
Alison B Kohan
Alison B Kohan
4Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pittsburgh, PA USA
4,
Greg M Delgoffe
Greg M Delgoffe
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
2Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
1,2,✉
1Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
2Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
3Department Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
4Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pittsburgh, PA USA
5Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
6Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Subject terms: Cytotoxic T cells, Lymphocyte differentiation, Energy metabolism
© The Author(s) 2026
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.