Table 2.
Modern pharmacological effects and chemical composition of traditional herbal medicines
| Scientific name | Traditional herbal medicine name in Chinese (in PinYin) | Modern pharmacological effects | Chemical composition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo | 黄草(HuangCao) | Antioxidant, anti-aging, immunomodulatory | Polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids |
| Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. | 兔耳兰 (TuErLan) | Emollient | Hexanal, nonanal, heptanal |
| Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr. | 铁担子 (TieDanZi) | Antitussive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | Polysaccharides, total saponins, total flavonoids |
| Gastrodia elata Blume | 天麻 (TianMa) | Anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic | Gastrodin, phenolic glycosides |
| Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. | 白及 (BaiJi) | Anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antioxidant | Polysaccharides, bibenzyls, phenanthrenes |
| Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. | 果上叶 (GuoShangYe) | Tumor-suppressive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | Polyphenols, volatile components |
| Calanthe discolor Lindl. | 九死连环草(JiuSiLianHuanCao) | Anticoagulant, antitumor | Essential oils, phenanthrenes, alkaloids |
| Herminium coiloglossum Schltr. | 双肾草 (ShuangShenCao) | Immunomodulatory, anti-aging, analgesic | Organic acids, esters, steroids |
| Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl. | 见血青 (JianXueQing) | Hemostatic, antibacterial, analgesic | Alkaloids, flavonoids, amides |
| Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw. | 毛草兰 (MaoLanCao) | Lung-moistening, antitussive | - |
| Nervilia fordii (Hance) Schltr. | 青天葵 (QingTianKui) | Analgesic, antitussive, antiviral | Flavonoids, essential oils, terpenoids |
| Euchresta japonica Hook.f. ex Regel | 山豆根 (ShsnDouGen) | Antitumor, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective | Alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes |
| Phanera championii Benth. | 燕尾草 (YanWeiCao) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant | Flavonoids, saccharides, essential oils |
| Biancaea decapetala (Roth) O.Deg. | 猫爪刺 (MaoZhuaCi) | Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial | Alkaloids, flavonoids |
| Sophora flavescens Aiton | 小苦参(布依族话拐督睹)(XiaoKuShen) | Antiarrhythmic | Flavonoids, alkaloids |
| Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. | 甘草 (GanCao) | Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral | Flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins |
| Gleditsia sinensis Lam. | 皂角 (ZhaoJiao) | Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial | Flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenes |
| Gleditsia sinensis Lam. | 皂角刺 (ZhaoJiaoCi) | Antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant | Quercetin, fisetin, kaempferol |
| Mucuna sempervirens Hemsl. | 老洼豆藤(布衣族话高点) (LaoWaDouTeng) | Anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, hematinic | Phenols, steroids, coumarins |
| Mucuna sempervirens Hemsl. | 老洼豆(布依话高点)大血藤种子 (LaoWaDouZhongZi) | Nematicidal, wound-healing | L-DOPA |
| Sophora alopecuroides L. | 苦参、大苦参 (DaKuShen) | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | Matrine, oxysophocarpine |
| Crotalaria ferruginea Graham | 响铃草 (XiangLingCao) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, isoflavones |
| Spatholobus suberectus Dunn | 鸡血藤 (JiXueTeng) | Antitumor, antiviral | Flavonoids, anthraquinones |
| Sophora davidii Kom. ex Pavol. | 白刺花花 (BaiCiHuaHua) | Anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antiulcer | Coumarins, flavonoids |
| Sophora davidii Kom. ex Pavol. | 白刺花根 (BaiCiHuaGen) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitussive | Flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols |
| Sophora davidii Kom. ex Pavol. | 白刺花刺 (BaiCiHuaCi) | Anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antitumor | Alkaloids, flavonoids |
| Sophora davidii Kom. ex Pavol. | 白花刺籽 (BaiCiHuaZi) | Anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antitumor | Alkaloids, flavonoids, organic acids |
| Bauhinia brachycarpa Wall. ex Benth. | 夜关门(YeGuanMen) | Antitussive, antibacterial | Flavonoids, saccharides, essential oils |
| Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. | 蒲公英 (PuGongYing) | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial | Taraxasterol, choline |
| Arctium lappa L. | 百倍怡 (BaiBeiYi) | Anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, vasodilatory | Proteins, amino acids |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. | 红花 (HongHua) | Antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | Flavonoids, terpenes |
| Aster indicus L. | 鱼鳅串 (YuQiuChuan) | Antibacterial, antitussive, anti-inflammatory | Rutin, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid |
| Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass. | 猫耳朵 (MaoErDuo) | Antibacterial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory | Coumarins, flavonoids |
| Artemisia lactiflora Wall. ex DC. | 白苞蒿 (BaiBaoHao) | Antitumor, antibacterial, antioxidant | Esters, terpenes, essential oils |
| Xanthium strumarium L. | 牛虱子 (NiuShiZi) | Antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | Essential oils, fatty acids |
| Carpesium abrotanoides L. | 野烟 (YeYan) | Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor | Sesquiterpene lactones, diterpenes |
| Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | 九里光 (JiuLiGuang) | Antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral | Sesquiterpenes, diterpenes |
| Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. | 蛇疙瘩 (SheGeDa) | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial | Flavonoid glycosides, triterpenes, isocoumarins |
| Potentilla discolor Bunge | 天星地白 (TianXingDiBai) | Antitumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic | Flavonoids, glycosides, terpenes |
| Potentilla kleiniana Wight & Arn. | 五匹风 (WuPiFeng) | Hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory | Triterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids |
| Geum aleppicum Jacq. | 兰布正 (BuLanZheng) | Diuretic, anti-inflammatory | Tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids |
| Rubus coreanus Miq. | 连网刺花 (LianWangCiHua) | Antifungal, antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering | Organic acids, polyphenols, tannic acid |
| Rubus coreanus Miq. | 连网刺根 (LianWangCiGen) | Antifungal, antioxidant | Organic acids, polyphenols, tannic acid |
| Rosa roxburghii Tratt. | 刺梨果 (CiLiGuo) | Antibacterial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory | Phenolic acids, flavonoids |
| Rosa roxburghii Tratt. | 刺梨根 (CiLiGen) | Antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial | Total phenols, ellagic acid |
| Rosa roxburghii Tratt. | 刺梨籽 (CiLiZi) | Anticancer | Fatty acids, amino acids |
| Rosa roxburghii Tratt. | 刺梨杆 (CiLiGan) | Antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antibacterial | Flavonoids, organic acids, polysaccharides |
| Ajuga ciliata Bunge | 散血草 (SanXueCao) | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory | Iridoids, diterpenes |
| Prunella vulgaris L. | 夏枯草 (XiaKuCao) | Antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory | Triterpenes, flavonoids, organic acids |
| Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton | 紫苏 (ZiSu) | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial | Essential oils, flavonoids |
| Clerodendrum bungei Steud. | 臭牡丹 (ChouMuDan) | Antitumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic | Terpenes, phenylethanoid glycosides, sterols |
| Leonurus japonicus Houtt. | 益母草 (YiMuCao) | Antithrombotic, antihypertensive | Ferulic acid, alkaloids, essential oils |
| Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) Kuntze | 飞疔药 (FeiDingYao) | Hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial | Triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids |
| Pleuropterus multiflorus (Thunb.) Nakai | 夜交藤 (YeJjiaoTeng) | Sedative, immunomodulatory | Lipids, water-soluble substances, pectin |
| Pleuropterus multiflorus (Thunb.) Nakai | 何首乌 (HeShouWu) | Antioxidant, antitumor | Flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic acids |
| Rumex crispus L. | 大黄 (DaHuang) | Hemostatic, blood-activating, anti-inflammatory | Anthrones, anthraquinones |
| Reynoutria japonica Houtt. | 酸汤杆 (SuanTangGan) | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral | Polydatin, resveratrol |
| Bistorta paleacea (Wall. ex Hook. f.) Yonek. & H. Ohashi | 地马蜂 (DiMaFeng) | Antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | Gallic acid, flavonoids |
| Parogonum cynanchoides (Hemsl.) Desjardins & J.P.Bailey | 胖血藤 (PangXueTeng) | Antioxidant, antitumor | Stilbene glycosides, anthraquinones, flavonoids |
| Polygonum aviculare L. | 扁朽 (BianXiu) | Antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulatory | Avicularin, quercitrin, quercetin |
| Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC. | 虎掌草 (HuZhangCao) | Antitumor | Betulinic acid, Huzhangoside D |
| Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux | 乌头 (WuTou) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cardiotonic, antitumor | Aconitine, hypaconitine, mesaconitine |
| Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino | 千年耗子屎 (QianNianHaoZiShi) | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic | Lactones, alkaloids |
| Coptis chinensis Franch. | 黄连 (HuangLian) | Antibacterial, antitumor, sedative-hypnotic | Alkaloids, flavonoids |
| Anemone hupehensis (Lemoine) Lemoine | 野棉花 (YeMianHua) | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal | Essential oils, lactones, glycosides |
| Actaea cimicifuga L. | 升麻 (ShengMa) | Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor | Triterpenoid saponins, phenolic acids |
| Disporopsis pernyi (Hua) Diels | 易竹(布衣族话拐动怡) (YiZhu) | Antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic | Polysaccharides, flavonoids, glycosides |
| Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua | 黄姜 (HuangJiang) | Immunoenhancing, antioxidant, anti-aging | Steroidal saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids |
| Ophiopogon japonicus (L. f.) Ker Gawl. | 麦冬 (MaiDong) | Antivascular disease, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory | Steroidal saponins, homoisoflavonoids, polysaccharides |
| Reineckea carnea (Andrews) Kunth | 观音草 (GuanYinCao) | Antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | Saponins, steroids, lignans |
| Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. | 天门冬 (TianMenDong) | Antitumor, anticancer, anti-inflammatory | Steroidal saponins, C21 steroids, lignans |
| Asparagus filicinus D. Don | 狼井一支蒿 (LangJinYiZhiHao) | Antitumor | Steroidal saponins |
| Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Asch. | 玉簪 (YuZan) | Antibacterial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory | Flavonoids, steroidal saponins |
| Parthenocissus henryana (Hemsl.) Diels & Gilg | 五花血藤 (WuHuaXueTeng) | Anticancer, antioxidant, anti-aging | Stilbenes |
| Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. | 母猪藤根 (MuZhuTengGen) | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral | Flavonoids, sterols |
| Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. | 母猪藤 (MuZhuTeng) | Anticancer, antimicrobial, anticoagulant | Flavonoids, steroids, terpenes |
| Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels & Gilg | 三叶青根 (SanYeQingGen) | Antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | Flavonoids, triterpenes, steroids |
| Adenophora stricta Miq. | 泡参 (PaoShen) | Immunomodulatory, radioprotective, anti-aging | Polysaccharides, coumarins, sterols |
| Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook. f. | 奶浆根(布衣族话马发汞) (NaiJiangGen) | Anticancer, immunoenhancing, sedative | Tangshenoside, flavonoids |
| Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. | 桔梗 (JieGeng) | Anti-inflammatory, antiasthmatic, anticancer | Phenolic acids, saponins, flavonoids |
| Primulina eburnea (Hance) Yin Z.Wang | 岩白菜 (YanBaiCai) | Antitumor, antibacterial, hypotensive | Phenylethanoid glycosides, quinones, flavonoids |
| Dorcoceras hygrometricum Bunge | 散其草 (SanQiCao) | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory | Flavonoid C-glycosides, p-Hydroxyphenethylalcohol, ferulic acid |
| Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim. | 岩豇豆 (YanJiangDou) | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral | Nonacosan-15-ol, triacontanol |
| Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. | 木通 (MuTong) | Antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant | Glycosides, hederasaponin, oleanolic acid |
| Akebia trifoliata subsp. australis (Diels) T. Shimizu. | 八月瓜 (BaYueGua) | Diuretic, antitumor | Saponins |
| Akebia trifoliata subsp. australis (Diels) T. Shimizu. | 八月瓜根 (BaYueGuaGen) | Diuretic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory | Triterpenoid saponins |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | 茴香 (HuiXiang) | Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective | Anethole, anisaldehyde, anisyl ketone |
| Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn | 姨妈菜 (YiMaCai) | Expectorant, antitussive, anti-inflammatory | Coumarins, essential oils, flavonoids |
| Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | 马蹄菜 (MaTiCai) | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | Triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, essential oils |
| Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels | 当归 (DangGui) | Circulation-improving, immunomodulatory, antioxidant | Essential oils, amino acids, flavonoids |
| Alkekengi officinarum var. franchetii (Mast.) R.J.Wang | 红姑娘 (HongGuNiang) | Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial | Steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids |
| Datura stramonium L. | 曼陀罗 (ManTuoLuo) | Anticholinergic, analgesic, sedative | Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine |
| Solanum capsicoides All. | 野辣子 (YeLaZi) | Hypotensive | Steroidal alkaloids, saponins, steroidal saponins |
| Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. | 半边风 (BanBianFeng) | Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer | Nicandrenone, withanicandrin, nicandrin |
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | 金银花根 (JinYinHuaGen) | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor | Chrysophanol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol |
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | 金银花藤 (JinYinHuaTeng) | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral | Organic acids, flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins |
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | 金银花 (JinYinHua) | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | Quercetin, luteolin |
| Valeriana jatamansi Jones | 蜘蛛香 (ZhiZhuXiang) | Antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory | Phenolic acids, essential oils, iridoids |
| Morus alba L. | 桑皮 (SangPi) | Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anti-edema | Mulberroside A, kuwanon G |
| Ficus tikoua Bureau | 地瓜根 (DiGuaGen) | Antioxidant | Isoflavone derivatives |
| Ficus tikoua Bureau | 地瓜藤 (DiGuaTeng) | Antifungal, antirheumatic, antidiarrheal | Pyranoisoflavones |
| Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. | 大石韦 (DaShiWei) | Vasodilatory, diuretic, anti-inflammatory | Polysaccharides, flavonoids, terpenes |
| Drynaria roosii Nakaike | 巴山虎 (BaShanHu) | Anti-inflammatory, chondrogenic differentiation-promoting, immunomodulatory | Flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic acids |
| Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. | 扁担叶 (BianDanYe) | Anti-inflammatory | Phenolic acids |
| Berberis virgetorum C.K.Schneid. | 刺黄连 (CiHuangLian) | Antibacterial, antiemetic, antipyretic | Berberine, berbamine |
| Berberis julianae C.K.Schneid. | 三颗针 (SanKeZhen) | Hypotensive, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic | Berberine hydrochloride, jatrorrhizine, palmatine |
| Dysosma versipellis (Hance) M. Cheng | 八角莲 (BiaoJiaoLian) | Antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral | Lignans, flavonoids, quinones |
| Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. | 淫羊藿 (YinYangHuo) | Immunomodulatory, cardiovascular function-enhancing | Icariin, flavonoids |
| Urtica lotabifolia S. S. Ying | 红豁麻根 (HongHuoMaGen) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antirheumatic | Flavonoids, lignans, vitamins |
| Girardinia diversifolia subsp. suborbiculata (C. J. Chen) C. J. Chen & Friis | 小豁麻根 (XiaoHuoMaGen) | Antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hypoglycemic | Flavonoids, coumarins, essential oils |
| Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis | 豁麻根(布依族话毒肿们) (HuoMaGen) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, bacteriostatic | Scopolamine, kaempferol |
| Averrhoa carambola L. | 阳桃根 (YangTaoGen) | Hypoglycemic, antirheumatic | Phenols, organic acids, tannins |
| Oxalis triangularis ‘Mijke’ | 紫叶酢浆草 (ZiYeCuJiangCao) | Antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant | Anthocyanins |
| Oxalis corniculata L. | 酸咪咪草 (SuanMiMiCao) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, bacteriostatic | Flavonoids, phenols, phenylpropanoids |
| Ardisia crenata Sims | 八爪金龙 (BaZhuaJinLong) | Antitumor, antiviral, antioxidant | Coumarins, saponins |
| Ardisia pusilla A.DC. | 毛青杠 (MaoQingGang) | Antitumor, anticoagulant | Saponins, bergenin, gallic acid |
| Lysimachia christinae Hance | 过路黄 (GuoLuHuang) | Lithagogue, antitumor | Flavonoids, phenols, polysaccharides |
| Vincetoxicum atratum (Bunge) C.Morren & Decne. | 羊角根 (YangJiaoGen) | Bacteriostatic, antiviral, antitumor | C2 steroidal saponins, acetophenones |
| Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight | 隔山消 (GeShanXiao) | Promoting digestion and absorption | C21 steroids, acetophenones |
| Periploca forrestii Schltr. | 黑骨藤(布衣族话搞饼)(HeiGuTeng) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant | Quinones, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids |
| Vincetoxicum stauntonii (Decne.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li | 水杨柳 (ShuiYangLiu) | Analgesic, antipyretic | Aleuritic acid |
| Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil. | 金钩莲 (JinGouLian) | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, sedative | Alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids |
| Paederia foetida L. | 臭屁藤 (ChouPiTeng) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial | Iridoid glycosides |
| Sceptridium ternatum (Thunb.) Lyon | 一朵云 (YiDuoYun) | Anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antitussive | Flavonoids, polysaccharides, luteolin |
| Ophioglossum vulgatum L. | 一支箭 (YiZhiJian) | Blood stasis-dispersing, hemostatic | β-Sitosterol |
| Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | 大鹅儿肠根 (DaEErChangGen) | Hypolipidemic, hypotensive | Saponins, phenolic acids, linolenic acid esters |
| Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | 大鹅儿肠 (DaEErChang) | Hypolipidemic, hypotensive | Saponins, phenolic acids, linolenic acid esters |
| Pinellia ternata(Thunb.)Breit. | 麻芋果(布依族话拉爸维)(MaYuGuo) | Antiulcer, antitumor, hypolipidemic | Alkaloids, essential oils |
| Arisaema heterophyllum Blume | 老蛇包谷 (LaoSheBaoGu) | Anticoagulant, anticonvulsant, analgesic | Alkaloids, flavonoids |
| Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis (Tobler) Rehder | 三角枫 (SanJiaoFeng) | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | Phenolic acids, flavonoids, saponins |
| Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H. Chow | 三七 (SanQi) | Antihypertensive, anticancer, hepatoprotective | Saponins, flavonoids, essential oils |
| Cyathula officinalis K.C.Kuan | 白牛磕膝 (BaiNiuKeXi) | Hypotensive, analgesic, immunomodulatory | Polysaccharides, cyasterone |
| Achyranthes bidentata Blume | 红牛磕膝 (HongNiuKeXi) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-osteoporotic | Polysaccharides, saponins, ecdysterone |
| Crocosmia crocosmiiflora (Lemoine) N.E.Br. | 雄黄兰 (XiongHuangLan) | Antidiarrheal, fertility-promoting | triterpenoid saponins |
| Belamcanda chinensis (L.) Redouté | 扁竹黄 (BianZhuHuang) | Antibacterial, antitumor, immunomodulatory | Triterpenes, isoflavones |
| Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. | 芦荟 (LuHui) | Antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory | Anthraquinones, chromones, terpenes |
| Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. | 金针花 (JinZhenHua) | Sedative-hypnotic, antidepressant, antioxidant | Anthraquinones, lactam derivatives, glycosides |
| Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum var. spinifolium Rehder & E.H.Wilson | 见血飞 (JianXueFei) | Antifibrotic, hemostatic, antiarrhythmic | Coumarins |
| Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum var. spinifolium Rehder & E.H.Wilson | 见血飞籽 (JianXueFeiZi) | Anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antitumor | Coumarins, alkaloids |
| Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | 地茅草 (DiMaoCao) | Antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer | Geranial, neral, geraniol |
| Zea mays L. | 玉米须 (YuMiXu) | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | Polysaccharides, polyphenols, flavonoids |
| Solena heterophylla Lour. | 耗子瓜 (HaoZiGua) | Analgesic, antipyretic, antimalarial | Coumarins, flavonoids |
| Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. | 天花 (TianHua) | Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antiulcer | Flavonoids, amino acids, proteins |
| Smilax japonica (Kunth) A.Gray | 白茯苓 (BaiFuLing) | Antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral | Flavonoids, saponins |
| Smilax china var. china | 红土茯苓(布依族话倒帮)(HongTuFuLing) | Antibacterial, antitumor | Steroidal saponins, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides |
| Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers | 千金藤 (QianJinTeng) | Anti-inflammatory, antitumor | Alkaloids |
| Stephania dielsiana Y.C.Wu | 百味莲 (BaiWeiLian) | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypolipidemic | Sterols, flavonoids, alcohols |
| Phedimus aizoon (L.) ‘t Hart | 铁指甲 (TieZhiJia) | Anti-hypoxic, anti-aging, anti-fatigue | Saccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids |
| Sedum sarmentosum Bunge | 狗牙瓣 (GouYaBan) | Hepatoprotective, antitumor, antifibrotic | Flavonoids, alkaloids |
| Munronia unifoliolata Oliv. | 矮陀陀 (AiTuoTuo) | Antitumor, analgesic, anti-inflammatory | Limonoid derivatives |
| Melia azedarach L. | 苦楝果 (KuLianGuo) | Bacteriostatic, insecticidal | Limonoids, phenolic acids |
| Punica granatum L. | 石榴花 (ShiLiuHua) | Anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, bacteriostatic | Polysaccharides, polyphenols |
| Lythrum salicaria L. | 对叶莲 (DuiYeLian) | Antidiarrheal, antibacterial, antioxidant | Polysaccharides, phenols, flavonoids |
| Thesium chinense Turcz. | 地石榴 (DiShiLiu) | Anti-inflammatory, bacteriostatic, immunomodulatory | Flavonoids, organic acids |
| Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour. | 朱砂连 (ZhuShaLian) | Bacteriostatic, hemostatic, analgesic | Condensed tannins, polysaccharides |
| Schisandra propinqua subsp. sinensis (Oliver) R. M. K. Saunders | 小血藤 (XiaoXueTeng) | Antioxidant, antitumor | Lignans, triterpenes |
| Woodwardia japonica (L.f.) Sm. | 金毛狗 (JianMaoGou) | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic | Polysaccharides, glycosides, essential oils |
| Lycopodium japonicum Thunb. | 伸筋草 (ShenJinCao) | Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic | Lycopodine, Clavatine |
| Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. | 地棕 (DiZong) | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-osteoporotic | Phenolic compounds, curculigosides |
| Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms | 白金条 (BaiJinTiao) | Anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial | Alkaloids, glycosides, organic acids |
| Balanophora harlandii Hook.f. | 寄生黄 (JiShengHuang) | Antitumor, hypoglycemic, bacteriostatic | Triterpenes, flavonoids |
| Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl | 巴螂果 (BaLangGuo) | Detoxifying, hemostatic, lithagogue | Flavonoids, phenols |
| Passiflora cupiformis Mast. | 硬纸草(YingZhiCao) | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | Flavonoids, rutin, apigenin |
| Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. | 仙人掌 (XianRenZhang) | Hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory | Fiber, minerals |
| Typha orientalis C.Presl | 毛蜡烛 (MaoLaZhu) | Circulation-improving, cytoprotective | Quercetin, flavonoid glycosides, isorhamnetin |
| Osbeckia stellata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | 朝天罐 (ChaoTianGuan) | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor | Phenols |
| Dichondra micrantha Urb. | 仙秀草 (XianXiuCao) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic | Flavonoids, essential oils |
| Liquidambar formosana Hance | 路路通 (LuLuTong) | Antioxidant, immune-enhancing, hypotensive | Essential oils, terpenes, flavonoids |
| Polygala japonica Houtt. | 小丁香 (XiaoDingXiang) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic | Saponins, flavonoids |
| Trigonotis peduncularis (Trevir.) Benth. ex F.B.Forbes & Hemsl. | 地胡椒 (DiHuJjiao) | Antioxidant, antitumor | Flavonoids, phenylpropanoids |
| Camphora officinarum Boerh. ex Fabr. | 香樟籽 (XiangZhangZi) | Antithrombotic, anti-atherosclerotic, antitumor | Essential oils, flavonoids, lignans |
| Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H.Wendl. | 棕榈籽 (ZongLvZi) | Hemostatic, antioxidant, lithagogue | Polyphenols, condensed tannins |
| Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz | 千张 (QianZhang) | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic | Flavonoids, glycosides |
| Mirabilis jalapa L. | 巴及根 (BaJiGen) | Anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral | Betacyanins, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol |
| Musella lasiocarpa (Franch.) C.Y.Wu ex H.W.Li | 药芭蕉 (YaoBaJiao) | Hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial | Diarylheptanoids, lipids |
| Stemona tuberosa Lour. | 对叶百部 (DuiYeBaiBu) | Insecticidal, antitumor, antibacterial | Alkaloids, dehydrobenzofuranols |
| Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco | 柏子果 (BaiZiGuo) | Sedative, hypnotic, anticancer | Flavonoids, essential oils, terpenes |
| Plantago asiatica L. | 车前草 (CheQianCao) | Diuretic, expectorant, antibacterial | Aucubin, plantainoside |
| Acorus calamus L. | 水菖蒲 (ShuiChangPu) | Antibacterial, insecticidal, central nervous system-protective | Sesquiterpenes, alkaloids, fatty acids |
| Ilex triflora Blume | 小洞青 (XiaoDongQing) | - | |
| Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. | 杜仲 (DuZhong) | Anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive | Lignans, iridoids, flavonoids |
| Impatiens balsamina L. | 指甲花 (ZhiJiaHua) | Anti-infective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory | Flavonoids, naphthoquinones, anthocyanins |
| Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. | 乱头发 (LuanTouFa) | Choleretic, antioxidant, lithagogue | Flavonoids, phenolic acids, saccharides |
| Pachysandra axillaris Franch. | 三只板凳脚 (SanZhiBanDengJiao) | Antitumor, antiulcer, antibacterial | Alkaloids, triterpenes, steroids |
| Viola philippica Cav. | 华口菜 (HuaKouCai) | Bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral | Flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids |
| Chloranthus holostegius (Hand.-Mazz.) C.Pei & San | 四块瓦 (SiKuaiWa) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant | Flavonoids, sesquiterpenes |
| Pistacia vera L. | 开心果 (KaiXinGuo) | Immunomodulatory | Proteins, fats, minerals |
| Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Spring | 九死还魂草 (JiuSiHuanHunCao) | Anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant | Flavonoids, biflavonoids |
| Peristrophe japonica (Thunb.) Bremek. | 透骨草 (TouGuCao) | Hepatoprotective, hypotensive | Flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids |
| Paris polyphylla Sm. | 独角莲(布衣族话拉动买) (DuJiaoLian) | Antitumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic | Saponins, sterols, ecdysterones |
| Verbena officinalis L. | 马鞭梢 (MaBianShao) | Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory | Flavonoids, iridoids, phenylethanoid glycosides |
| Begonia grandis Dryand. | 一口血 (YiKouXue) | Bacteriostatic, antiviral, analgesic | Cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins |
| Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr. | 牛尾巴 (NiuWeiBa) | Antirheumatic, antitussive | Flavonoids, steroids, fatty acids |
| Taxillus sutchuenensis (Lecomte) Danser | 花椒树的寄生茶 (HuaJiaoShuDeJiShengCha) | Hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic | Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes |
| Houttuynia cordata Thunb. | 鱼腥草 (YuXingCao) | Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial | Essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloids |
| Metagentiana rhodantha (Franch.) T.N.Ho & S.W.Liu | 龙胆草 (LongDanCao) | Bacteriostatic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant | Iridoids, xanthones, flavonoids |
| Strychnos nux-vomica L. | 马钱子 (MaQianZi) | Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory | Alkaloids, iridoid glycosides, flavonoid glycosides |
| Aristolochia debilis Siebold & Zucc. | 青藤香 (QingTengXiang) | Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic | Cycleanine, isochondrodendrine |
| Torricellia tiliifolia DC. | 半条命 (BanTiaoMing) | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular | Flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids |
| Lilium brownii F. E. Br. ex Miellez | 红瓣 (HongBan) | Antibacterial, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic | Polysaccharides, alkaloids, polyphenols |