Abstract
The effects of solvent substitution on the steady-state and kinetic properties of drugs (gallamine triethiodide) and ions (nonyltriethylammonium and Ba++) known to occlude Na+ and K+ channels have been examined and compared with the effects of D2O on unmodified channels. In general, we observed large isotope effects on the kinetics of occlusion at temperatures of 5 degrees C, but only minor effects at 15 degrees C, consistent with processes involving significant solvent interaction. Steady-state behavior was not affected. In the case of gallamine, where a dual effect on INa is evident, although both processes were D2O sensitive, only the occlusion phase had a significant temperature dependence.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Adelman W. J., Jr, French R. J. Blocking of the squid axon potassium channel by external caesium ions. J Physiol. 1978 Mar;276:13–25. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012217. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Armstrong C. M., Bezanilla F. Inactivation of the sodium channel. II. Gating current experiments. J Gen Physiol. 1977 Nov;70(5):567–590. doi: 10.1085/jgp.70.5.567. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Armstrong C. M., Gilly W. F. Fast and slow steps in the activation of sodium channels. J Gen Physiol. 1979 Dec;74(6):691–711. doi: 10.1085/jgp.74.6.691. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Armstrong C. M., Hille B. The inner quaternary ammonium ion receptor in potassium channels of the node of Ranvier. J Gen Physiol. 1972 Apr;59(4):388–400. doi: 10.1085/jgp.59.4.388. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Armstrong C. M. Inactivation of the potassium conductance and related phenomena caused by quaternary ammonium ion injection in squid axons. J Gen Physiol. 1969 Nov;54(5):553–575. doi: 10.1085/jgp.54.5.553. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Armstrong C. M. Interaction of tetraethylammonium ion derivatives with the potassium channels of giant axons. J Gen Physiol. 1971 Oct;58(4):413–437. doi: 10.1085/jgp.58.4.413. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Armstrong C. M., Taylor S. R. Interaction of barium ions with potassium channels in squid giant axons. Biophys J. 1980 Jun;30(3):473–488. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(80)85108-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Armstrong C. M. Time course of TEA(+)-induced anomalous rectification in squid giant axons. J Gen Physiol. 1966 Nov;50(2):491–503. doi: 10.1085/jgp.50.2.491. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bezanilla F., Armstrong C. M. Inactivation of the sodium channel. I. Sodium current experiments. J Gen Physiol. 1977 Nov;70(5):549–566. doi: 10.1085/jgp.70.5.549. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bezanilla F., Armstrong C. M. Negative conductance caused by entry of sodium and cesium ions into the potassium channels of squid axons. J Gen Physiol. 1972 Nov;60(5):588–608. doi: 10.1085/jgp.60.5.588. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bullock J. O., Schauf C. L. Combined voltage-clamp and dialysis of Myxicola axons: behaviour of membrane asymmetry currents. J Physiol. 1978 May;278:309–324. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012306. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bullock J. O., Schauf C. L. Immobilization of intramembrane charge in Myxicola giant axons. J Physiol. 1979 Jan;286:157–171. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012611. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cahalan M. D. Local anesthetic block of sodium channels in normal and pronase-treated squid giant axons. Biophys J. 1978 Aug;23(2):285–311. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(78)85449-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eaton D. C., Brodwick M. S. Effects of barium on the potassium conductance of squid axon. J Gen Physiol. 1980 Jun;75(6):727–750. doi: 10.1085/jgp.75.6.727. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eaton D. C., Brodwick M. S., Oxford G. S., Rudy B. Arginine-specific reagents remove sodium channel inactivation. Nature. 1978 Feb 2;271(5644):473–476. doi: 10.1038/271473a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goldman L., Hahin R. Initial conditions and the kinetics of the sodium conductance in Myxicola giant axons. II. Relaxation experiments. J Gen Physiol. 1978 Dec;72(6):879–898. doi: 10.1085/jgp.72.6.879. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goldman L., Schauf C. L. Inactivation of the sodium current in Myxicola giant axons. Evidence for coupling to the activation process. J Gen Physiol. 1972 Jun;59(6):659–675. doi: 10.1085/jgp.59.6.659. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Horn R., Patlak J., Stevens C. F. Sodium channels need not open before they inactivate. Nature. 1981 Jun 4;291(5814):426–427. doi: 10.1038/291426a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kirsch G. E., Yeh J. Z., Farley J. M., Narahashi T. Interaction of n-alkylguanidines with the sodium channels of squid axon membrane. J Gen Physiol. 1980 Sep;76(3):315–335. doi: 10.1085/jgp.76.3.315. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kresheck G. C., Schneider H., Scheraga H. A. The effect of D2-O on the thermal stability of proteins. Thermodynamic parameters for the transfer of model compounds from H2-O to D2-O. J Phys Chem. 1965 Sep;69(9):3132–3144. doi: 10.1021/j100893a054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morello R., Begenisich T., Trzos W., Reed J. K. Interaction of nonylguanidine with the sodium channel. Biophys J. 1980 Sep;31(3):435–440. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(80)85071-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schauf C. L., Bullock J. O. Modifications of sodium channel gating in Myxicola giant axons by deuterium oxide, temperature, and internal cations. Biophys J. 1979 Aug;27(2):193–208. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(79)85211-X. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schauf C. L., Bullock J. O., Pencek T. L. Characteristics of sodium tail currents in Myxicola axons. Comparison with membrane asymmetry currents. Biophys J. 1977 Jul;19(1):7–28. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(77)85559-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schauf C. L., Bullock J. O. Solvent substitution as a probe of channel gating in Myxicola. Differential effects of D2O on some components of membrane conductance. Biophys J. 1980 May;30(2):295–305. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(80)85095-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schauf C. L. Comparison of two-pulse sodium inactivation with reactivation in Myxicola giant axons. Biophys J. 1976 Mar;16(3):245–248. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85684-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schauf C. L., Davis F. A. Sensitivity of the sodium and potassium channels of Myxicola giant axons to changes in external pH. J Gen Physiol. 1976 Feb;67(2):185–195. doi: 10.1085/jgp.67.2.185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schauf C. L., Pencek T. L., Davis F. A. Activation-inactivation coupling in Myxicola giant axons injected with tetraethylammonium. Biophys J. 1976 Sep;16(9):985–989. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85749-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schauf C. L., Pencek T. L., Davis F. A. Slow sodium inactivation in Myxicola axons. Evidence for a second inactive state. Biophys J. 1976 Jul;16(7):771–778. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85727-X. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schauf C. L. Temperature dependence of the ionic current kinetics of Myxicola giant axons. J Physiol. 1973 Nov;235(1):197–205. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010384. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strichartz G. R. The inhibition of sodium currents in myelinated nerve by quaternary derivatives of lidocaine. J Gen Physiol. 1973 Jul;62(1):37–57. doi: 10.1085/jgp.62.1.37. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yeh J. Z., Armstrong C. M. Immobilisation of gating charge by a substance that simulates inactivation. Nature. 1978 Jun 1;273(5661):387–389. doi: 10.1038/273387a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yeh J. Z., Narahashi T. Kinetic analysis of pancuronium interaction with sodium channels in squid axon membranes. J Gen Physiol. 1977 Mar;69(3):293–323. doi: 10.1085/jgp.69.3.293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]