Skip to main content
Biophysical Journal logoLink to Biophysical Journal
. 1988 Mar;53(3):297–309. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(88)83107-2

The normal modes of the gramicidin-A dimer channel.

B Roux 1, M Karplus 1
PMCID: PMC1330198  PMID: 2450595

Abstract

The dynamics of the gramicidin-A dimer channel is studied in the harmonic approximation by a vibrational analysis of the atomic motions relative to their equilibrium positions. The system is represented by an empirical potential energy function, and all degrees of freedom (bonds lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles) are allowed to vary. The thermal fluctuations in the backbone dihedral angles phi and psi, atomic root mean square displacements, and the correlations between the different amide planes are computed. It is found that only adjacent dihedral psi i and phi i+1 are strongly correlated, while different hydrogen-bonded amide planes are only weakly correlated. Modes with relatively low vibrational frequencies (75-175 cm-1) make the dominant contributions to the carbonyl librations. The general flexibility of the structure and the role of carbonyl librations in the ion transport mechanism are discussed.

Full text

PDF
297

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Andersen O. S. Gramicidin channels. Annu Rev Physiol. 1984;46:531–548. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.002531. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Arseniev A. S., Barsukov I. L., Bystrov V. F., Lomize A. L., Ovchinnikov YuA 1H-NMR study of gramicidin A transmembrane ion channel. Head-to-head right-handed, single-stranded helices. FEBS Lett. 1985 Jul 8;186(2):168–174. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80702-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Boni L. T., Connolly A. J., Kleinfeld A. M. Transmembrane distribution of gramicidin by tryptophan energy transfer. Biophys J. 1986 Jan;49(1):122–123. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(86)83619-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Brooks B., Karplus M. Harmonic dynamics of proteins: normal modes and fluctuations in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Nov;80(21):6571–6575. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.21.6571. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cooper K., Jakobsson E., Wolynes P. The theory of ion transport through membrane channels. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 1985;46(1):51–96. doi: 10.1016/0079-6107(85)90012-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Durkin J. T., Andersen O. S., Blout E. R., Heitz F., Koeppe R. E., Trudelle Y. Structural information from functional measurements: single-channel studies on gramicidin analogues. Biophys J. 1986 Jan;49(1):118–121. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(86)83618-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Elber R, Karplus M. Low-frequency modes in proteins: Use of the effective-medium approximation to interpret the fractal dimension observed in electron-spin relaxation measurements. Phys Rev Lett. 1986 Jan 27;56(4):394–397. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Etchebest C., Pullman A. The gramicidin A channel: energetics and structural characteristics of the progression of a sodium ion in the presence of water. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 1986 Feb;3(4):805–825. doi: 10.1080/07391102.1986.10508463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Etchebest C., Ranganathan S., Pullman A. The gramicidin A channel: comparison of the energy profiles of Na+, K+ and Cs+. Influence of the flexibility of the ethanolamine end chain on the profiles. FEBS Lett. 1984 Aug 6;173(2):301–306. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)80795-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Finkelstein A., Andersen O. S. The gramicidin A channel: a review of its permeability characteristics with special reference to the single-file aspect of transport. J Membr Biol. 1981 Apr 30;59(3):155–171. doi: 10.1007/BF01875422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Fischer W., Brickmann J. Ion-specific diffusion rates through transmembrane protein channels. A molecular dynamics study. Biophys Chem. 1983 Nov;18(4):323–337. doi: 10.1016/0301-4622(83)80045-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Fischer W., Brickmann J., Läuger P. Molecular dynamics study of ion transport in transmembrane protein channels. Biophys Chem. 1981 Apr;13(2):105–116. doi: 10.1016/0301-4622(81)80009-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Fisher R., Blumenthal T. An interaction between gramicidin and the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Feb;79(4):1045–1048. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.4.1045. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Go N., Noguti T., Nishikawa T. Dynamics of a small globular protein in terms of low-frequency vibrational modes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jun;80(12):3696–3700. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.12.3696. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Karplus M., McCammon J. A. Dynamics of proteins: elements and function. Annu Rev Biochem. 1983;52:263–300. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.001403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kim K. S., Vercauteren D. P., Welti M., Chin S., Clementi E. Interaction of K+ ion with the solvated gramicidin A transmembrane channel. Biophys J. 1985 Mar;47(3):327–335. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(85)83923-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Koeppe R. E., 2nd, Berg J. M., Hodgson K. O., Stryer L. Gramicidin A crystals contain two cation binding sites per channel. Nature. 1979 Jun 21;279(5715):723–725. doi: 10.1038/279723a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Koeppe R. E., 2nd, Hodgson K. O., Stryer L. Helical channels in crystals of gramicidin A and of a cesium--gramicidin A complex: an x-ray diffraction study. J Mol Biol. 1978 May 5;121(1):41–54. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90261-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Koeppe R. E., 2nd, Schoenborn B. P. 5-A Fourier map of gramicidin A phased by deuterium-hydrogen solvent difference neutron diffraction. Biophys J. 1984 Mar;45(3):503–507. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(84)84186-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kuriyan J., Petsko G. A., Levy R. M., Karplus M. Effect of anisotropy and anharmonicity on protein crystallographic refinement. An evaluation by molecular dynamics. J Mol Biol. 1986 Jul 20;190(2):227–254. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90295-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Lee W. K., Jordan P. C. Molecular dynamics simulation of cation motion in water-filled gramicidinlike pores. Biophys J. 1984 Dec;46(6):805–819. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(84)84079-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Levitt M., Sander C., Stern P. S. Protein normal-mode dynamics: trypsin inhibitor, crambin, ribonuclease and lysozyme. J Mol Biol. 1985 Feb 5;181(3):423–447. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90230-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Levy R. M., Perahia D., Karplus M. Molecular dynamics of an alpha-helical polypeptide: Temperature dependence and deviation from harmonic behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Feb;79(4):1346–1350. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.4.1346. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Läuger P. Ion transport through pores: a rate-theory analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1973 Jul 6;311(3):423–441. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(73)90323-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Läuger P. Microscopic calculation of ion-transport rates in membrane channels. Biophys Chem. 1982 May;15(2):89–100. doi: 10.1016/0301-4622(82)80021-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Mackay D. H., Berens P. H., Wilson K. R., Hagler A. T. Structure and dynamics of ion transport through gramicidin A. Biophys J. 1984 Aug;46(2):229–248. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(84)84016-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. McCammon J. A., Gelin B. R., Karplus M. Dynamics of folded proteins. Nature. 1977 Jun 16;267(5612):585–590. doi: 10.1038/267585a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Naik V. M., Krimm S. Vibrational analysis of the structure of gramicidin A. I. Normal mode analysis. Biophys J. 1986 Jun;49(6):1131–1145. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(86)83742-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Naik V. M., Krimm S. Vibrational analysis of the structure of gramicidin A. II. Vibrational spectra. Biophys J. 1986 Jun;49(6):1147–1154. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(86)83743-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Polymeropoulos E. E., Brickmann J. Molecular dynamics of ion transport through transmembrane model channels. Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem. 1985;14:315–330. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bb.14.060185.001531. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Skerra A., Brickmann J. Structure and dynamics of one-dimensional ionic solutions in biological transmembrane channels. Biophys J. 1987 Jun;51(6):969–976. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(87)83424-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Smith R., Cornell B. A. The dynamics of the intrinsic membrane polypeptide gramicidin a in phospholipid bilayers: a solid state carbon-13 NMR study. Biophys J. 1986 Jan;49(1):117–118. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(86)83617-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Sung S. S., Jordan P. C. Why is gramicidin valence selective? A theoretical study. Biophys J. 1987 Apr;51(4):661–672. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(87)83391-X. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Urry D. W., Prasad K. U., Trapane T. L. Location of monovalent cation binding sites in the gramicidin channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Jan;79(2):390–394. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.2.390. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Urry D. W. The gramicidin A transmembrane channel: a proposed pi(L,D) helix. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Mar;68(3):672–676. doi: 10.1073/pnas.68.3.672. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Urry D. W., Trapane T. L., Walker J. T., Prasad K. U. On the relative lipid membrane permeability of Na+ and Ca2+. A physical basis for the messenger role of Ca2+. J Biol Chem. 1982 Jun 25;257(12):6659–6661. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Urry D. W., Venkatachalam C. M., Spisni A., Läuger P., Khaled M. A. Rate theory calculation of gramicidin single-channel currents using NMR-derived rate constants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Apr;77(4):2028–2032. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.4.2028. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Urry D. W., Walker J. T., Trapane T. L. Ion interactions in (1-13C)D-Val8 and D-Leu14 analogs of gramicidin A, the helix sense of the channel and location of ion binding sites. J Membr Biol. 1982;69(3):225–231. doi: 10.1007/BF01870401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Wallace B. A. Structure of gramicidin A. Biophys J. 1986 Jan;49(1):295–306. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(86)83642-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Weinstein S., Wallace B. A., Morrow J. S., Veatch W. R. Conformation of the gramicidin A transmembrane channel: A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study of 13C-enriched gramicidin in phosphatidylcholine vesicles. J Mol Biol. 1980 Oct 15;143(1):1–19. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(80)90121-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Biophysical Journal are provided here courtesy of The Biophysical Society

RESOURCES