1Clinical Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
2Department of Family Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
3Department of Digital Medicine, Implementation and Innovation, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
4Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
5Department of Internal Diseases, Endocrinology and Diabetology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
6Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
© The Author(s) 2026
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.