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. 2026 Jun 23;17:1881167. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1881167

Correction: Diversity and functional potential of bacterial and fungal endophytes in traditional food wrapping leaves reveal implications for artisanal food safety and quality

Rasheed A Adeleke 1,*, Thabang M E Machailoe 1, Michelle Malemagovha 1, Oluwaseyi S Olanrewaju 1, Kazeem A Alayande 1, Linda U Obi 1, Oluwadamilola M Makinde 1
PMCID: PMC13338698  PMID: 42416022

There was a mistake in Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12A, 12B, and 13 as published.

Figure 2.

Four vertically arranged violin plots compare microbial diversity for four leaf types (Am, Mm, Td, Ts) by Chao1 and Observed metrics. Panel A shows broader value ranges than Panel B. P-values indicate statistical comparisons between groups. Color legend identifies leaf types: Am (red), Mm (green), Td (blue), Ts (purple).

Bacterial (A) and fungal (B) diversities of wrapping leaves based on the Chao1 and observe index. Alstonia macrophylla (Am), Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Mm), Thaumatococcus daniellii (Td), and Theobroma species (Ts).

Figure 3.

Two principal coordinate analysis scatter plots compare four leaf types labeled Am, Mm, Td, and Ts, using colored points and ellipses. Chart A shows variation on axes PCoA1 (43.97%) and PCoA2 (10.68%), while chart B shows variation on axes PCoA1 (20.08%) and PCoA2 (8.72%) with gray arrows indicating directional vectors. Legends identify leaf types by color.

Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot, showing the similarities in microbial beta diversity among wrapping leaves: (A) bacterial beta diversity; (B) fungal beta diversity using the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity. Alstonia macrophylla (Am), Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Mm), Thaumatococcus daniellii (Td), and Theobroma species (Ts).

Figure 4.

Stacked bar chart showing relative abundances of bacterial phyla across multiple samples grouped by Am, Mm, Td, and Ts. Each bar represents a sample, with colors indicating different phyla listed in the legend below.

Relative abundance of bacteria from wrapping leaves at phylum level. Alstonia macrophylla (Am), Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Mm), Thaumatococcus daniellii (Td), and Theobroma species (Ts).

Figure 5.

Stacked bar chart comparing the relative abundance of various bacterial genera across four groups labeled Am, Mm, Td, and Ts. Each bar segment’s color represents a different genus, with a detailed legend below identifying over thirty genera. Percentage values on the y-axis range from zero to one hundred percent, and x-axis labels denote sample names within each group. Patterns indicate shifting bacterial composition between the groups, highlighting microbial diversity.

Relative abundance of bacteria from wrapping leaves at genus level. Alstonia macrophylla (Am), Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Mm), Thaumatococcus daniellii (Td), and Theobroma species (Ts).

Figure 6.

Stacked bar chart showing the relative abundance of bacterial genera in four sample groups labeled Am, Mm, Td, and Ts, with each bar segmented by color representing different genera and a legend identifying each color.

Top abundant 20 genera from wrapping leaves. Alstonia macrophylla (Am), Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Mm), Thaumatococcus daniellii (Td), and Theobroma species (Ts).

Figure 7.

Bar chart showing the intersection sizes of four sets labeled Td, Ts, Mm, and Am using a matrix layout. Blue horizontal bars represent individual set sizes on the left, and vertical black bars above matrix points show the size of each intersection combination, with values ranging from one to one hundred twelve.

Upset plot showing shared and unique bacteria taxa in wrapping leaves. Alstonia macrophylla (Am), Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Mm), Thaumatococcus daniellii (Td), and Theobroma species (Ts).

Figure 11.

Bar chart and matrix graphic showing intersection sizes of four sets labeled Td, Am, Ts, and Mm. The largest intersection is 279 with Td alone, followed by Am with 199, Ts with 186, and Mm with 129. Smaller intersections involving combinations of these sets are detailed, with intersection sizes decreasing to zero. A horizontal bar chart on the left displays individual set sizes with Td having the largest set size and Mm the smallest.

Upset plot showing shared and unique fungal taxa in wrapping leaves. Alstonia macrophylla (Am), Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Mm), Thaumatococcus daniellii (Td), and Theobroma species (Ts).

Figure 12.

Two clustered heatmaps labeled A and B display gene abundance data, with genes listed on the y-axis and sample identifiers on the x-axis. Color gradients from blue to red represent low to high gene abundance, with clustering dendrograms above and beside each matrix. Panel A shows higher values for several genes in the lower half, while panel B displays a different pattern of high abundance for genes near the bottom. Both heatmaps use clear legends indicating abundance scales.

(A) Abundance of KEGG Orthology (KO) terms associated with nutrient metabolic pathways. (B) Abundance of KEGG Orthology (KO) terms associated with pathogenic pathways.

Figure 13.

Bar chart showing the total number of OTUs for various pathogenic endophytes, with Rhodotorula sp. and Aspergillus nidulans having the highest values, and several other species showing considerably lower counts.

Number of OTUs of pathogenic fungi from wrapping leaves.

The high-quality figures were not utilized in the published version.

The corrected figures appear below.

The original version of this article has been updated.

Footnotes

Edited and reviewed by: Giovanna Suzzi, University of Teramo, Italy

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