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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2025 Feb 28;50(2):251–258. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2025.240088

腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术操作要点

Key techniques of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

WANG Zeyang 1,2, SONG Zhi 1, LI Weizheng 1, LI Pengzhou 1, ZHU Shaihong 1, ZHU Liyong 1,✉
Editor: 彭 敏宁
PMCID: PMC13345951  PMID: 40523767

Abstract

Bariatric and metabolic surgery has become a primary treatment for decompensated obesity, with the number of procedures rapidly increasing in China in recent years. Various improved and novel surgical techniques have emerged. Given the characteristics of the Chinese obese population lower body mass index compared to Western populations and frequent pancreatic islet dysfunction laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass remains one of the mainstream procedures in China. Although the Procedural Guideline for Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (2019 Edition) has provided standardized surgical steps, mastering and routinely implementing the procedure in clinical practice continues to pose significant challenges. Compared to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is more technically demanding and requires a longer learning curve. To avoid suboptimal weight loss or severe postoperative complications resulting from non-standardized techniques, this article summarizes the authors’ clinical experience, emphasizing key technical steps: creation of the gastric pouch, standardization of gastrojejunal and jejunojejunal anastomoses, hiatal closure, and full serosalization. These insights aim to improve procedural safety and therapeutic efficacy by offering a set of practical process optimization strategies.

Keywords: laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, bariatric metabolic surgery, key surgical techniques, surgical indications, prevention and management of surgical complications


中南大学湘雅三医院自2006年起开展腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术,通过长时间的随访证实腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术可显著改善体重指数(body mass index,BMI)<35 kg/m2的亚洲人群空腹和餐后血糖、胰岛素及糖化血红蛋白水平,并且较高的术前BMI和小尺寸胃囊在2型糖尿病的病情缓解中起重要作用[1-3]。一项比较BMI>35 kg/m2的患者在接受腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术和腹腔镜袖状胃切除术后1年的身体成分的荟萃分析[4]表明腹腔镜Roux-en-Y在降低BMI>35 kg/m2患者的BMI和脂肪量方面优于腹腔镜袖状胃切除术。据国际糖尿病联盟[5]统计,2021年全球糖尿病患者约有5.37亿,其中中国糖尿病患者约1.41亿,占全球糖尿病患者的1/4,目前位居世界 第1。根据中国肥胖代谢外科数据库(Chinese Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Database,COMES)2023年度统计,目前中国至少有420家医院及减重中心,地域涵盖了31个省的173个城市,全年进行减重手术约37 249例[6]。腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术通过减少胃容量,重建小肠,改变激素调节和加速胃排空实现体重的降低及血糖的改善。腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术的适应证及禁忌证应参照《中国肥胖和2型糖尿病外科治疗指南(2019)》[7]和患者自身情况。为了规范化、标准化手术操作,中国医师协会外科医师分会肥胖和糖尿病外科医师委员会编写了《腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术规范化手术操作指南(2019版)》[8],虽然指南对手术流程进行了规范,但由于术中操作较为复杂,实际操作做到标准、规范仍存在一定难度。本文结合中南大学湘雅三医院减重代谢外科(以下简称“我科”)开展腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术的经验,讨论腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术的技术要点。

1. 手术体位、医生站位及穿刺孔选择

1.1. 手术体位和医生站位

患者常规取仰卧“大”字位,头高脚低30°,左侧稍高10°~15°,术者位于患者两腿之间,第一助手位于患者左侧,持镜手位于患者右侧,胃镜操作者位于患者头部左侧(图1)。可根据具体情况调整站位。

图1.

图1

术者及助手站位

Figure 1 Surgeon and assistant positions

1.2. 套管穿刺

操作孔的常规数目为5,脐部作为观察孔置入 10 mm套管,考虑到肠肠吻合时位置偏下,建议观察孔选在脐部偏上,术者左右操作孔分别沿双侧锁骨中线脐水平置入12 mm套管(根据患者情况可适当调整位置,避免在胃底分离时出现器械过短)。根据需要在左侧腋前线肋缘下和剑突下2 cm处分别置入 5 mm套管,作为辅助操作孔及用于暴露肝。气腹调节压力为12~15 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。穿刺孔位置见图2。

图2.

图2

腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术5孔布局

Figure 2 Five-port configuration for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

2. 手术要点及关键步骤

2.1. 视野的暴露

肥厚肝的遮挡会使胃底显露不充分,目前可采用肝拉钩、肝悬吊和使用生物胶等方式显露视野。肝拉钩不仅可以充分暴露胃底,还可以通过牵扯形成一定张力,便于超声刀游离胃底。我科一般采用肝拉钩方式暴露胃底。

2.2. 小胃囊的制作

遵循“321”原则,即:1)30 mL小胃囊;2)紧贴胃分离第2支胃左血管;3)确保His角处胃断端距离贲门至少1 cm。

小胃囊体积一般为30 mL,过大易发生吻合口溃疡[9],过小会增加胃-空肠吻合难度。挑起肝暴露胃食管结合部,经口置入胃镜,吸净胃内容物及胃内气体,用超声刀分离His角附近的脂肪和腹膜 (图3A)。在胃小弯近端靠近贲门处游离胃小弯侧胃壁(至少保留一支血管),尤其注意左侧膈肌角的游离,避免损伤左侧膈血管。紧贴胃小弯用超声刀切开小网膜,直达胃后间隙,此时切勿损伤迷走神经干及胃壁,逐步游离胃后壁、胃底。用超声刀打开胃小网膜囊,建立进入小胃囊的隧道入口(图3B),于贲门下方胃小弯约5 cm处,置入直线型切割吻合器(60 mm蓝色钉仓),朝胃大弯方向切割吻合胃的前后壁(图3C)。继续用超声刀向His角方向游离胃底,拓展胃后壁隧道。将胃镜置入胃小弯侧,在胃镜的指引下,于距离His角至少1 cm处离断胃底(图3D),保留残胃约30 mL。检查小胃囊和远端胃断端有无出血和成钉不满意处,远端胃及小胃囊断端使用3-0免打结线将浆肌层加固。

图3.

图3

腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术中制作小胃囊

Figure 3 Creating the gastric pouch during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

A: Using the liver retractor fully exposes the gastric fundus, and the His angle is gradually dissected. B: Gradually dissecting the gastric fundus and posterior gastric wall, following a midline approach to the left crus of the diaphragm. C: Along the lesser curvature, using a linear cutting stapler (60 mm blue cartridge) to staple and transect the anterior and posterior gastric walls toward the greater curvature. D: Under endoscopic guidance, transecting the gastric fundus at least 1 cm from the His angle.

技术要点:1)若在游离时发现胃后壁粘连较为严重,可先行胃切割吻合,再逐步游离。2)为保证手术效果,应确保胃底完全隔绝。3)对胃切缘进行加固。虽然有研究[10]表明在减重手术中残胃切缘加固未降低切缘漏的发生率,但可以减少切缘出血的发生率。

2.3. 吻合口的制作

遵循以下原则:1)于屈氏韧带下100 cm处离断空肠;2)胆胰支+营养支至少长200 cm;3)钉仓进入胃肠吻合口3 cm。

2.3.1. 胃肠吻合与空肠离断

先行胃肠吻合,后离断空肠,这个顺序可以避免后续吻合方向错误,导致肠道蠕动方向相反引起肠道扭曲。先确认Treitz韧带位置,找到空肠起始段,再找到距空肠起始段100 cm空肠,提起此处空肠通过结肠前至近端胃前壁,用3-0可吸收线固定胃后壁和空肠(图4A),用电刀打开两端各约0.5 cm裂孔(图4B),插入直线型切割闭合器(60 mm蓝色钉仓)完成胃-空肠侧侧吻合(图4C)。注意胃-空肠吻合口不能过大,否则术后易出现倾倒综合征和减重效果不佳的情况,甚至出现复胖[11]。使用3-0免打结可吸收缝线关闭共同裂口,对吻合口和小胃囊断端浆肌层进行加固(图4D)。

图4.

图4

腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术中制作营养支及建立胃肠吻合口

Figure 4 Creating the alimentary limb and gastrojejunal anastomosis during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

A: Fixing the posterior gastric wall to the jejunum 100 cm distal to its origin. B: Creating openings of approximately 0.5 cm at both ends. C: Performing a side-to-side gastrojejunal anastomosis using a linear cutting stapler (60 mm blue cartridge). D: Closing the common enterotomy and reinforcing the anastomosis and the staple line of the gastric pouch with absorbable, knotless sutures.

技术要点:1)胃肠吻合为结肠前吻合,必要时切开大网膜。2)近大远小原则,即空肠近端靠近大弯侧,空肠远端靠近小弯侧。3)切缘加固后壁,免打结线固定胃空肠。4)注意避免胃壁“假隧道“形成。 5)免打结线关闭共同开口,加固前壁。

2.3.2. 空肠横断与小肠侧侧吻合的建立

用直线切割吻合器在距胃-空肠吻合口约1 cm处横断近端空肠(图5A),找到距胃-空肠吻合口远端100 cm处小肠,提起远端小肠断端用3-0可吸收线与近端空肠固定,在胃-空肠吻合口远端100 cm处小肠和小肠远断端分别用电钩做小切口,使用分离钳撑开间隙,建立小肠-小肠侧侧吻合的通道(图5B),同法使用直线切割吻合器(60 mm白色钉仓)行侧侧吻合(图5C)。用3-0可吸收线连续缝合关闭共同开口,并对共同开口的浆肌层进行加固(图5D)。

图5.

图5

腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术中制作胆胰支及建立肠肠吻合口

Figure 5 Creating the biliopancreatic limb and jejunojejunal anastomosis during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

A: Identifing the small intestine 100 cm distal to the gastrojejunal anastomosis. B: Fixing the intestine to the distal end of the small intestine using 3-0 absorbable sutures, and creating openings of approximately 0.5 cm at both ends. C: Performing a side-to-side jejunojejunal anastomosis using a linear cutting stapler. D: Closing the common enterotomy with continuous absorbable sutures and reinforcing the seromuscular layer.

技术要点:1)离断空肠时先充分松解系膜,注意张力切勿过大。2)肠肠吻合口直径建议为4 cm左右。3)可吸收线关闭共同开口后,加固前后壁及空肠断端。

2.4. 全浆膜化处理

使用3-0可吸收缝线行连续内翻缝合,分别对胃断端、胃肠吻合口、肠肠吻合口和空肠断端的浆肌层进行加固(图6)。仔细检查确保无吻合钉外露。

图6.

图6

腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术中全浆膜化处理

Figure 6 Full serosal coverage during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

A: Reinforcement of the gastric staple line; B: Reinforcement of the gastrojejunal anastomosis; C: Reinforcement of the jejunojejunal anastomosis; D: Reinforcement of the jejunal stump.

2.5. 关闭裂孔

助手协助显露肠肠吻合口腹侧面,充分暴露结肠与小肠系膜之间形成的系膜裂孔,用3-0不可吸收缝线连续缝合关闭系膜裂孔(图7A);挑起横结肠系膜,暴露Peterson裂孔,用3-0不可吸收线缝合关闭Peterson裂孔(图7B)。

图7.

图7

腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术中关闭裂孔

Figure 7 Closure of mesenteric defects during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

A: Closure of the small bowel mesenteric defect. B: Closure of Peterson’s defect.

技术要点:1)使用不可吸收线关闭裂孔。2)保证裂孔关闭确切,避免大孔变小孔。

2.6. 关闭腹腔

胃镜检查各吻合口大小、通畅程度、肠管有无扭转,并检查胃内切缘是否完整及有无活动性出血(图8A),行注水注气实验测漏(图8B),使用腹腔镜再次检查腹腔各脏器及吻合口有无出血,胃肠吻合口附近放置F22引流管1根,右侧腹壁引出并固定。于腹腔镜直视下拔除套管,检查Trocar孔有无出血,清点手术器械,排尽气腹,缝合各穿刺口,贴上无菌敷贴,结束手术。

图8.

图8

腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术中胃镜及测漏检查

Figure 8 Intraoperative gastroscopy and leak detection during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

A: Direct visualization of the gastric pouch and anastomosis using gastroscopy. B: Air insufflation detection to check for anastomotic leaks.

3. 结 语

目前,中国腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(82.3%)及腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(7.4%)仍是2种主要的减重代谢术式[12]。但随着减重手术数量的增加,复胖及其并发症逐渐显露,未来5至10年可能是修正手术的增长期[13]。腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术的难点在于制作的小胃囊大小、胃肠和肠肠吻合口的建立、横结肠系膜缺损和Peterson裂孔的确切关闭,以及对所有切缘进行包埋处理。尽管对腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术中胆胰支与食物支的转流长度存在一定的争议,但关于其具体长度的选择对手术效果及并发症的影响已进行了详细探讨[14]。随着精准医疗理念逐渐应用于各类手术操作中,有条件的单位可以考虑通过测量全小肠长度,并根据此信息调整共同支长度来优化转流参数。目前医学界普遍接受的共识是总的转流长度应为200 cm,我科采用胆胰支与营养支各为100 cm的方案,旨在简化手术操作并确保手术结果的一致性。

总之,我科坚持规范腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术流程,以胃镜和腹腔镜双镜联合、胆胰支和营养支双100 cm、全浆膜化处理为主要特色,以加强围手术期管理及术后指导为预防复胖及相关并发症的有效手段,保障减重代谢手术的安全性,改善手术效果并提高代谢综合征患者的生活质量,以此促进中国肥胖与代谢病外科事业的健康发展。

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82370676)。This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, China (82370676).开放获取(Open access):本文遵循知识共享许可协议,允许第三方用户按照署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎4.0(CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)的方式,在任何媒介以任何形式复制、传播本作品(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)。

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

王泽阳 论文设计、撰写与修改;宋智、李伟正、李鹏洲 论文指导及修改;朱晒红、朱利勇 论文设计、指导及修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

Footnotes

http://dx.chinadoi.cn/10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2025.240088

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202502251.pdf

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