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Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery logoLink to Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
. 2026 Mar 3;40(3):274–278. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2026.03.010

全聋型突发性聋患者内耳磁共振水成像特征研究

Study on the characteristics of magnetic resonance hydrography of the inner ear in patients with total deafness-type sudden sensorineural hearing loss

Suwei MA 1,2, Xiaohui ZHAO 1,2, Xiaonan WU 2, Danyang LI 2, Jiao ZHANG 2, Yun GAO 2, Dayong WANG 2, Qiuju WANG 2,*
PMCID: PMC13368421  PMID: 41668492

Abstract

Objective

To analyze the magnetic resonance hydrography results of the inner ear in patients with total deafness-type sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and to explore the incidence and correlation with therapeutic efficacy in patients with internal auditory canal vascular loops.

Methods

Audiological and imaging data were collected from 517 patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss who were hospitalized in our hospital. All patients underwent T2WI rapid imaging sequence MRI examination, and the vascular loops of the patients were graded according to the Chavda grading method. The impact of different grades of vascular loops on the clinical characteristics and prognosis of the patients was analyzed. Statistical methods such as chi-square test and non parametric rank sum test to analyze the impact of internal auditory canal vascular loops on the clinical characteristics and hearing prognosis of patients with sudden total deafness.

Results

From May 2009 to June 2024, a total of 517 hospitalized patients with sudden deafness were analyzed. It was found that: ①110 patients had abnormal hydrography in the internal auditory canal, including 32 patients with mastoiditis, 30 patients with sinus, ethmoid sinus, and maxillary sinus abnormalities, 15 patients with semicircular canal abnormalities, 7 patients with high jugular bulb, and 18 patients with fine or poorly displayed internal auditory canal nerves; ②276 patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss accompanied by vascular loops, including 156 ears on the affected side and 158 ears on the healthy side with Chavda classification of grade Ⅰ; 104 ears on the affected side and 83 ears on the healthy side with type Ⅱ vascular loops; There were 16 ears on the affected side of type Ⅲ and 14 ears on the healthy side. There was no significant difference in the distribution of vascular loops between the patient and the affected side(P>0.05); ③The frequency of vascular loops in female patients is higher than that in males(P < 0.05), but no significant differences were found in the degree of hearing loss and hearing outcomes at different frequencies among patients with different grades of vascular loops(P>0.05). ④The incidence of tinnitus in patients with vascular loop grades Ⅰ-Ⅲ was 92.9%, 83.7%, and 100.0%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of tinnitus among patients with different grades of vascular loops(P < 0.05).

Conclusion

For patients with sudden total deafness, more attention should be paid to their inner ear magnetic resonance imaging results. The vascular loop of the internal auditory canal is a possible cause of tinnitus in some patients with sudden total deafness.

Keywords: sudden deafness, complete deafness type, magnetic resonance imaging, vascular loop


突发性聋(sudden sensorineural hearing loss,SSNHL)是一种常见的急性耳科疾病,其定义为在72 h内突然出现原因不明的感音神经性听力损失,至少在相邻2个频率听力下降≥20 dB HL[1]。其中,全聋型突发性聋是指患侧所有频率听力均下降,且平均听力损失≥80 dB HL。此类病例听力损失严重且多伴有耳鸣和眩晕,治疗有效率较低。该型患者致病机制尚不明确,一般认为其病因多为内听动脉血栓形成或内耳出血。近年来有研究认为内耳血管压迫神经也是其可能病因[2]。1975年,Janetta提出“血管压迫综合征”,描述了一组由血管袢直接接触颅神经引发的一系列疾病。其认为听神经和前庭神经也会因受到血管袢压迫,从而引起听力损失、耳鸣和眩晕等症状[3]。尽管血管袢压迫颅神经的概念在面肌痉挛和三叉神经痛的相关研究中得到了广泛认可[4-5],但其与突发性聋之间的关系仍不明确[6]。因此,本研究的目的是通过描述全聋型突发性聋患者的内耳磁共振水成像检查结果,了解内听道血管袢对患者临床特征及预后的影响,以提高该型疾病的认识和治疗有效率。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

本研究汇总了2009年5月至2024年6月期间在我院接受住院治疗的517例全聋型突发性聋病例。所有患者均通过1.5或3.0 T MRI扫描仪和8个通道头部线圈进行内耳磁共振水成像检查。扫描序列采用三维T2加权的快速成像稳态采集(FIESTA)水成像序列。纳入标准:① 72 h内突然出现原因不明的单侧感音神经性听力损失;②患侧所有频率听力均下降,250~8 000 Hz(250、500、1 000、2 000、4 000、8 000 Hz)平均听阈≥80 dB HL;③年龄18~60岁,性别不限。排除标准:①传导性聋:外耳道畸形、分泌性中耳炎、化脓性中耳炎等;②明确病因的患者,如梅尼埃病、大前庭导水管综合征及蜗后占位性病变等;③妊娠期、围产期和哺乳期的妇女;④双侧突发性聋患者;⑤内耳磁共振水成像不清及缺少原始磁共振图像的患者。

1.2. 观察指标

依据纳排标准筛选获得了517例原始影像资料完整的全聋型突发性聋患者,并对其中的110例内耳水成像中存在异常的患者进行了详细描述。同时,针对276例患侧存在不同分型血管袢的患者,分析其一般特征、听力学特征及进展预后。研究中涉及的患者基本信息,包括性别、年龄及发病侧别,以及病史详情,如发病至治疗的时间、伴随症状和基础疾病等,均通过解放军总医院的医院信息系统(HIS)获取。所有听力学相关数据则来源于解放军总医院临床听力医学中心的信息系统(MCCAIS),若患者在某倍频程上最大声输出也无法引出反应,则其阈值记为该倍频程最大声输出+5 dB HL。

1.3. 判定标准及血管袢分型

本研究疗效评价标准参考《突发性聋诊断和治疗指南》,受损频率平均提高≥15 dB HL定义为有效,不足15 dB HL则判定为无效[1]。并进一步参考Chavda分型对276例健耳和患耳存在血管袢的患者进行分型[7],见图 1。

图 1.

Chavda血管袢分型

A:显示桥小脑角区和内听道未见血管袢;B:Ⅰ型,血管袢存在于桥小脑角区,但未伸入内听道段;C:Ⅱ型,血管袢进入内听道,且伸入长度小于内听道的50%;D:Ⅲ型,血管袢进入内听道,且伸入长度大于内听道的50%。

图 1

1.4. 统计学方法

所有数据均使用SPSS 26.0软件进行处理。计量资料首先进行正态性检验,正态分布数据以X±S表示,偏态分布数据以M(P25,P75)表示。组间比较采用非参数秩和检验,计数资料或等级资料则采用χ2检验进行比较。P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 内耳磁共振水成像结果

共有517例患者接受了内耳磁共振水成像检查且原始图像完整,其中,男256例,女261例,男女患者比例为0.98︰1.00,年龄中位数为44.5岁。结果显示110例患者存在异常:乳突炎患者32例(双侧13例,左侧9例,右侧10例),伴随鼻窦、筛窦及上颌窦异常的患者共30例。在半规管的检查中,15例患者显示异常,其中水平半规管异常8例(双侧4例,左右各2例),后半规管异常患者5例(右侧4例,左侧1例),以及1例前半规管显影异常。颈静脉球高位现象在7例中被观察到,内听道神经异常在18例患者中发现,蜗神经异常的患者有7例(蜗神经纤细患者4例,显示欠佳2例,局部增粗患者1例),前庭神经纤细或显示不清的患者10例(3例表现为前庭下神经纤细,7例表现为显示欠佳),面神经显示异常患者4例,见图 2。

图 2.

图 2

内耳磁共振水成像异常分布情况

2.2. 全聋型突发性聋患者血管袢等级分布

在517例患者中,患侧发现血管袢的患者276耳,健侧发现血管袢255耳;且健侧与患侧血管袢等级分布未见明显差异。其中,内听道及桥小脑角区未见血管袢的患者占比最多,患侧241耳(46.62%),健侧262耳(50.68%);Chavda分型为Ⅰ型的患侧156耳(30.17%),健侧158耳(30.56%);分型为Ⅱ型的患侧有104耳(20.12%),健侧为83耳(16.05%);Ⅲ型患者占比最少,患侧仅有16耳(3.09%),健侧为14耳(2.71%)。

2.3. 患侧不同血管袢的全聋型突发性聋患者临床特征比较

比较不同等级血管袢全聋型突发性聋患者的临床特征可见:女性患者在桥小脑角区和内听道发现血管袢的概率更高(P=0.033),且伴有Ⅲ型血管袢的患者耳鸣伴发率为100%,远高于其他类型的患者(P=0.005)。而在年龄、侧别、病程、伴随症状(眩晕、耳闷)和伴发疾病(高血压、糖尿病)等方面并未发现明显差异(均P>0.05),见表 1。

表 1.

不同等级血管袢患者临床特征对比

未见血管袢(n=241) Ⅰ型(n=156) Ⅱ型(n=104) Ⅲ型(n=16) P
性别/例(%) 0.033
   男 134(55.6) 74(47.4) 43(41.3) 5(31.3)
   女 107(44.4) 82(52.6) 61(58.7) 11(68.8)
年龄/岁 44.00(35.00,52.00) 43.50(33.00,52.00) 46.00(35.25,54.00) 48.00(35.00,54.25) 0.372
侧别/例(%) 0.880
   左 122(50.6) 84(53.8) 51(49.0) 8(50.0)
   右 119(49.4) 72(46.2) 53(51.0) 8(50.0)
病程/d 12.00(7.00,23.00) 13.00(6.00,29.50) 13.00(6.00,20.00) 11.50(5.00,20.50) 0.817
耳鸣/例(%) 227(94.2) 145(92.9) 87(83.7) 16(100.0) 0.005
眩晕/例(%) 173(71.8) 107(68.6) 73(70.2) 14(87.5) 0.447
耳闷/例(%) 123(51.0) 62(39.7) 49(47.1) 9(56.3) 0.143
高血压/例(%) 40(16.7) 36(16.1) 20(22.7) 3(18.8) 0.907
糖尿病/例(%) 27(11.2) 16(10.3) 19(18.3) 2(12.5) 0.233

2.4. 不同听力损失程度下患者血管袢等级分布

依据治疗前患者的纯音听阈将患者分为Q1组(80~ < 95 dB HL)、Q2组(≥95~ < 110 dB HL)和Q3组(≥110 dB HL),探讨了不同听力损失分组血管袢分布情况。在3组患者中,Chavda分型为Ⅰ型患者最多分别为37例(50.68%)、69例(58.47%)和50例(58.82%)例;Ⅱ型患者次之分别为33例(45.21%)、41例(34.75%)和30例(35.29%);Ⅲ型患者最少仅有3例(4.11%)、8例(6.78%)和5例(5.88%)。血管袢分型与全聋型突发性聋患者的听力损失程度之间并无明显相关性(P=0.618)。

2.5. 患侧不同血管袢的全聋型突发性聋患者听力转归比较

将患者的各频率疗效以15 dB HL为标准分为治疗有效和无效,并比较不同血管袢分型患者的各频率听力转归。低频听力转归明显优于高频,但是患者在各频率听疗效以及平均听力疗效均差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),表 2。

表 2.

不同血管袢分型患者疗效比较 例(%)

频率/Hz 未见血管袢 Ⅰ型 Ⅱ型 Ⅲ型 P
125 131(54.4) 88(56.4) 53(51.0) 13(81.3) 0.151
250 153(63.5) 99(63.5) 67(64.4) 13(81.3) 0.549
500 153(63.5) 98(62.8) 76(73.1) 14(87.5) 0.072
1 000 142(58.9) 89(57.1) 69(66.3) 13(81.3) 0.145
2 000 126(52.3) 82(52.6) 64(61.5) 10(62.5) 0.361
4 000 116(48.1) 77(49.4) 57(54.8) 8(50.0) 0.724
8 000 85(35.3) 52(33.3) 39(37.5) 7(43.8) 0.806
整体疗效 17(3,31) 19(2,34) 18(7,38) 29(18,44) 0.067

3. 讨论

磁共振成像技术已广泛应用于突发性聋的鉴别诊断,采用较长重复时间、超长回波时间的T2加权成像,可以显著提高脑脊液和内淋巴液的信号强度,从而使其与周围的骨质信号形成鲜明比较[8-10]。在本研究中,共有110例患者内耳磁共振水成像显示异常,其中乳突炎患者30例占27%,并在斜矢状位观察到18例患者内耳神经异常。然而,常规水成像序列并无法特异性识别内耳出血。本研究仅观察到1例疑似内耳出血患者,影像学表现为耳蜗和前庭的高信号。针对疑似内耳出血的病例,建议及时进行3D-Flair序列的检查,以获取更为准确的诊断[11]。虽然本研究缺乏性别年龄匹配的健康对照,但内耳MRI仍具临床必要性:①病因鉴别:检出7例颈静脉球高位(可导致患者出现搏动性耳鸣)及15例半规管异常(提示迷路炎);②治疗策略:18例听神经异常患者若行人工耳蜗植入可能效果欠佳。

小脑前下动脉发源于基底动脉的下部或中部三分之一,为内听道和小脑的前下表面提供血液供应[12]。但有研究显示小脑前下动脉血管袢压迫听神经会导致患者出现突发性聋、耳鸣和眩晕等症状[12-13],其潜在机制包括进行性的血管压迫导致中央胶质细胞和外周非胶质细胞连接处局灶性脱髓鞘,以及神经血管压迫导致耳蜗和前庭血液灌注减少等[14]。因此,本研究特别关注了桥小脑角区或内听道存在血管袢的患者,并探究了其健侧与患侧的血管袢级等级分布。在276例患者中,血管环与其症状同侧。254例患者的血管环位于健侧,其中有157例患者在双侧均可见血管环(双侧均为Ⅰ型的患者有53例,Ⅱ型24例,Ⅲ型4例)。有研究指出,单侧听力损失患者在患侧发现血管环的概率是健侧的2倍[2],但大多数研究发现健侧与患侧的血管袢等级分布无显著差异[15-17],与本研究的发现相一致。

先前研究主要集中于血管袢与听觉、前庭症状之间的关系[2, 18-19],而本研究进一步探讨了不同类型血管袢对突发性聋患者的临床特征的影响。研究发现,女性患者在内听道或桥小脑角区出现血管袢的概率显著高于男性(P=0.033),这一发现提示临床医生在诊治突发性聋时应更加关注女性患者的内听道情况。既往一项回顾性多中心研究指出内听道血管袢压迫听神经与患者的耳鸣、眩晕和听力下降等症状之间存在明显相关性[20],其相关病理机制为血管压迫听神经导致其传输信号出现紊乱而引起耳鸣,并随着时间的推移,压迫区域出现局灶性脱髓鞘,导致信号传输减慢,并在耳鸣频率下发生听力损失[15-16]。本研究进一步发现不同分型的血管袢患者耳鸣伴发率存在差异(P=0.005),且Ⅲ型血管袢患者耳鸣伴发率为100%,但未观察到其他临床特征存在显著差异。此外,有研究提出血管与神经接触与突发性聋患者的听力损失程度有关[21]。基于此观点,本研究将患者根据听力损失程度分为3组,并探究了其患侧血管袢等级分布情况,但未发现明显差异(P=0.618)。

血管减压术治疗神经血管压迫综合征已在面肌痉挛和三叉神经痛已获得了广泛的应用,但因其侵入性以及血管袢与耳科症状之间的相关性尚不明确,因此很少用于治疗听觉前庭症状[14]。已有研究表明奥卡西平能够通过调节神经兴奋性来减轻耳鸣的程度,从而缓解患者的困扰[17, 22],但本研究未验证任何针对血管袢的疗法对突聋的疗效,未来需专门设计临床试验。此外,相关研究指出内听道血管袢可阻碍类固醇及其他药物的吸收进而降低突发性聋患者的疗效[2]。因此,本研究进一步分析了血管袢分型与突发性聋患者听力转归的关系,在276例患者中治疗有效患者仅有161例(58.30%),远低于我国突发性聋多中心研究报道的70.29%[23],然而各组总体疗效差异并不显著(P=0.067)。既往研究认为,伴有为Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型血管袢的突发性聋患者1 000 Hz和4 000 Hz的听力预后较差,这可能与蜗神经的听觉纤维排布有关,传导高频的神经纤维分布于外层,更易因血管压迫而受损[3],然而研究分析了不同等级血管袢患者的各频率疗效,并未发现明显差异。

综上所述,本研究表明全聋型突发性聋患者需重视内耳磁共振水成像评估,内听道血管袢是部分突发性聋患者伴发耳鸣的可能病因。为了提高突发性聋的治疗效果,建议在临床实践中对内耳的解剖结构进行充分评估,以便制定更为合理的治疗方案。

Funding Statement

国家重点研发计划(No:2023YFF1203504、No:2023YFC2508400);国家自然科学基金面上项目(No:82171130)

Footnotes

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

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