AMPK	5′-Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
AMPKα1	5′-Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit α1
ANCOVA	Analysis of covariance
BAD	Bcl-2-associated death promoter
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma 2
BM	Basement membrane
CARMELINA	The Cardiovascular and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study With Linagliptin
CDs	Collecting ducts
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
DTEC	Distal tubular epithelial cell
DPP4	Dipeptidyl peptidase-4
DKD	Diabetic kidney disease
EDTA	Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EMPA-KIDNEY	The Study of Heart and Kidney Protection With Empagliflozin
EMPA-REG OUTCOME	The Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
EMT	Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ESRD	End-stage renal disease
FPs	Foot processes
HSP27	Heat shock protein 27
GAPDH	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GBM	Glomerular basement membrane
GSK-3	Glycogen synthase kinase 3
IRS-1	Insulin receptor substrate 1
LC3B	Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B
LC3-I	Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B cytosolic form
LC3-II	Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B lipidated form
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MEK1	Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1
MFV	Mesangial fractional volume
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
NL	Lineal number density
p90RSK	Subfamily p90 ribosomal s6 kinase
PI3K/Akt	Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases/protein kinase B
PI3Kp110β	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110β catalytic subunit β isoform
PTEC	Proximal tubular epithelial cell
PTEN	Phosphatase and tensin homolog
rpS6	Ribosomal protein S6
RSK	Ribosomal s6 kinase
SGLT2	Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2
SDS	Sodium dodecyl sulfate
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
TBM	Tubular basal membrane
TEM	Transmission electron microscopy
TGFβ1	Transforming growth factor-β1
VV	Volume fraction
WB	Western blotting