Timing Patterns of Interpersonal Violence, Mental Health and School Attack Tips Submitted by Youth to a Statewide Anonymous Reporting System

Abstract

Background

Technology-facilitated anonymous/confidential reporting systems (TFRS; app/text-based helplines) are used statewide in 34/50 states, yet little is known about trends of help-seeking using these systems.

Methods

Data were 44,998 tips submitted to the statewide TFRS in North Carolina between November 2019-May 2025. Time series, descriptive, and regression analyses were used to characterize overall trends and by specific temporal period (time of day, day of week, month of year) relative to tip severity and tip topic (e.g., interpersonal violence, mental health, school attack).

Results

Between November 2019 and May 2025, TFRS submissions increased, with the most tips submitted in October (monthly mean=1,046.0) and March (1,001.5), and the fewest in June (100.8) and July (48.0). However, a higher proportion of tips requiring emergency responders were submitted when school was not in session - 37.5% of tips submitted in July (monthly mean=18.0) and 29.2% in June (25.2) compared to 14.7% in March (153.3). Submission timing varied by concern: interpersonal violence tips were most common during school hours (8am–5pm; hourly mean range=0.39-0.79), while school attack and mental health tips peaked in the evening (8pm–10:59pm, hourly mean range=0.18-0.20; and 8pm–9:59pm, hourly mean range=0.32-0.34, respectively).

Conclusions

Greater tipping during times when school is in session likely corresponds to higher rates of risks that are not life-threatening but still important to address (e.g., bullying). Despite lower numbers of tips during times school is out of session, those submitted are much more likely to be life-threatening, supporting the importance of systems always being available.

Background

Youth exposure to interpersonal or self-directed harm poses acute and long-term effects on health and wellbeing, increasing the risk of behavioral, emotional, and learning difficulties.¹ Schools are a critical context for the identification, intervention, and prevention of youth harm. Though violence occurs within school contexts, ranging from statistically rare but devastating school shootings to 19% of youth report past-year bullying exposure on school property,² schools also provide essential social services beyond education, including upstream prevent programing as well as direct service provision by school-based psychologists or social workers.³ School-based services are central to reducing the prevalence and ameliorating the morbidity of youth exposure to interpersonal or self-directed harm.

Technology-facilitated reporting systems (TFRS) are see-something-say-something youth reporting systems used in over 60% of kindergarten-12th-grade (K-12) schools in the United States to reduce youth harm.^4,5 Although posing some similarities to 911 or 988 (universal emergency numbers used broadly in the US), TFRS are run through state inter-agency collaborations,⁶ representing a centralized resource where help can be sought for a wide variety of concerns including mental health, interpersonal violence, and planned school attacks.⁴ As TFRS partner directly with local schools, these systems are designed to handle concerns that do not require emergency responders (e.g., bullying) and those that do (e.g., suicide, weapon carriage on campus).^7,8 TFRS may be particularly meaningful to youth due to the discrete nature of TFRS (whereby anonymity or confidentiality is promised) and use of digitally-relevant submission modes (e.g., mobile app, text and/or website).^4,6 Implementation of TFRS through schools allows for youth to be trained at school to identify and submit information on a wide range of concerning behaviors for themselves or as third-party help-seekers (bystanders).^7,8 Additionally, most TFRS are operational 24/7, which is important as spikes in temporal risk do not always align with periods when schools are in session.⁹

To efficiently gather and promptly process large amounts of information, then relay it to relevant sworn (e.g., police) and unsworn (e.g., school psychologist) responders, most TFRS employ a triage system that sorts tips based on the urgency of intervention required.^4,6 Life-threatening tips, such as imminent risk of harm from suicide or firearm possession, require immediate emergency medical or law enforcement response. Less urgent tips, like bullying or anxiety, are virtually delivered to school personnel to determine appropriate interventions during normal school hours, which enhances the benefits of criminal justice diversion and ensures that emergency systems are not overburdened with non-urgent needs.^10,11

Though empirical inquiry into the use and effects of TFRS is limited,¹² research that does exist indicates that once implemented, the presence of TFRS increases youths' reporting of concerning behavior.¹³ Additionally, students use TFRS to report urgent life-threatening information, such as possible school shootings or suicide, as well as risky but less urgent information, such as bullying and substance use.^7,8 Data from one study suggests that tipping frequency isn't constant and that youth use systems beyond school hours¹⁴ - however, little is known about temporal trends across years, and trends related to the category of concern (e.g., interpersonal violence, mental health, school attack) nor relative to the necessary responders based on the severity of the tip. Identifying high and low use times of TFRS use and by type of concern and necessary responders would provide valuable, can assist both non-sworn personnel (e.g., teachers and administrators) and sworn responders (e.g., police and EMS) in planning, thereby enhancing their preparedness to address emergent situations effectively.

Using tip-level data from a statewide TFRS across 6-academic years, we aim to use time series analyses to characterize trends of overall tipping over time, then descriptive statistics by month of year, day of week, and time of day relative to the type of concerning behavior and severity of the threat to provide novel information on tipping trends. We anticipate that tipping frequency will not be constant¹⁴, but is likely to vary relative to when school is in session, by severity of the threat, and by the category of concern (interpersonal violence, mental health, school attack).

Methods

Sandy Hook Say Something Anonymous Reporting System

Sandy Hook Promise’ Say Something Anonymous Report System (SS-ARS)¹⁵ is an anonymous TFRS system used in 23 states, reaching over 5.5 million youth with training on recognizing warning signs and how to report them. Over 189,000 tips have been submitted nationwide, leading to the discovery of 15 planned school shootings, over 118 weapon-related events, more than 3,000 mental health interventions, over 400 suicide interventions, and 653 confirmed lives saved (as of 2023).¹⁶ When a tip is submitted, certified multilingual specialists at the 24/7 National Crisis Center assess the situation, notify school officials, and, if there is an imminent threat, contact emergency services.¹³

SS-ARS in North Carolina

Launched statewide in 2019 in partnership with the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, as of December 2023 SS-ARS has been adopted by over 95% of NC school districts and charter schools, training more than 700,000 students in grades 6-12. Annual training covers recognizing concerning behaviors and using TFRS for reporting. Reports have led to school supports, clinical care, and legal interventions, including police welfare checks and weapon removals.⁵

Data

Data were SS-ARS tips that were submitted, triaged, and “closed” in North Carolina between November 2019 - May 2025. Natural language processing regular expression string techniques were used to extract the event type selected by the tipster; the pattern in the text for event-type in these data are consistent and reflect a structured field, thus enabling this method. Timestamp and life-threatening status are structured variables in the data. Data were accessed and downloaded from the TFRS software platform, P3.

Measures

Date and time of submission. Unix epoch time was transformed into tip submission hour and date (day, month, year).

Life-threatening status. Tips are classified as life-threatening and requiring emergency responders (1) or not life-threatening and thus can be sent directly to school personnel (0) by crisis counselors.

Interpersonal violence concern. When initiating a tip, tipsters indicate a single event type from a pre-determined list of concerns. A binary variable representing interpersonal violence concerns was created based on tipster-selected event types for assault, harassment, intention to harm someone, bullying, fights and abuse.

Mental health concern. A binary variable representing mental health concerns was created based on tipster-selected event types for self-harm, depression, anxiety, withdrawal, suicidality, and eating disorders.

School attack concern. A binary variable representing school attack concerns was created based on tipster-selected event types for firearm, explosive, or weapon possession, threats or planned school shootings or bombing, or planned burning or other harm to school property.

Other concern. A binary variable represented tips with an event-type not related to interpersonal violence, mental health or school attack concerns was created for tips about concerns including substance-related concerns (e.g., use, distribution), breaking district code of conducts, general school, complaints, inappropriate behaviors by school personnel or other antisocial behaviors that were not interpersonal in nature (e.g., reckless driving).

Analysis

Two approaches were used to evaluate overall temporal trends; first, data were plotted for visual review, then tested for seasonality and periodicity. For visualization, time series analyses and seasonal decomposition by Loess were used to plot observed, seasonal, decomposed and residuals of daily tipping over the study period. Then, to test for periodicity and intra-year seasonality, we generated sin and cosign functions of time with underlying periods of annual and biannual cycles.¹⁷ To guide translational interpretation, descriptive statistics including means and range were used to describe average tipping patterns by month of year, day of week, and hour of day for all tips, by life-threatening status of tip, and by the category of concerning behavior. Linear and Poisson (in the case the standard deviation was greater than the mean) regression models were used to test for statistical differences by these more granular periods. All analyses were conducted in R4.5.¹⁷

Patient and Public Partnership

Patients were not involved in this study.

Results

Tips

Between November 2019 - May 2025, 46,343 unique "closed" tips were logged. Of those, 979 tips that were classified during triage as pranks, 85 tips that were marked as practice tips (usually test tips submitted by administrators), 124 tips with no written narrative describing the concerning behavior, and 152 narratives that were duplicates were removed for a final sample of 44,998 tips.

Time Series Trends Across Study Period

Observed tipping behaviors were not constant; however, the overall trend (decomposition) showed an increase in tipping behaviors between 2019 to 2025 despite a trough in 2021 (Figure 1). When examined as a seasonal pattern, a series of troughs and peaks per year were evident, with troughs corresponding to the months of June-August and the end of December and start of January, while peaks corresponded to February, March and September. Across all tips, we found evidence of significant seasonality for both annual (sin = 0.083, S.E.=0.006, p<.001; cos = 0.713, S.E. = 0.009, p<.001) and biannual periodicities (sin = −0.092, S.E.=0.007, p<.001; cos = −0.589, S.E. = 0.008, p<.001).

Figure 1.

Time Series of All Tips Submitted to Technology-Facilitated Reporting System in North Carolina from November 2019 - May 2025

Frequency of tips classified as being life-threatening was not constant, although the overall trend was an increase of number of life-threatening tips between 2019 and 2025 (Appendix Figure 1). The seasonal trends had less prominent troughs but higher spikes in the month of September, with moderate spikes in December, February and March. Within life-safety tips, we found evidence of significant seasonality for both annual (sin = −0.209, S.E.=0.015, p<.001; cos = 0.587, S.E. = 0.021, p<.001) and biannual periodicities (sin = 0.039, S.E.=0.017, p=.019; cos = −0.637, S.E. = 0.018, p<.001).

Similarly, number of submissions by specific tip type varied by season and year. By tip type, the core trend indicated a similar increase for interpersonal violence, mental health, school attack tips across time, but interpersonal violence tips had a notable greater increase between 2021-2024, before leveling off through May 2025 (Figure 2). Descriptive figures to visualize the observed trend, seasonal trend, and decomposition trends by tip type are provided in the Appendices (Appendix Figures 2-4). When testing for seasonality and periodicity, we found evidence of significant annual seasonality and biannual periodicity for interpersonal violence tips (annual seasonality sin = 0.071, S.E.=0.011, p<.001; cos = 0.740, S.E. = 0.016, p<.001; biannual periodicities sin = −0.132, S.E.=0.012, p<.001; cos = −0.657, S.E. = 0.013, p<.001), mental health tips (annual seasonality sin = 0.034, S.E.=0.015, p=.023; cos = 0.900, S.E. = 0.022, p<.001; biannual periodicities sin = −0.083, S.E.=0.012, p<.001; cos = −0.548, S.E. = 0.017, p<.001) and school shooting tips.

Figure 2.

Decomposition Trends by Type of Tip

Tipping Patterns by Month

Tip submission frequency was not constant across month but instead ranged from 35 tips in June 2021 to 2,036 tips in September 2024 (mean=671.1, SD=513.6). Between November 2019-May 2025, October had the greatest average number of tips at 1,046.4 (SD=631.32), followed by March (mean=1,001.5, SD=449.3). The months with the fewest tips on average were July (mean=48.0, SD=8.1) and June (mean=100.8, SD=61.8). As compared to the month of October (which on average has the most tips submitted), the months of June (β= −945.6, 95%CI=[1496.69, −394.51]), July (β= −998.4, 95%CI=[−1549.49, −447.315]) and August (β= −799.2, 95%CI=[−1350.29, −248.12]) had significantly fewer tips.

There is a positive correlation between total tips per month and life-safety tips per month (r=0.82, 95% CI=[0.73, 0.89]). The months with the largest average number of life-threatening tips were September (mean=283.8, SD=366.8) and March (mean=153.3, SD=92.6) while the fewest life-threatening tips were submitted in June (mean=25.2, SD=15.5) and July (mean=18, SD=9.7; Figure 3). While the fewest tips were submitted in June and July, when examining life-threatening tips as a proportion of all tips submitted in a given month, the months with the greatest percent of life-threatening tips were in July (37.5%), September (29.2%) and June (25.0%), with the lowest percent of tips being classified as life-threatening being in the months of February (14.6%) and May (14.7%).

Figure 3.

Monthly Tipping Trends Across Six Academic Years (Fall 2019 - Spring 2025)

By type of tip, a similar pattern to the overall tipping pattern emerged. The greatest monthly average of interpersonal violence tips was in March (mean=382.5, SD=190.2) and October (mean=380.4, SD=251.7); the fewest interpersonal violence tips were submitted in June (mean=34.2, SD=23.6) and July (mean=11.4, SD=3.13). The most mental health tips were submitted in October (mean=235.8, SD=104.0) and February (mean=209.8, SD=87.0) while the fewest were submitted in June (mean=22.4, SD=11.0) and July (mean=17.0, SD=5.6). Tips about school attacks were most common in September (mean=188.0, SD=226.0) and October (mean=99.4, SD=77.9) and the fewest were submitted in June (mean=9, SD=8.8) and July (mean=2.6, SD=2.1).

Tipping Patterns by Day of Week

The average number of tips varied by day of the week (mean = 22.0, SD=24.4; Figure 4). The days of the week with the greatest number of tips were Thursdays (mean=30.6, SD=28.6) and Wednesdays (mean=29.7, SD=27.9), with the fewest number of tips being submitted on Sundays (mean=7.5 tips, SD=6.5) and Saturdays (mean=7.2, SD=5.9). As compared to Thursdays, all days had statistically fewer submissions: Mondays (β=−0.21, 95%CI=[−0.24, −0.18]), Tuesdays (β=−0.09, 95%CI=[−0.12, −0.06]), Wednesdays (β=−0.03, 95%CI=[−0.05, −0.001]), Fridays (β=−0.16, 95%CI=[−0.19, −0.13]), Saturdays (β=−1.44, 95%CI-1.49, −1.40]), and Sundays (β=−1.41, 95%CI=[−1.46, −1.36]).

Figure 4.

Average Number of Tips Submitted Per Day of the Week by Tip Characteristics

When examining tips by classification of life-threatening nature of information, the number of life safety tips was correlated with the number of total tips relative to the day of the week (0.50, 95%CI=[−0.04, 0.82]). Thursdays (mean=4.7, SD=8.5) and Tuesdays (mean=4.6, SD=8.0) had on average the largest number of life-threatening tips, while the fewest life-threatening tips were submitted on Sundays (mean=2.8, SD=3.8) and Saturdays (mean=2.2, SD=2.9). However, when considered as a proportion, the days with the greatest proportion of life-threatening tips were Sundays (37.3% of tips submitted on Sundays were life-threatening) and Saturdays (30.8% of tips).

Relative to event type, a consistent pattern emerged across event types. Specifically, tips about interpersonal violence were most frequent on Thursdays (mean=11.4, SD=10.9) and Wednesdays (mean=11.3, SD=11.2), and least frequent on Saturdays (mean=2.1, SD=2.2) and Sundays (mean=2.1, SD=2.2). A similar pattern was observed for mental health tips (Thursday: mean=5.75, SD=5.7, Wednesday: mean=5.7, SD=5.6; Sunday: mean=2.4, SD=2.4; Saturday: mean=2.3, SD=2.2), school attack tips (Thursday: mean=3.1, SD=7.2; Wednesday: mean=2.8, SD=4.5; Sunday: mean=1.0, SD=2.3, Saturday: mean=0.6, SD=1.7), and other tips (Thursday: mean=10.4, SD=10.1; Wednesday: mean=9.9, SD=9.9; Saturday: mean=2.2, SD=2.1; Sunday: mean=2.0, SD=2.0).

Tipping Patterns by Time of Day

Between November 4, 2019, and May 31, 2025, on average 1 tip was submitted every hour. When considering time of day, the hours of 10:00am to 2:59pm had the most submissions, with an average of 1.6-1.9 tips submitted per hour (Figure 5). The fewest tips were submitted between midnight-6:59am, with an average of 0.03-0.3 tips submitted hourly. When evaluated for statistical differences, when compared to the hour with on average the most tips (1:00PM-1:59PM), the only hour that was not significantly different was 12:00-12:59PM (β=−0.04, 95%CI=[−0.08, 0.01]). All other hours had significantly fewer tips at p<.001.

Figure 5.

Average Number of Tips Submitted Per Hour by Tip Characteristics

When examining tips requiring emergency responders, life-threatening tips were positively correlated to total tips by hour of the day (0.60, 95%CI=[0.38, 0.76]). Life-threatening tips were most frequently submitted between the hours of 8:00pm-10:59pm, ranging from 0.37−0.45 tips per hour. Hours with the fewest life-threatening tips were submitted between 2:00am-5:59am, ranging from 0.07-0.01 tips. However, midnight-1:59am were the hours with the greatest proportion of life-threatening tips (42.2% from 12:00-12:59am and 41.4% from 1:00am-1:59am), while 1:00pm-2:59pm had the lowest proportion (6.95% of tips from 1:00pm-1:59pm, and 7.43% from 2:00pm-2:59pm).

By event type category, two patterns appeared. For school attack tips, the greatest number were submitted between 8:00pm-10:59pm, which had an hourly average between 0.18-0.20 tips, while the fewest tips were submitted between midnight-7:59am (0.004 −0.09 tips per hour). Mental health tips were similar, with the most tips submitted between 8:00pm-9:59pm (0.32-0.34 tips per hour) with the fewest submitted form midnight-7:59am (0.009-0.097 tips per hour). In contrast, the most interpersonal tips were submitted between 8:00am-5:59pm, with a range of 0.39-0.79 tips being submitted per hour, while the fewest average tips submitted between Midnight-6:59 am (0.007-0.07 tips per hour). This was similar for tips classified as "Other", with the greatest average tip hours being 9:00am-1:59pm (0.62-0.72 tips per hour) and the fewest being submitted on average between 4:00am-5:59am (0.008-0.018 tips per hour).

Discussion

Identifying when youth submit tips to TFRS may help school administrators, TFRS tip triage staff, and sworn and unsworn responders plan and be prepared for responding. We found patterns of overall increase in tipping across time, as well as evidence of tip line usage during all temporal periods (month, weekday, and hour of the day). While initial increase may be partially explained by the increased roll out of TFRS across North Carolina, whereby >95% of 6th-12th students were onboarded to the TFRS by May 2023, the persistent increase beyond initial roll out mirrors trends in other states with long-standing TFRS.^8,18 However, there was important variation in the temporal patterns of when tip submission overall and by life-threatening status of the tip (requiring emergency responders) and by the general type of concern.

Interpreting the temporal patterns when tips are submitted

The highest number of tips were submitted when schools are in-person and operational, while fewer tips occur during summer months (June–August), weekends, nights, and the remote learning period of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. This trend is likely because TFRS systems are promoted within schools—students receive annual training, see posters in classrooms and hallways, and may have peers advocating for use, reminding them of the system as a resource.^19,20 Students may also view TFRS as most relevant for concerning behaviors they observe at school. Exposure to risk factors like bullying, interpersonal violence, and suicidality is greater during the school year and declines during summer, ^2,21 which aligns with lower TFRS submissions in those months.^4,14 Nationally, reports of students missing school due to violence have increased, particularly between 2021 and 2023,² which may explain the rapid rise in interpersonal violence tips. Mental health concerns, also common TFRS tips, tend to increase in March and October, coinciding with observed youth suicide patterns and overlapping with the school year.²² While schools offer protective services, the elevated presence of risk factors during school periods appears to drive higher TFRS reporting.

Times when tiplines are being used for urgent, life-threatening situations

While tipping was most common during times when school was in session, the greatest proportion of life-threatening tips requiring emergency responders were submitted during times school was not in session. This may in part be explained by the type of tip being submitted, whereby mental health (including suicide) and tips on potential school attacks are most frequently submitted in evening hours and given the magnitude of potential harm are more likely to prompt the need for emergency response.²³ However, increased use of tip lines during days and months when school is out of session may also reflect that students turn to tip lines for urgent problems during periods when they have less direct access to trusted adults through schools (e.g., teachers, coaches). Regardless of the underlying mechanism, youth turn to TFRS for high-risk situations even outside of school contexts. Most states operate TFRS 24/7, 365,⁶ and the results of the present study support this need for round-the-clock to provide additional support to youth in need, particularly as they may be turning to TFRS for urgent problems when they have lower access to school-affiliated adults.

Implications and Future Directions

TFRS have been found to be efficacious in increasing youth bystander behavior¹³ and youth use these systems to report a range of acute and upstream concerns^14,23. However, implementation of these systems matters, and researchers have identified that student-level implementation features including being trained on how and when to use these systems¹³ and school-level features including school climate²⁴ influence if and how youth use TFRS to prevent harm. The present study expands information on implementation considerations by providing information on when students are using systems, and for what purposes. This type of information can be helpful for school and emergency service logistical planning. Specifically, we found evidence that over entire duration of the study period, that TFRS tipping increased, which demonstrates both the sustainability of these systems once in place and necessary potential additional staffing needs. However, by examining tipping features by more finite time periods (e.g., month), schools can more accurately plan for staffing. For example, school safety staff including SROs should be ready to address school attacks throughout the fall and spring semesters but need to be particularly prepared for an increase early in the fall. This could mean onboarding new school safety staff and refresher trainings even earlier than educational staff do back to school trainings. Likewise, schools need to be prepared for increased mental health support needs from students in the middle of both the fall and spring semesters. In addition to informing school response preparation, these findings may also prompt opportunities for reminder training for students. Specifically, reminding students of the availability of the TFRS and that it can be used for concerns regarding potential violence or mental health at the start of the semester and mid-semester may further increase opportunities for help-seeking. While the present work provides important insights by time, tip type, and tip severity, additional research is necessary to ensure maximizing TFRS as a prevention opportunity. One future direction is to understand how TFRS fit in with other digital help-seeking choices and help-seeking behaviors, such as national hotlines like 988 or widely available generalized tools like ChatGPT. Identifying why students use one resource over another, and if there are certain characteristics of a concern, student or community that influences which resource is preferred could identify gaps, missed opportunities, or additional tailoring that would be helpful to ensure equitable access to helpseeking resources.

Limitations

Though this study has many merits, it is not without limitations. First, life-threatening status is designated by crisis counselors before responders address the problem; it may be that not all tips classified as life-threatening are found to be so by emergency responders. However, counselors are highly trained and thus are likely able to identify situations that are most likely to be high-risk. Second, while TFRS are used by youth for various crises, they are not the only method of reporting; disclosure to a trusted adult and direct reporting to 911 are not captured in this analysis. Nonetheless, TFRS system use is critical to understand, and little research exists on when and how youth use them. As such, this paper provides important, novel information to the field. Finally, while these data are from a statewide implemented TFRS, there may be variations in rates of crises by state and broader regionality. While the TFRS used in North Carolina has similar trends in the most reported concerning behaviors as other statewide TFRS,^7,8 it may not be generalizable to all contexts or communities.

Conclusion

TFRS are school-based tip lines used by students to report risks ranging from bullying to suicide and potential school shootings. In the present statewide system, tipping increased over time, with most tips submitted during school hours, highlighting TFRS’s role in school violence prevention.¹³ While tips are less frequent outside of school, they are more likely to be lifethreatening and require urgent intervention. Ensuring TFRS operate 24/7 may be crucial for effective harm and injury prevention among youth.

Key Messages.

What’s Known on This Topic:

>60% of states provide technology-facilitated anonymous/confidential reporting system (TFRS) to public schools and preliminary evidence suggests TFRS reduce the risk of youth violence; yet, little is known about the temporal nature of tip submission by severity and type of risk.

What This Study Adds:

Tips submitted to a statewide school-based anonymous reporting system between 2019-2025 were most often submitted during times school is in session (hours, days, months), but tips submitted during times school is out of session were much more likely to be life-threatening in nature. Though all types of tips showed a drop in the 2020/2021 school year (corresponding to COVID-19 school shutdowns), the number of tips has consistently grown across time, with interpersonal violence tips having the greatest increase as compared with mental health and school attack tips.

How this study might affect research, practice, or policy:

Identifying overall temporal trends as well as time periods when tipping is most frequent can be useful for planning by schools, parents, health providers, and emergency responders. Providing additional information about temporal tipping trends for tips that pose risk of imminent threat and require EMS or police response, as well as by the type of risk behavior (mental health, interpersonal violence, school attack, or another concern) yields novel nuance about tipping patterns, which may provide opportunities for additional planning as well as tailoring of messaging around when TFRS can be used and encourage youth to utilize these systems when needing help.