This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal).
Post-publication, an investigation conducted on behalf of the journal by Elsevier's Research Integrity & Publishing Ethics team discovered suspicious changes in authorship between the original submission and the revised version of this paper. During the various stages of revision, the authors A Alnoor, H Alsattar, R Mohammed, A Alamoodi, M Alazab, U Aickelin, S Garfan, I Ahmaro and M Ahmed were added to the paper, and one author was removed from the paper. These changes were made without explanation and without exceptional approval by the journal editor, which is contrary to the journal policy on changes to authorship. Elsevier's Research Integrity & Publishing Ethics team reached out to the authors for an explanation, but they failed to provide a satisfactory explanation to these changes. These changes could not be justified by the requirements of peer review. The corresponding author confirmed that at the time the research was carried out, the authors were independent scholars, and the work was not affiliated to or funded by the affiliations listed.
Additionally, during the investigation, Elsevier's Research Integrity & Publishing Ethics team found a significant increase of citations to papers published by some of the authors, between the original submission and the revised version of this article. In summary, four papers by the author A Zaidan were evident in the original version of the article. This increased to 65 papers in the revised version of the article. One paper by the author B Zaidan was evident in the original version of the article. This increased to 64 papers in the revised version of the article. Three papers by the author O. Albahri were cited in the original version of the article. This increased to 48 papers in the revised version of the article. One paper by the author A Albahri was cited in the original version of the article. This increased to 41 papers in the revised version of the article. The additional references were not requested and cannot be justified by peer review.
The Editor has determined that the authorship cannot be relied upon and has lost confidence in the integrity and findings of the article and has determined it should be retracted.