Table 2. Mixed linear models for glycemic and cardiovascular biomarkers according to study group.

Biomarker	95% CI of the model Lower limit	95% CI of the model Upper limit	95% CI difference between intervention vs. placebo Lower limit	95% CI difference between intervention vs. placebo Upper limit	p-value
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	81.632	184.132	-78.612	84.405	0.944
Estimated mean glucose (mg/dL)	170.861	259.752	-104.300	364.414	0.344
HbA1c (%)	5.960	9.043	-3.632	1.269	0.344
Insulin (µUI/mL)	3.983	40.549	-17.712	53.113	0.327
HOMA-IR	0.882	9.372	-3.940	9.561	0.414
HOMA-β	0.761	9.273	-3.522	8.331	0.318
Urea (mg/dL)	15.612	34.903	-22.653	8.028	0.350
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.523	0.794	-0.231	0.198	0.880
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	146.825	253.172	-46.366	122.769	0.375
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)	99.598	138.216	-48.552	12.865	0.254
TyG Index	8.865	9.880	-0.502	1.112	0.459

95% CI : 95% confidence interval, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, HOMA-β = Homeostatic Model Assessment for β-cell function, TyG: triglyceride-glucose index.

The linear mixed models included group, time, and the group-time interaction, with repeated measurements nested within participants. The estimated difference corresponds to the comparison between the experimental group and the placebo group. The results should be interpreted as exploratory.