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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2026 Aug;40(8):1214–1221. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202602058

基于等速肌力测定的前交叉韧带缺陷患者固定平台单髁置换术疗效分析

Isokinetic analysis of muscle strength recovery after fixed-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency

Meiying ZHANG 1, Ting LIANG 2, Guangliang HU 1,*, Xiao FAN 1, Shiyou DAI 1
PMCID: PMC13489752  PMID: 42642191

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the early effectiveness of fixed-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (FBUKA) in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency (ACLD), and to evaluate postoperative muscle strength and functional recovery through isokinetic muscle strength testing.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 181 patients with unilateral medial compartment knee osteoarthritis who underwent FBUKA treatment between January 2023 and June 2024 and met the selection criteria. According to the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament, the patients were divided into the ACLD group (45 cases) and the anterior cruciate ligament intact (ACLI) group (136 cases). There was no significant difference in baseline data between the two groups (P>0.05), including age, gender, body mass index, affected side, disease duration, and preoperative Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score, Lysholm score, and visual analogue scale (VAS) score. A standardized rehabilitation protocol was adopted after surgery. Isokinetic muscle strength parameters [peak torque (PT) and total work (TW) of quadriceps and hamstring, and hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio (H/Q) at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s] and HSS score, Lysholm score, and VAS score were measured preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after operation; posterior tibial slope (PTS) was measured at 12 months after operation.

Results

All patients were followed up 12-18 months, with a mean of 13.6 months. No complication such as aseptic loosening of the prosthesis, dislocation of the mobile bearing insert, infection, or revision occurred after operation. Isokinetic muscle strength testing showed that at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s, the PT and TW of quadriceps and hamstring significantly decreased and H/Q increased in both groups at 6 weeks after operation when compared with preoperative values (P<0.05); then PT and TW increased gradually, and H/Q decreased gradually. Except for no significant difference at 3 months after operation compared with preoperative values (P>0.05), all indicators were significantly different from preoperative values at 6 and 12 months after operation (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in isokinetic muscle strength parameters between the two groups at any time point before and after operation (P>0.05). The HSS score, Lysholm score, and VAS score at each postoperative time point in both groups significantly improved when compared with preoperative values (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in each score between the two groups at each postoperative time point (P>0.05). At 12 months after operation, the PTS in the ACLD group was significantly smaller than that in the ACLI group (P<0.05).

Conclusion

For ACLD patients without anteroposterior knee instability, the isokinetic muscle strength recovery trajectory and clinical functional scores after FBUKA are comparable to those of ACLI patients. For such patients, FBUKA can achieve satisfactory muscle strength and functional recovery, and isokinetic muscle strength testing can provide objective quantitative evidence for postoperative rehabilitation evaluation.

Keywords: Isokinetic muscle strength test, anterior cruciate ligament deficiency, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, fixed-bearing prosthesis, posterior tibial slope


单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)因创伤小、恢复快等优势,已成为单间室膝骨关节炎的重要治疗手段[1-4]。依据传统适应证标准[5],前交叉韧带缺陷(anterior cruciate ligament deficiency,ACLD)被视为UKA的绝对禁忌证[6-7]。多数学者认为,ACLD可导致膝关节不稳定,UKA术后关节不稳定加剧假体磨损松动,影响术后疗效甚至导致早期失败[8-10]。随着UKA手术技术不断提高及手术器械改进,其手术适应证亦在不断扩大,UKA适用范围需进一步评估。多项研究尝试对合并ACLD的单间室骨关节炎患者应用UKA治疗,取得了良好疗效[11-13]。Engh等[11]针对ACLD膝关节行UKA的疗效进行评估,证实严格筛选的ACLD患者通过精准手术技术,UKA仍可获得可接受的临床疗效。彭松等[12]研究通过对ACLD组与前交叉韧带完整(anterior cruciate ligament intact,ACLI)组UKA术后随访比较,发现短期内两组在临床功能评分和满意度方面差异无统计学意义,提示ACLD不一定显著影响UKA早期疗效。Zumbrunn等[13]研究发现,ACLD UKA患者在日常活动(如深蹲、上下楼梯)中运动学波形与常规UKA组相似,证实膝关节可通过代偿机制维持功能稳定性。上述研究共同提示,ACLD可能并非UKA的绝对禁忌证。

传统方法评定膝关节功能多采用关节评分系统及影像学[14],主观因素多,偏倚风险大,易受被检者配合度、疲劳度及检查者个人经验和规范程度影响,定量灵敏度有限,且不能反映目标肌肉收缩和肌力情况。因此,如何客观、有效、精确地评估膝骨关节炎患者膝周肌肉力量、耐疲劳性及膝关节运动功能和稳定协调性,已成为临床关注的重点[15]。此外,ACLD患者行固定平台UKA(fixed-bearing UKA,FBUKA)后的肌力恢复机制尚不明确,肌力问题直接关系到ACLD患者术后功能康复方案的制定及UKA适应证的拓展。

等速肌力测试通过恒定角速度下的力矩测量,可客观量化膝关节周围肌群的最大收缩力 [峰力矩(peak torque,PT)]、肌肉耐力 [总功(total work,TW)] 及屈伸肌力平衡 [腘绳肌与股四头肌峰力矩比值(hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio,H/Q)],具有信度高、可重复性好、能敏感捕捉肌力细微变化的优势,是评估术后肌力恢复及膝关节稳定的“金标准”[16]。现有等速肌力测试研究多集中于人工全膝关节置换术后康复评估或前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)重建术后功能评价[17-18],针对UKA术后肌力恢复的研究极为有限,更无专门针对ACLD患者FBUKA术后肌力变化的系统报道。本研究拟基于等速肌力测定,回顾分析ACLD患者行FBUKA治疗的效果,为临床治疗提供参考。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

患者纳入标准:① 单侧膝骨关节炎仅局限于内侧间室,外侧间室及髌股关节无明显退变(术中探查见外侧髁关节软骨正常,无剥脱,无全层损伤);② 术前膝关节屈曲畸形<15°,内翻畸形<15°且可手法矫正;③ 内、外侧副韧带功能正常;④ 术前前抽屉试验、Lachman试验均为阴性或可疑阳性,无膝关节前后向不稳定;⑤ 年龄>60岁;⑥ 行Link-Sled假体(Waldemar Link公司,德国)FBUKA治疗;⑦ 随访资料完整。

排除标准:① 感染性、免疫性关节炎;② 髌股关节外侧重度骨软骨损伤或沟槽样改变;③ 胫骨高位截骨术等膝关节手术史;④ 严重心脑血管、神经肌肉疾病等影响功能康复者;⑤ 既往ACL重建史;⑥ 重度骨质疏松、膝关节强直,屈膝活动度<90°。

2023年1月—2024年6月共181例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。根据ACL完整性分为ACLD组(45例)和ACLI组(136例)。ACL损伤诊断标准:依据MRI检查示韧带形态、信号特征及走行与周围组织是否正常,分为0~3级,0级为正常,3级为韧带完全断裂[19]。ACLD组ACL损伤MRI分级为2~3级,无急性损伤史,术中探查发现ACL部分断裂或缺失;ACLI组ACL损伤MRI分级为0~1级,术中探查发现ACL完整或仅有纵向劈裂。两组患者年龄、性别、身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、患侧侧别、病程及术前美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分、Lysholm评分及疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)等基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。

表 1.

Comparison of baseline data between the two groups

两组基线资料比较

基线资料
Baseline data
ACLD组(n=45)
ACLD group (n=45)
ACLI组(n=136)
ACLI group (n=136)
统计量
Statistical value
P值
P value
年龄(x±s,岁) 65.5±5.6 66.7±5.0 t=−1.449 0.149
性别(男/女,例) 19/26 62/74 χ2=0.155 0.694
BMI(x±s,kg/m2) 23.2±3.0 23.8±2.9 t=−1.180 0.239
侧别(左/右,例) 22/23 47/89 χ2=2.943 0.086
病程(x±s,d) 156.8±36.6 164.4±33.4 t=−1.290 0.199
术前HSS评分(x±s) 27.2±4.2 27.5±3.0 t=−0.683 0.496
术前Lysholm评分(x±s) 21.9±6.8 22.5±6.6 t=−0.516 0.606
术前VAS评分(x±s) 5.1±0.8 5.3±1.3 t=−0.915 0.361

1.2. 手术方法

所有患者手术均由同一组医师操作,手术操作严格按照Link-Sled FBUKA标准化操作手册(内侧间室UKA)进行。患者于持续硬膜外麻醉下取仰卧位,常规消毒铺巾,上止血带。于膝前正中作长约8 cm切口,依次切开皮肤、分离皮下组织,沿深筋膜下间隙向两侧游离,行关节囊内侧髌旁切口。分离股内侧肌,切除半月板及髌前脂肪垫,显露关节腔,探查ACL是否存在损伤或缺失,伸膝位观察ACL是否存在压迫。若髁间窝前方骨赘压迫ACL,则清理髁间窝前方骨赘,同时去除股骨内侧髁内侧骨赘。安装胫骨截骨导向器,ACLI组胫骨截骨采用常规后倾7° 截骨,ACLD组后倾角度减小(胫骨截骨后倾角调整为3°~5°),以改善术后膝关节稳定性。沿导向器行胫骨内侧平台截骨,厚度7~8 mm,以胫骨平台假体模板测量平台大小,选择合适假体。以摆锯去除股骨内侧髁远端及后髁软骨,选择合适大小的股骨髁钻孔导引模板,将模块置于内侧股骨髁中央(与胫骨假体中心一致),沿导向器钻孔,装入股骨单髁假体及胫骨平台假体试模,测量膝关节稳定性,使膝关节力线处于轻度内翻位,以减小外侧间室负荷。安装股骨、胫骨假体,骨水泥固定。

1.3. 围术期处理

所有患者入院后均按科室快速康复策略治疗,术前指导患者行咳嗽训练、踝泵运动、股四头肌收缩训练、直腿抬高及膝关节屈伸运动。所有患者术前均常规拍摄负重位双下肢全长、髌骨轴位、膝关节正侧位X线片,并行膝关节CT及MRI检查。术后予以镇痛、抗凝等对症支持治疗,手术当日开始股四头肌主动等长收缩训练,次日于助行器辅助下行走。

术后康复方案:0~3周,由康复师在门诊指导患者于助行器辅助下步行直至独立步行,训练内容包括踝泵运动,强调股四头肌等长收缩及直腿抬高训练、关节活动度训练、站立训练及重心转移训练,每周3次。4~6周,完全负重,于康复师指导下闭链运动(靠墙静蹲、上下台阶、踏步训练)、关节活动度训练及等速向心肌力训练,每周3次。7~12周,强化居家动态平衡及本体感觉训练(单腿站立、平衡板/软垫站立训练),于医院行等速离心训练,逐步恢复日常活动,每周3次。12周,强化居家步态及功能训练、低强度有氧训练(骑自行车),每周3次。

1.4. 疗效评价指标

所有患者于术前及术后6周、3个月、6个月、12个月评估以下指标。① 等速肌力检测:采用A8-2M型多关节等速训练与测试系统(广州一康医疗设备实业有限公司)对患侧膝关节进行等速肌力测试。测试前完成设备校准,受试者取坐位,座椅方向设置为90°,躯干与大腿固定,膝关节活动范围设定为0°~90°,避免末端冲击。测试模式为向心-向心收缩,测试前进行5 min功率自行车热身(60 r/min,无阻力)及下肢动态拉伸。正式测试前,先进行次最大强度屈伸练习2次作为预适应,休息1 min后,进行4次低负荷全范围屈伸练习以熟悉设备。随后按随机顺序进行角速度60°/s(重复5次,组间休息30 s)和180°/s(重复10次,组间休息60 s)测试。测试过程中嘱受试者持续用力屈伸,于休息间隙停止运动,每个循环间休息5 min。分别记录股四头肌和腘绳肌PT、TW,以及H/Q。所有数据由等速肌力测试系统采集并经专业软件自动分析;测试过程中保持室温恒定,确保测量条件一致。均由经过培训的康复治疗师统一评估,以确保一致性与可重复性。② 采用HSS评分、Lysholm评分及VAS评分进行功能及疼痛评估。

术后12个月行膝关节负重正侧位X线片检查,由2名医师独立测量胫骨平台后倾角(posterior tibial slope,PTS),取均值。

1.5. 统计学方法

本研究样本量基于主要结局指标——术后12个月60°/s角速度下股四头肌PT进行估算。参考Prüfer等[20]关于人工全膝关节置换术后等速肌力恢复的研究,等速肌力参数变化的效应量通常较小(Cohen’s d=0.21~0.54)。考虑到ACLD与ACLI患者肌力差异可能更细微,采用保守估计效应量d=0.30。设定双侧检验水准α=0.05,检验效能(1−β)=0.80,分组比例1∶3,采用G*Power 3.1软件计算,至少需要ACLD组35例、ACLI组105例。考虑20%脱落率,最终样本量为ACLD组44例、ACLI组132例。本研究实际纳入ACLD组45例、ACLI组136例,满足检验效能要求。

采用SPSS26.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验,均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;组间多个时间点比较采用重复测量方差分析,若不满足球形检验,采用Greenhouse-Geisser法进行校正,同一组别不同时间点比较采用Bonferroni法,同一时间点不同组别间比较采用多因素方差分析。检验水准取双侧α=0.05。

2. 结果

所有患者均获随访,随访时间12~18个月,平均13.6个月。术后无假体无菌性松动、活动半月板衬垫脱位、感染、翻修等并发症发生。等速肌力检测示,角速度60°/s和180°/s下,与术前相比,两组术后6周股四头肌和腘绳肌PT、TW下降,H/Q升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);然后PT、TW逐渐升高,H/Q逐渐下降,除术后3个月与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)外,术后6、12个月与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组间手术前后各时间点各等速肌力指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术后各时间点HSS评分、Lysholm评分及VAS评分均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后各时间点两组间各评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12个月,ACLD组PTS为(4.1±1.3)°,较ACLI组(7.9±1.0)° 明显减小,差异有统计学意义 [MD=−3.85(95%CI:−4.26,−3.43),P<0.001]。见图1、2。

图 1.

The change trends of each indicator in the two groups

两组患者各指标变化趋势

a. 角速度60°/s下股四头肌PT;b. 角速度60°/s下腘绳肌PT;c. 角速度60°/s下股四头肌TW;d. 角速度60°/s下腘绳肌TW;e. 角速度60°/s下H/Q;f. 角速度180°/s下股四头肌PT;g. 角速度180°/s下腘绳肌PT;h. 角速度180°/s下股四头肌TW;i. 角速度180°/s下腘绳肌TW;j. 角速度180°/s下H/Q;k. HSS评分;l. Lysholm评分;m. VAS评分

a. PT of quadriceps at angular velocity of 60°/s; b. PT of hamstring at angular velocity of 60°/s; c. TW of quadriceps at angular velocity of 60°/s; d. TW of hamstring at angular velocity of 60°/s; e. H/Q at angular velocity of 60°/s; f. PT of quadriceps at angular velocity of 180°/s; g. PT of hamstring at angular velocity of 180°/s; h. TW of quadriceps at angular velocity of 180°/s; i. TW of hamstring at angular velocity of 180°/s; j. H/Q at angular velocity of 180°/s; k. HSS score; l. Lysholm score; m. VAS score

图 1

图 2.

A 72-year-old male patient with left knee joint medial arthritis in ACLD group

ACLD组患者,男,72岁,左膝关节内侧关节炎

a. 术前膝关节负重正位X线片示左膝内侧间室关节间隙重度狭窄,伴骨赘增生;b. 术前膝关节负重侧位X线片示胫骨侧软骨磨损位于平台中后部;c. 术前MRI示ACL损伤(箭头);d. 术中胫骨内侧平台截骨块示软骨磨损位于胫骨平台中后部;e. FBUKA术后3 d双下肢全长X线片示假体位置良好,力线正常;f. FBUKA术后3 d左膝侧位X线片示假体位置良好,PTS减小

a. Preoperative anteroposterior weight-bearing X-ray film of the left knee showed severe narrowing of the medial compartment joint space with osteophyte hyperplasia; b. Preoperative lateral weight-bearing X-ray film of the left knee showed cartilage wear on the tibial side located at the middle-posterior aspect of the plateau; c. Preoperative MRI showed ACL injury (arrow); d. Intraoperative tibial medial plateau osteotomy block showed that the cartilage wear located at the middle-posterior aspect of the tibial plateau; e. Postoperative full-length X-ray films of both lower extremity at 3 days after FBUKA showed good position of prothesis and normal alignment; f. Postoperative lateral X-ray film of the left knee at 3 days after FBUKA showed good position of prothesis and reduced TPS

图 2

3. 讨论

传统观点将ACLD列为UKA的绝对禁忌证[21-23]。有研究指出,ACL缺损可显著干扰UKA术后的胫股运动学[24-26]。Suggs等[27]报道,ACLD关节接受UKA后前后向松弛度增加1倍以上,膝关节稳定性下降,功能结局随之恶化。然而,郝琳等[28]对合并ACLD的单间室骨关节炎行UKA,获得满意结局。刘少华等[14]针对ACLD而术前膝稳定性良好的内侧间室骨关节炎患者行FBUKA,发现其中期疗效和翻修率与ACLI组相当。

为何理论上ACLD可能导致的膝关节不稳定未转化为临床失败?分析原因可能为,膝骨关节炎患者中ACL损伤不同于急性损伤,主要由慢性骨关节炎髁间窝骨赘长期撞击磨损或软骨量显著丢失导致膝关节长期异常载荷所致,是一个长期变化的过程[29-30]。Zumbrunn等[13]通过动态透视技术对ACLD行UKA患者进行在体运动学评估,发现减小PTS可部分代偿ACL功能,限制胫骨前移。Plancher等[31]通过尸体研究发现,将PTS减小至4° 可显著减少ACLD膝关节的胫骨过度前移,使其与ACLI膝关节无显著差异。本研究ACLD组PTS为(4.1±1.3)°,显著小于ACLI组的(7.9±1.0)°(P<0.05),通过减小后倾限制胫骨前移,补偿ACL缺失导致的矢状面失稳,是提升ACLD患者UKA稳定性的关键技术[32-37]。

本研究结果显示,45例ACLD与136例ACLI患者术后HSS评分、Lysholm评分及VAS评分组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),且两组均较基线显著提升;等速肌力测试示术后两组肌力指标与功能评分亦无差异,提示后倾调整的技术补偿及肌肉代偿可有效替代ACL的稳定作用,使ACLD患者获得与ACLI患者相当的肌力平衡与功能恢复。

传统膝关节功能评估依赖问卷量表与影像学参数,存在显著主观偏倚,受试者配合度、疲劳状态及评估者经验均可干扰结果,导致信度下降、效应灵敏度不足,且无法量化目标肌群的收缩效能与力矩输出[14]。等速肌力测试能客观、有效、精确地反映患者肌力、耐疲劳能力及膝关节屈伸运动功能和协调稳定性,可弥补徒手肌力测试“天花板效应”及无法反映肌耐力的不足[38]。PT为等速肌力测试中的核心指标,指肌肉单次收缩过程中达到的最大力矩输出[39],用于评估肌肉最大收缩能力;TW指肌肉单次收缩所做的功,二者在一定程度上可反映肌耐力及运动功能[40]。H/Q可用于评价膝关节屈伸肌力平衡情况,反映膝关节周围肌力平衡状态[41]。

研究结果显示,在60°/s和180°/s两种角速度下,ACLD组与ACLI组术后各时间点(6周、3个月、6个月、12个月)的股四头肌PT、TW,腘绳肌PT、TW及H/Q差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。表明ACLD患者FBUKA术后肌力恢复轨迹与ACLI患者相似,且等速肌力指标自术后3个月起与HSS评分、Lysholm评分变化趋势一致。由此说明,ACLD患者FBUKA术后在膝关节肌力及稳定性方面可获得与ACLI患者相当的临床效果。

本研究术后肌力恢复特点:术后6周为肌力最低点,显著低于术前水平(P<0.05),主要与手术创伤及术后疼痛相关;术后3个月肌力恢复至术前基线水平;术后6个月及12个月肌力显著超越术前水平(P<0.05),提示康复效果良好。H/Q动态变化:术前为60%~66%,术后早期升高至74%~77%,随后逐渐回落,术后12个月降至54%~55%(60°/s)及45%左右(180°/s)。两组H/Q在各时间点差异均无统计学意义,提示ACLD患者行FBUKA并未对屈伸肌力平衡恢复产生负面影响。

基于等速肌力测定与临床评分,本研究对ACLD患者接受FBUKA的疗效进行了系统性分析,认为通过减小PTS,可使ACLD患者取得与ACLI患者相似的临床效果。本研究存在以下局限性:① 回顾性设计存在固有偏倚,尽管基线资料具有可比性,但ACLD组患者均经过“术前无临床不稳定”的严格筛选,结论仅适用于此类经筛选的膝关节前后向稳定患者,不能外推至已有膝关节不稳定者。② 缺乏关节稳定性客观指标,未测量胫骨前移距离或旋转稳定性,无法直接验证“肌肉动态代偿”机制。③ 等速测试仅测试开链运动,与日常负重活动模式存在差异。④ 随访时间较短,仅能评估早期肌力恢复,ACLD对假体长期生存率的影响需5~10年随访确认。

未来研究应致力于开展多中心、大样本长期随访,并结合先进影像学分析(如动态荧光透视)与等速肌力测试,以期在体、动态地验证肌力恢复与胫股关节运动学恢复正常之间的因果关系。

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