Skip to main content
NCBI home page
American Journal of Public Health logoLink to American Journal of Public Health
. 1989 Aug;79(8):1048–1050. doi: 10.2105/ajph.79.8.1048

Use of smokeless tobacco, cigarette smoking, and hypercholesterolemia.

L A Tucker 1
PMCID: PMC1349909  PMID: 2751026

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which regular use of smokeless tobacco is associated with hypercholesterolemia (greater than or equal to 6.2 mmol/L) among 2,840 adult males. The confounding effects of age, education, physical fitness, body fatness, and other tobacco use were also examined. After adjustment, smokeless tobacco users were 2.5 times, heavy smokers were 2 times and mild/moderate smokers were 1.5 times more likely to have hypercholesterolemia than non-users of tobacco. Cigarette smokers did not differ significantly from users of smokeless tobacco regarding hypercholesterolemia. Users of smokeless tobacco were younger and less educated compared to non-users of tobacco, while smokers were less educated and less physically fit.

Full text

PDF
1048

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Baun W. B., Baun M. R., Raven P. B. A nomogram for the estimate of percent body fat from generalized equations. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1981 Oct;52(3):380–384. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1981.10607885. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Benowitz N. L., Hall S. M., Herning R. I., Jacob P., 3rd, Jones R. T., Osman A. L. Smokers of low-yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine. N Engl J Med. 1983 Jul 21;309(3):139–142. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198307213090303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Brischetto C. S., Connor W. E., Connor S. L., Matarazzo J. D. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles of cigarette smokers from randomly selected families: enhancement of hyperlipidemia and depression of high-density lipoprotein. Am J Cardiol. 1983 Oct 1;52(7):675–680. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(83)90396-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Brunner D., Altman S., Loebl K., Schwartz S., Levin S. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides in patients suffering from ischemic heart disease and in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis. 1977 Oct;28(2):197–204. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(77)90157-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Carlson L. A., Böttiger L. E. Ischaemic heart-disease in relation to fasting values of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. Stockholm prospective study. Lancet. 1972 Apr 22;1(7756):865–868. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)90738-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Elkeles R. S., Khan S. R., Chowdhury V., Swallow M. B. Effects of smoking on oral fat tolerance and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Clin Sci (Lond) 1983 Dec;65(6):669–672. doi: 10.1042/cs0650669. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Greer R. O., Jr, Poulson T. C. Oral tissue alterations associated with the use of smokeless tobacco by teen-agers. Part I. Clinical findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1983 Sep;56(3):275–284. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(83)90009-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Hoffmann D., Harley N. H., Fisenne I., Adams J. D., Brunnemann K. D. Carcinogenic agents in snuff. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986 Mar;76(3):435–437. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Jussawalla D. J., Deshpande V. A. Evaluation of cancer risk in tobacco chewers and smokers: an epidemiologic assessment. Cancer. 1971 Jul;28(1):244–252. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197107)28:1<244::aid-cncr2820280150>3.0.co;2-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Kannel W. B., Castelli W. P., Gordon T. Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease. New perspectives based on the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1979 Jan;90(1):85–91. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-90-1-85. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Kannel W. B., Castelli W. P., Gordon T., McNamara P. M. Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and the risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1971 Jan;74(1):1–12. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-74-1-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. MANTEL N., HAENSZEL W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1959 Apr;22(4):719–748. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Nesje L. A., Mjøs O. D. Plasma HDL cholesterol and the subclasses HDL2 and HDL3 in smokers and non-smokers. Artery. 1985;13(1):7–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Offenbacher S., Weathers D. R. Effects of smokeless tobacco on the periodontal, mucosal and caries status of adolescent males. J Oral Pathol. 1985 Feb;14(2):169–181. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1985.tb00480.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Russell M. A., Jarvis M. J., West R. J., Feyerabend C. Buccal absorption of nicotine from smokeless tobacco sachets. Lancet. 1985 Dec 14;2(8468):1370–1370. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92668-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Shennan N. M., Seed M., Wynn V. Variation in serum lipid and lipoprotein levels associated with changes in smoking behaviour in non-obese Caucasian males. Atherosclerosis. 1985 Dec;58(1-3):17–25. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(85)90052-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Smith J. F., Mincer H. A., Hopkins K. P., Bell J. Snuff-dipper's lesion. A cytological and pathological study in a large population. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970 Nov;92(5):450–456. doi: 10.1001/archotol.1970.04310050032005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Tuomilehto J., Tanskanen A., Salonen J. T., Nissinen A., Koskela K. Effects of smoking and stopping smoking on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in a representative population sample. Prev Med. 1986 Jan;15(1):35–45. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(86)90034-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. VOGLER W. R., LLOYD J. W., MILMORE B. K. A retrospective study of etiological factors in cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and larynx. Cancer. 1962 Mar-Apr;15:246–258. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(196203/04)15:2<246::aid-cncr2820150206>3.0.co;2-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Williams P. T., Krauss R. M., Wood P. D., Lindgren F. T., Giotas C., Vranizan K. M. Lipoprotein subfractions of runners and sedentary men. Metabolism. 1986 Jan;35(1):45–52. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(86)90094-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Winn D. M., Blot W. J., Shy C. M., Pickle L. W., Toledo A., Fraumeni J. F., Jr Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. N Engl J Med. 1981 Mar 26;304(13):745–749. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198103263041301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from American Journal of Public Health are provided here courtesy of American Public Health Association

RESOURCES