Table 3. Association of anxiety and depression with sociodemographic/clinical-epidemiological characteristics and stressful events related to the pandemic among patients affected by COVID-19. Petrolina, PE, Brazil, 2023.
| Variables | Anxiety | p-value | Depression | p-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unlikely | Possible/Probable | Unlikely | Possible/Probable | |||||||
| n* | %† | n* | %† | n* | %† | n* | %† | |||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 94 | 46.1 | 37 | 20.9 | <0.001‡ | 116 | 39.2 | 15 | 17.7 | <0.001‡ |
| Female | 110 | 53.9 | 140 | 79.1 | 180 | 60.8 | 70 | 82.4 | ||
| Marital status (married/stable union) | ||||||||||
| Not married/stable union | 101 | 49.5 | 95 | 53.7 | 0.417‡ | 148 | 50.0 | 48 | 56.5 | 0.293‡ |
| Married/Stable union | 103 | 50.5 | 82 | 46.3 | 148 | 50.0 | 37 | 43.5 | ||
| Schooling level (low) | ||||||||||
| ≥ High School | 177 | 86.8 | 158 | 89.3 | 0.455‡ | 260 | 87.8 | 75 | 88.2 | 0.921§ |
| ≤ Elementary School | 27 | 13.2 | 19 | 10.7 | 36 | 12.2 | 10 | 11.8 | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| White | 55 | 27.0 | 39 | 22.0 | 0.266‡ | 76 | 25.7 | 18 | 21.2 | 0.396‡ |
| Not white | 149 | 73.0 | 138 | 78.0 | 220 | 74.3 | 67 | 78.8 | ||
| Economic situation | ||||||||||
| Unemployed | 36 | 17.7 | 57 | 32.2 | 0.001‡ | 71 | 24.0 | 22 | 25.9 | 0.720‡ |
| Employed | 168 | 82.4 | 120 | 67.8 | 225 | 76.0 | 63 | 74.1 | ||
| Family income (up to 1 MW)|| | ||||||||||
| >1 minimum wage | 169 | 82.8 | 129 | 72.9 | 0.019‡ | 241 | 81.4 | 57 | 67.1 | 0.005‡ |
| ≤1 minimum wage | 35 | 17.2 | 48 | 27.1 | 55 | 18.6 | 28 | 32.9 | ||
| Family history | ||||||||||
| No | 110 | 53.9 | 68 | 38.6 | 0.003‡ | 149 | 50.5 | 29 | 34.1 | 0.008‡ |
| Yes | 94 | 46.1 | 108 | 61.4 | 146 | 49.5 | 56 | 65.9 | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||
| No | 174 | 85.3 | 141 | 80.6 | 0.221‡ | 252 | 85.1 | 63 | 75.9 | 0.047‡ |
| Yes | 30 | 14.7 | 34 | 19.4 | 44 | 14.9 | 20 | 24.1 | ||
| Respiratory diseases | ||||||||||
| No | 154 | 75.5 | 114 | 64.8 | 0.022‡ | 213 | 72.2 | 55 | 64.7 | 0.182‡ |
| Yes | 50 | 24.5 | 62 | 35.2 | 82 | 27.8 | 30 | 35.3 | ||
| Hospitalization | ||||||||||
| No | 199 | 98.0 | 172 | 98.3 | 0.854§ | 287 | 97.6 | 84 | 100.0 | 0.356§ |
| Yes | 4 | 2.0 | 3 | 1.7 | 7 | 2.4 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| History of mental disorders | ||||||||||
| No | 192 | 95.1 | 136 | 77.7 | <0.001‡ | 265 | 90.4 | 63 | 75.0 | <0.001‡ |
| Yes | 10 | 5.0 | 39 | 22.3 | 28 | 9.6 | 21 | 25.0 | ||
| Death of family member(s) due to COVID-19 | ||||||||||
| No | 166 | 81.8 | 136 | 76.8 | 0.235‡ | 242 | 81.8 | 60 | 71.4 | 0.039‡ |
| Yes | 37 | 18.2 | 41 | 23.2 | 54 | 18.2 | 24 | 28.6 | ||
| Death of family member(s) due to other diseases | ||||||||||
| No | 134 | 66.7 | 125 | 71.4 | 0.320‡ | 205 | 70.2 | 54 | 64.3 | 0.302‡ |
| Yes | 67 | 33.3 | 50 | 28.6 | 87 | 29.8 | 30 | 35.7 | ||
| Fear of contracting COVID19 again | ||||||||||
| No | 130 | 64.4 | 62 | 35.0 | <0.001‡ | 168 | 57.1 | 24 | 28.2 | <0.001‡ |
| Yes | 72 | 35.6 | 115 | 65.0 | 126 | 42.9 | 61 | 71.8 | ||
| Worked during the pandemic | ||||||||||
| No | 55 | 27.2 | 53 | 30.1 | 0.536‡ | 82 | 28.0 | 26 | 30.6 | 0.640‡ |
| Yes | 147 | 72.8 | 123 | 69.9 | 211 | 72.0 | 59 | 69.4 | ||
| Government aids | ||||||||||
| No | 184 | 92.0 | 140 | 81.9 | 0.003‡ | 260 | 89.7 | 64 | 79.0 | 0.011‡ |
| Yes | 16 | 8.0 | 31 | 18.1 | 30 | 10.3 | 17 | 21.0 | ||
| Is the breadwinner | ||||||||||
| No | 149 | 73.0 | 125 | 70.6 | 0.600‡ | 218 | 73.7 | 56 | 65.9 | 0.160‡ |
| Yes | 55 | 27.0 | 52 | 29.4 | 78 | 26.4 | 29 | 34.1 | ||
*n = Absolute number; †% = Relative frequency; ‡Chi-square; §Fisher’s Exact; ||Minimum wage in force = BR$ 1,320.00, Brazil, 2023