Direct-Write Laser-Induced Graphene Microstrip Patch Antennas on Medium-Density Fiberboard

Abstract

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been used in flexible and wearable antennas fabricated on polymeric substrates and paper; however, these materials are not ideal for seamless integration into rigid indoor structures. Antennas integrated into such structures would represent a sustainability advantage over conventional technologies. In this work, we report LIG microstrip patch antennas fabricated directly on medium-density fiberboard (MDF), a ubiquitous wood-derived material used in indoor furniture and architectural fixtures, enabling unobtrusive radiators that can be integrated into ordinary wooden objects. MDF substrates were pretreated with sodium tetraborate and patterned via CO₂-laser scribing to form a porous conductive layer with sheet resistance of approximately 9 Ω/sq, without cleanroom processing. Two inset-fed patch geometries, rectangular planar and circular conformal, were produced and validated. Impedance matching with return loss S ₁₁ ≤ −10 dB was achieved over 3.19–4.12 GHz and 5.95–7.49 GHz for the rectangular antenna, and 2.98–3.84 GHz and 5.50–7.96 GHz for the circular antenna, in good agreement with full-wave simulations. The measured radiation patterns were consistent with the simulated modes, and the peak realized gain was approximately −2.5 dBi, limited primarily by MDF and conductor losses. With these results, the LIG-on-MDF approach is demonstrated as a scalable route to furniture-integrated antennas for short-range sub-6-GHz indoor connectivity.

1. Introduction

A new communication paradigm is emerging with 5G and 6G technologies, which should encompass real-time connectivity, ultrahigh data rates, and interconnection of billions of smart devices. , These features can only be reached with antenna technologies that are not only efficient, but also scalable, low-cost, and easily integrated into everyday structures. , Antennas that can be embedded in textiles, walls and other building structures are of particular interest, as they enable seamless signal coverage and support dense device deployments. In indoor scenarios, short-range links and highly distributed access points are often more effective than a few high-gain radiators, particularly when connectivity must be maintained across multiple rooms and in the presence of blockages and shadowing. Many radiating nodes can be installed with minimal visual impact if antennas are integrated into furniture and architectural elements, thus improving coverage uniformity throughout indoor environments. For short-range indoor links within the GHz range a scalable manufacturing and the unobtrusive positioning can outweigh peak-gain requirements. Antennas for such links can be fabricated with graphene owing to its tunability and compatibility with flexible or large-area substrates, which are required for embedding systems operating from microwave to terahertz frequencies. − The main challenge in this regard is to produce graphene with simple methods that do not require dedicated facilities, while allowing for rapid prototyping and large-scale manufacturing. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a possible alternative as it is obtained through a single-step, mask-free process by focusing a laser beam onto a carbon-rich substrate. To produce LIG, there is no need for harsh chemicals, cleanroom environments, or complex synthesis protocols, making it attractive for rapid prototyping and environmentally friendly production. LIG has already been used in flexible and wearable antennas, but mostly limited to polyimide and paper substrates. − These substrates are not ideal for integration into rigid indoor structures and can be sensitive to installation constraints and environmental exposure; moreover, when installed on or near lossy building materials, the antenna response may become more dependent on the backing material and spacing, which can hinder repeatable embedded operation.

In this work we address these limitations using an alternative fabrication strategy, consisting in the direct prototyping of LIG-based antennas on wood-derived substrates. We demonstrate the feasibility of using medium-density fiberboard (MDF), a widely employed material in indoor environments, especially in furniture. Therefore, antennas can be patterned on the same material used in desks, cabinets, partitions, and other fixtures, enabling short-distance indoor communications and facilitating dense deployments of wireless nodes without requiring dedicated antenna enclosures. The main contributions of this work are as follows: (1) demonstration of direct-write LIG microstrip patch antennas fabricated on MDF for unobtrusive integration into indoor furniture and fixtures; (2) combined material and electromagnetic characterization of the MDF–LIG platform, including LIG sheet resistance assessment and MDF dielectric-property extraction to enable reliable full-wave modeling; (3) design and experimental validation of two representative inset-fed patch geometries (planar rectangular and conformal circular); and (4) experimental characterization of impedance matching, radiation patterns, and realized gain, together with an initial assessment of fabrication repeatability across prototypes. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section describes the antenna geometries and numerical modeling approach. Section presents the LIG formation process on MDF and the associated structural/electrical characterization. Section details antenna fabrication and assembly. Section describes the measurement setup and procedures for S-parameters, radiation patterns, and gain. Section discusses the measured results in comparison with simulations. Section concludes the paper and outlines directions for improving efficiency and integration robustness.

2. Antenna Design and Numerical Simulations

The antennas were fabricated on a 3 mm MDF substrate with relative permittivity of 2.1 and loss tangent of 0.02. The antenna dimensions were optimized through numerical simulations to target sub-6 GHz operation, with the lower operating band designed to fall within 3.5–4.0 GHz. Figure a,b show the front-side layouts of the rectangular and circular MDF–LIG microstrip patch antennas, respectively, while Figure c,d present the corresponding back-side layouts. For the rectangular antenna, a partial-ground-plane configuration was adopted to achieve a satisfactory operating bandwidth, as shown in Figure c. In this case, LR4 denotes the width of the ground-plane region formed using self-adhesive copper tape. For the circular antenna, a full ground plane was selected based on simulation results to obtain the desired operating bandwidth, as illustrated in Figure d. The numerical values of the geometrical parameters in Figure a–d are summarized in Table .

1.

Geometry of the proposed rectangular (left) and circular (right) patch antennas. (a,b) Top view; (c,d) bottom view. Geometrical parameter values are provided in Table .

1. Dimensions of the Fabricated LIG-Based Microstrip Patch Antennas (All Values are in Millimeters).

rectangular		circular
geometric parameter	value	geometric parameter	value
WR 1	47.0	R	16.0
WR 2	2.0	WC 1	2.0
WR 3	3.5	WC 2	2.5
LR 1	31.0	LC 1	14.6
LR 2	7.0	LC 2	15.4
LR 3	23.0	LC 3	53.0
LR 4	26.0

Numerical simulations were performed using the transient solver in CST Microwave Studio. To reflect the photothermal laser ablation process accurately, the LIG traces were modeled as a 3D volumetric material with a thickness of 160 μm embedded directly into the MDF substrate, rather than resting on top of its surface. Their electromagnetic behavior was defined by assigning a uniform Ohmic sheet resistance of 9 Ω/sq, matching the experimental DC measurements. This approach is rigorous in terms of the physics of the system because the synthesized LIG thickness remains substantially smaller than the skin depth at the operating frequencies. Therefore, the current distribution is uniform and satisfies the Leontovich’s boundary condition (Z _s ≈ R _s). Furthermore, recent high-frequency characterizations confirm that LIG exhibits negligible kinetic inductance up to 18 GHz, , thereby validating its representation as a purely resistive volumetric medium.

The full antenna geometry (radiating element, ground plane, and substrate) was implemented in the 3D modeler and placed in a free-space domain with open boundary conditions and sufficient clearance to mitigate spurious reflections. To better match the experimental setup, in the simulations a SubMiniature version A (SMA) connector was used with the same dimensions as the connector used in the measurements. The domain was discretized using a hexahedral mesh, and S-parameter and far-field monitors were defined at the frequencies of interest. Simulations were run until the convergence criterion was satisfied, after which the key performance metrics were extracted, including S ₁₁, 2D/3D radiation patterns, and gain.

3. Formation and Characterization of LIG

The formation of laser-induced graphene (LIG) on MDF was investigated, followed by structural characterization and sheet-resistance measurements. The MDF substrate was washed and dried at 40 °C overnight to remove surface impurities. It was then immersed in a 0.1 mol L^–1 sodium tetraborate solution (Aldrich) and dried again at 40 °C overnight. Sodium tetraborate acts as a flame retardant, lowering the pyrolysis activation energy of the lignocellulosic matrix and stabilizing the substrate during laser exposure. − LIG was produced using a continuous-wave CO₂ laser (λ = 10.6 μm, 80 W, Cutmarker) controlled via LaserWork software. The selected processing parameters were 13% laser power and a scan rate of 1 mm s^–1. Electrical continuity was verified by producing conductive test tracks and measuring their resistance using a multimeter. The surface morphology and uniformity of LIG were characterized using field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM, JEOL JSM 7200F), profilometry (DekTak), and laser confocal microscopy (LSCM VK-X200, Keyence, Osaka, Japan). Measurements were acquired with the VK Viewer software, while image processing and quantitative analyses were performed using VK Analyzer (version 3.3.0.0). Figure compares the MDF surface before and after laser exposure using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). MDF exhibits an interconnected wood-fiber network (Figure a and the higher-magnification view in Figure c), which was expected from the literature. − After CO₂-laser irradiation, the surface transitions to a porous carbonized morphology characteristic of LIG formation, as observed in Figure b. The LSCM maps in Figure d,e–h) are further evidence of the topographic changes induced by laser scribing. The average surface roughness quantified from the LSCM measurements was R _a ≈ 9.1 μm prior to laser processing, which decreased to 6.9 μm after carbonization. R _z (maximum height) increased slightly, indicating localized expansion and the emergence of carbonized microdomains. For electrical characterization of the antennas based on LIG the sheet resistance values were analyzed by the Osilla Four-Point probe system, with a maximum current range applied of 100 μA. Different areas of the sample were analyzed. Sheet resistance was measured on the laser-processed surface, yielding approximately 9.0 Ω/sq. Raman spectroscopy with 532 nm excitation with an incident power of 1.5 mW was performed at five randomly selected locations to assess repeatability (see Figure S1 in the Supporting Information); in all cases, the spectra exhibited the characteristic D, G, and 2D bands of defect-rich graphene (D $\sim 1350\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ , G $\sim 1580\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ , and 2D $\sim 2700\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ ). These results support the formation of LIG via a localized photothermal conversion of the lignocellulosic constituents, where lignin acts as the primary carbon precursor and laser heating promotes aromatization and the formation of sp²-rich domains. −

2.

Structural and surface-morphology changes of MDF before and after CO₂-laser exposure. (a,b) SEM images of MDF and the laser-processed surface, respectively. (c,d) Confocal microscopy maps before laser processing. (e–h) Confocal microscopy maps after CO₂-laser scribing, highlighting localized carbon domains and topographic changes associated with LIG formation.

In addition to the LIG sheet resistance, accurate antenna design and full-wave electromagnetic modeling require the dielectric properties of the MDF substrate. Therefore, a resonant patch-based method was employed to extract the relative permittivity and loss tangent of MDF. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna was designed to resonate within 2–4 GHz by assuming a 3 mm-thick MDF layer with an initial relative permittivity of 2.5. In the simulations, the patch and ground plane were modeled as silver with a conductivity of 6.30 × 10⁷ S/m and a thickness of 0.18 mm. The simulated structure is shown in Figure S2 (Supporting Information), and its geometrical parameters are listed in Table S2. A corresponding prototype was fabricated using screen printing with a silver ink, and its S ₁₁ response was measured using a vector network analyzer (VNA). The MDF parameters were obtained by iteratively adjusting ε_r and tan δ in CST until the simulated S ₁₁ matched the measured response, yielding ε_r = 2.1 and tan δ = 0.02. The agreement between simulated and measured S ₁₁ is confirmed in Figure S3. The extracted values are consistent with reported measurements (see, e.g.,) and are adopted in the design and simulation of the subsequent MDF–LIG antennas.

4. Experimental Fabrication of Antennas

The antenna fabrication process is summarized in Figure , which illustrates the process throughout the MDF substrate preparation, CO₂-laser patterning of the LIG layer, up to the final antenna assembly. The LIG formation and characterization procedure was discussed in Section . As for the efficient LIG formation, prior to engraving the LIG-based antennas, the MDF substrates were washed and dried to remove surface residues that could affect laser scribing or introduce contaminants during carbonization. The laser-engraving parameters were then tuned to produce a continuous and uniform LIG film by adjusting the scan speed and engraving depth. After each engraving step, electrical continuity was verified using a multimeter. Once validated, the antenna geometries were patterned according to the geometries described in Figure a,b and the dimensions listed in Table . To evaluate repeatability, two antennas were fabricated for each design, as shown in Figure . Ground planes were implemented using self-adhesive copper tape, and excitation was provided through a gold-plated 50 Ω SMA connector. The connector was fixed to the MDF using adhesive to avoid direct mechanical/thermal stress on the LIG layer and to simplify assembly.

3.

Graphic description of the procedure used for manufacturing the antennas. Photographs taken by the authors. Figure created using BioRender.com.

5. Experimental Setup for Antenna Characterization

The antennas were characterized using a Rohde & Schwarz VNA by measuring the input reflection coefficient S ₁₁. Prior to the measurements, a one-port open–short–load (OSL) calibration was performed using a manual ZN-Z129E calibration kit (Rohde & Schwarz). Radiation patterns and gain were then measured in a semi-isolated environment using a standard horn antenna and the same VNA. The antenna under test (AUT) was mounted on a rotary table and mechanically aligned with the receiving horn antenna, as shown in Figure . The transmitter–receiver separation was set to 1.0 m, satisfying the far-field condition based on the maximum dimension of the antenna substrate. The radiation pattern was obtained by recording S ₂₁ while sweeping the rotation angle of the positioner with a fixed angular step of 2°. Measurements were performed in both the azimuth and elevation planes. For each frequency, the normalized pattern was computed as $|S_{21}(\theta ,\varphi )|/{\max }_{\theta ,\varphi }|S_{21}(\theta ,\varphi )|$ . Gain was obtained using a gain-transfer (substitution) method with a standard-gain horn antenna as the reference. The AUT and the reference horn antenna were alternately placed at the same position and orientation, at a fixed separation distance of 1.0 m from the receiving horn antenna, while keeping the VNA settings, cables, and measurement geometry unchanged. The transmission coefficient was recorded at each frequency, and the AUT gain was computed from the measured S ₂₁ levels relative to the reference measurement as

$$G_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{T}}(\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B})=G_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}(\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B})+20{\log }_{10}\left(\frac{|S_{21,\mathrm{A}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{T}}|}{|S_{21,\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}|}\right)+\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{L}$$ 1

where G _ref is the known gain of the reference horn at the corresponding frequency and ΔL accounts for any residual differences in insertion loss (e.g., cable/adapter losses) between the two configurations. The separation distance was selected to satisfy the far-field condition for the maximum antenna dimension over the frequencies of interest.

4.

Measurement setup for radiation-pattern and gain characterization. A VNA-based far-field configuration with a receiving standard horn antenna and a rotary positioner is used in a semi-isolated environment. (a) View from the horn-antenna side. (b) View from the antenna under test (AUT) side. Photographs taken by the authors.

6. Results and Discussion

Figure compares the simulated and measured input reflection coefficients of the rectangular and circular LIG-based microstrip patch antennas. S ₁₁ ≤ −10 dB over 3.19–4.12 GHz and 5.95–7.49 GHz for the rectangular patch antenna, while the corresponding simulated bands are 3.04–3.96 GHz and 6.52–7.74 GHz. For the circular patch antenna, S ₁₁ ≤ −10 dB is obtained over 2.98–3.84 GHz and 5.50–7.96 GHz, whereas the simulated bands are 3.27–4.12 GHz and 6.37–8.58 GHz. The simulations capture the measured resonances and bandwidth trends, with frequency offsets mainly attributable to fabrication and assembly tolerances, as well as cable effects and uncertainties in material parameters and connector modeling. The close agreement for both antennas, particularly in the 1–5 GHz range, indicates that the adopted MDF dielectric properties and the resistive model used for the LIG layer provide an adequate representation for the subsequent full-wave design and performance analysis.

5.

Comparison between simulated and measured S ₁₁ parameters of the proposed antennas. (a) Rectangular patch. (b) Circular patch.

The resonance mechanisms of the rectangular LIG antenna were investigated by simulating the surface current distributions at its central frequencies. Figure a,b show the vector current distributions at 3.47 and 7.11 GHz for the rectangular microstrip patch antenna, respectively. At the lower resonant frequency of 3.47 GHz, the surface current is predominantly concentrated along the microstrip feed line and the bottom edges of the rectangular patch adjacent to the inset feed. The current vectors flow parallel to the longitudinal axis, forming a typical half-wavelength resonance path. In contrast, at the higher resonance of 7.11 GHz, the current distribution changes due to the shorter wavelength. The maximum current density becomes tightly localized inside the gaps of the inset feed, while distinct null zones (minimum current) appear across the upper region of the patch. This behavior indicates the excitation of a higher-order resonant mode, demonstrating that the inset feed plays a critical role in achieving impedance matching for the upper wideband. Similarly, the resonance mechanism of the circular LIG patch antenna was analyzed through its surface current distribution at the fundamental frequency of 3.5 GHz, as illustrated in Figure . As it can be seen from this latter result, the current is highly concentrated along the feed line and the lower curved contours surrounding the inset feed slots. The vector arrows demonstrate that the current is forced to flow along the circular perimeter of the patch. This curving effect inherently lengthens the effective current path, which allows the compact circular geometry to resonate efficiently at the targeted sub-6 GHz lower frequency band.

6.

Simulated surface current distributions of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna at its resonant frequencies: (a) lower resonance at 3.47 GHz, and (b) higher resonance at 7.11 GHz.

7.

Simulated surface current distribution of the circular microstrip patch antenna at its fundamental resonance (3.5 GHz).

Normalized simulated and measured radiation patterns of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna at the two resonant frequencies identified in Figure a are shown in Figure . Figure a,b present the simulated 3D radiation patterns at the lower and higher resonances, respectively. Figure c,d compare simulated and measured 2D cuts in the ϕ = 90° plane for the lower and higher resonances, respectively, while Figure e,f show the corresponding cuts in the ϕ = 0° plane. For each frequency, the patterns are normalized to their maximum value. The measured patterns are consistent with the simulations; minor discrepancies are mainly attributed to cable/connector effects and small alignment errors between the antenna under test and the receiving horn in the semi-isolated measurement setup. The corresponding results for the circular microstrip patch antenna are shown in Figure , where again the measured radiation profile agrees well with the simulations, with minor differences attributable to the same reasons as for the rectangular antenna.

8.

Normalized radiation patterns of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna at the two resonant frequencies indicated in Figure a. Left column: lower resonance. Right column: higher resonance. (a,b) Simulated 3D radiation patterns. (c,d) Simulated and measured 2D cuts for ϕ = 90°. (e,f) Simulated and measured 2D cuts for ϕ = 0°.

9.

Normalized radiation patterns of the circular microstrip patch antenna at the resonance indicated in Figure b (around 3.5 GHz). (a) Simulated 3-D radiation pattern. (b) Simulated and measured 2D cut for ϕ = 90°. (c) Simulated and measured 2-D cut for ϕ = 0°.

Figure compares the simulated and measured realized gain as a function of frequency for the rectangular and circular patch antennas (Figure a,b, respectively). For both designs, the realized gain remains negative over the operating bands, which is consistent with the expected losses associated with the MDF substrate and the finite conductivity of the LIG layer. The measured gain follows the simulated trend, with small deviations attributable to residual reflections and scattering in the measurement environment, as well as uncertainties related to cable/connector effects and alignment. To further explain the observed gain profile, the simulated radiation and total efficiencies of both antennas were evaluated (Figure c,d). In both designs, the radiation efficiency exhibits moderate values at their fundamental lower resonances, showing a steady improvement as the frequency increases toward the upper operating bands. Note that the total efficiency closely tracks radiation efficiency at the resonant frequencies, which indicates an excellent impedance matching with minimal reflection. Consequently, the limited overall efficiency is not a result of geometric design flaws, but an expected trade-off dominated by material dissipationspecifically, the inherent ohmic losses of the LIG traces and the dielectric absorption of the MDF substrate.

10.

Performance metrics of the proposed LIG-based antennas as a function of frequency: (a,b) simulated and measured realized gain, along with (c,d) simulated radiation and total efficiencies, for both the rectangular and circular microstrip patch geometries.

The gain and radiation efficiencies of the antennas are lower than those of conventional metallic microstrip antennas; however, the main objective in our work is to demonstrate scalable fabrication and unobtrusive integration on a ubiquitous indoor material rather than maximizing link budget. We believe that the antennas proposed here are attractive for short-range indoor links (typically a few meters) and dense deployments where multiple radiating nodes can be distributed throughout a space, especially because of the possible integration into furniture and building elements. The results presented here also provide a baseline for future improvements, including reduced sheet resistance (e.g., optimized laser parameters and multipass scribing), improved ground/reflector configurations, and lower-loss surface finishing or hybrid conductive layers. Table summarizes representative recent works on LIG-based antennas and related radiating structures, comparing the substrate materials, operating frequency ranges, and target applications. As can be observed, the vast majority of reported LIG antennas rely on polyimide (Kapton) films, with cellulose-based paper appearing as an alternative precursor in a few cases. − To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous work has demonstrated LIG antennas patterned directly on wood-derived engineered materials such as MDF, which would allow the radiating element to become an intrinsic part of furniture and indoor building elements.

2. Comparison of Representative LIG-Based Antennas Reported in the Literature and the Present Work, in Terms of Substrate Material, Operating Frequency, and Target Application.

ref	year	frequency/operating range	materials used for LIG	antenna applications
this work	2026	sub-6 GHz (e.g., 3.19–4.12 GHz and 5.95–7.49 GHz for the rectangular version; 2.98–3.84 GHz and 5.50–7.96 GHz for the circular version)	medium-density fiberboard (MDF), a common wood derivative	short-distance indoor connectivity and unobtrusive (invisible) integration into smart furniture and building structures
[]	2025	resonance exhibiting an effective bandwidth of 4.92 GHz	polyimide (PI) film processed via LSIG (laser-stepwise-induced graphene)	flexible frequency selective surface (FSS) for electromagnetic wave manipulation and shielding
[]	2024	UHF and S-band (IoT systems)	polyimide (PI)	conductorless antennas for IoT devices, industrial and personal RFID
[]	2024	RFID band (short distance reading, up to 1 m)	polyimide (PI)	batteryless epidermal and industrial RFID sensors aimed at detecting gases such as amines and triethylamine
[]	2023	UHF band	polymeric films (polyimide)	conformable and flexible electronic devices for sustainable short and medium-distance communication (RFID)
[]	2023	2.45 GHz	polyimide (PI) composite	patch antennas for wearable and flexible electronic devices operating in the Wi-Fi range
[]	2022	S-band	polyimide (PI)	5G communications for wearable devices and health data collection on the skin
[]	2022	UHF band	Kapton adhesive tape (polyimide)	fast and low-cost conductive elements for UHF RFID tag antennas
[]	2021	2.4 GHz (ISM band)	cellulose-based paper (food derived)	flexible radiofrequency devices, Wi-Fi, bluetooth, zigBee, and satellite communications

7. Conclusions

This paper demonstrated direct-write laser-induced graphene (LIG) microstrip patch antennas fabricated on medium-density fiberboard (MDF) using a borate-assisted CO₂-laser scribing process. Structural and electrical characterization confirmed the formation of a conductive, porous carbon layer on MDF with a sheet resistance of approximately 9 Ω/sq, enabling antenna patterning without cleanroom processing. Two inset-fed patch geometries (rectangular planar and circular conformal) were designed and experimentally validated. Measured impedance matching (S ₁₁ ≤ −10 dB) was obtained over 3.19–4.12 GHz and 5.95–7.49 GHz for the rectangular antenna, and 2.98–3.84 GHz and 5.50–7.96 GHz for the circular antenna, with radiation patterns in reasonable agreement with simulations. The measured realized gain is negative over the operating bands (peak value ≈ −2.5 dBi), consistent with losses associated with MDF and the finite conductivity of the LIG layer, but remains repeatable across prototypes. In summary, the results establish MDF–LIG as a practical platform for scalable, furniture-integrated antennas in short-range indoor deployments. Future work will focus on improving efficiency and gain through reduced sheet resistance (e.g., optimized laser parameters and multipass scribing), enhanced ground/reflector configurations, and hybrid conductive or low-loss surface treatments.

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c07385.

• Raman spectra acquired at multiple locations across the laser-induced graphene antenna surface and corresponding normalized D- and G-band intensities and I _D/I _G ratios; procedure for extracting the relative permittivity and loss tangent of the MDF substrate using a silver-based reference microstrip patch antenna; reference antenna geometry and dimensions; and comparison of the simulated and measured S ₁₁ responses (PDF)

The authors declare no competing financial interest.