Abstract
目的
调查四川省成都市3~14岁儿童屈光性散光(refractive astigmatism, RA)和角膜散光(corneal astigmatism, CA)患病率。
方法
采用随机抽样方法,纳入2024年成都市3个行政区内共500所学校(幼儿园、小学、中学)的学龄儿童散光筛查结果,收集患者基本信息以及非睫状肌麻痹下自动验光仪和眼光学生物测量仪测量的眼部参数信息。仅纳入患者右眼数据进行分析,比较不同年龄段儿童散光均值和散光发生率差异。
结果
研究共纳入255 959名成都市3~14岁学龄儿童散光筛查结果,其中RA平均为(-0.56±0.59) D,CA平均为(-1.23±0.62) D,散光类型以顺规散光为主。RA(≤-1.00 D)和CA(≤-1.00 D)患病率分别为18.16%和62.29%。随年龄增长,散光屈光度和患病率呈现不同变化趋势(P<0.001),在3~8岁表现为RA和CA屈光度和患病率随年龄增加逐渐下降或保持稳定,在9~14岁表现为随年龄增加而不断增加。
结论
成都市3~14岁学龄儿童RA和CA屈光度以及患病率随年龄变化呈先下降或保持稳定后上升的趋势,中小学阶段散光患病率更高。
Keywords: 散光, 角膜散光, 患病率
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the prevalence of refractive astigmatism (RA) and corneal astigmatism (CA) among children aged 3 to 14 years in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
Methods
Using a random sampling method, astigmatism screening data were collected from school-aged children attending 500 schools, including kindergartens, primary schools, and junior middle schools, located in three administrative districts of Chengdu in 2024. Basic demographic information and ocular biometric parameters measured by noncycloplegic autorefractometry and optical biometry were collected. Only data from the right eye were included in the analysis. The mean astigmatism values and the prevalence of astigmatism were compared across age groups to examine the differences.
Results
A total of 255959 sschool-aged children and adolescents aged 3 to 14 years in Chengdu were included in the analyses. The mean RA was (-0.56 ± 0.59) diopters (D), and the mean CA was (-1.23 ± 0.62) D, with with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism being the predominant subtype. The prevalence rates of RA (≤ −1.00 D) and CA (≤-1.00 D) were 18.16% and 62.29%, respectively. The magnitude and prevalence of astigmatism exhibited age-dependent trends (P < 0.001). In the group of children aged 3-8 years, both the magnitude and prevalence of RA and CA gradually decreased or remained stable with increasing age, whereas in the 9-to-14-year age group, both the magnitude and prevalence increased progressively with increasing age.
Conclusion
Among school-aged children and adolescents aged 3 to 14 years in Chengdu, the magnitude and prevalence of RA and CA exhibited an age-dependent pattern characterized by an initial decrease or stabilization followed by a subsequent increase. The prevalence of astigmatism was found to be higher in primary and junior middle school students.
Keywords: Astigmatism, Corneal astigmatism, Prevalence
散光是常见的屈光不正之一,常和近视或远视同时发生[1]。散光的发生是由于眼屈光系统中,不同子午线的屈光力不同,从而导致视网膜成像不能形成一个焦点[2]。有研究显示,大多数儿童出生时即有一定散光,在婴儿和儿童期会出现下降,在青春期时会增加,在成年之后则会趋于稳定[3-4]。未矫正的轻度散光可能会影响视力,而未矫正的高度散光则可能影响儿童视觉发育,导致立体视丧失、对比敏感度下降、弱视等[5–7]。因此,早期筛查并矫正散光有利于儿童青少年的视觉发育。
目前,对散光成分研究较多的包括屈光性散光(refractive astigmatism, RA)和角膜散光(corneal astigmatism, CA)。RA即整个屈光系统的散光屈光度,屈光检查处方中常以负柱镜形式表示;CA是屈光性散光的一部分,通过角膜前表面等效折射率计算而得到,常使用角膜前表面最平坦子午线曲率与最陡峭子午线曲率之差计算。散光患病率因调查地区、种族、定义等因素而产生差异。许多研究对不同地区和年龄段儿童RA和CA患病率进行了调查,西安市一项横断面研究发现,2023年中小学整体RA患病率(≤-0.50 D)为59.3%,城市地区高于城乡结合地区[8]。Zhang等[9]在2020年对上海市学龄儿童调查显示,幼儿园RA和CA的患病率(≤-1.00 D)分别为15.8%和64.0%,在小学时期为16.5%和65.0%,而在高中时期增加至32.8%和76.9%。
近年来,大量研究聚焦于近视的发生发展,少部分研究对散光患病率及其影响因素进行分析。然而,散光同样影响着儿童视力,和近视一样,散光同样受遗传和环境因素的共同影响[1,10]。遗传因素中,父母散光程度、种族、性别、虹膜颜色等可能影响散光[10-11],环境因素包括近距离用眼时间、户外活动时间等[1,9]。
前期已有一些研究对西安、上海等地散光患病率进行了调查,然而目前还没有针对四川省学龄儿童散光患病率的研究。因此本研究以学校为基础,纳入四川省成都市武侯区、高新区和郫都区三个区内的幼儿园和中小学散光筛查结果,调查不同年龄段儿童散光屈光度、类型以及患病率差异,从而为散光相关研究提供更多的循证依据。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 研究对象
本研究是一项以学校为基础的横断面研究,纳入2024年四川省成都市学龄儿童散光筛查结果,采用系统自动生成的随机抽样方法,对武侯区、高新区和郫都区500所学校,不同年级和班级儿童进行抽查。本研究已获得四川大学华西医院伦理委员会批准,批准号2025年审(1290)号。研究主要针对成都市幼儿园、小学和中学三个阶段,因此纳入了有完整检查记录的3~14岁儿童青少年数据进行最终分析,排除以下可能影响散光或角膜形态的情况:1)有眼部手术史;2)有角膜接触镜配戴史;3)眼表瘢痕性疾病或任何导致角膜规则性受损的情况;4)眼部外伤(包括角膜、虹膜、晶状体等眼前节组织损伤);5)先天性或遗传性眼病;6)其他影响屈光测量准确性的眼部疾病(如视网膜疾病、晶状体浑浊等);7)疑似圆锥角膜或角膜扩张性疾病者。其中,对于筛查中发现角膜散光绝对值>3.00 D且矫正视力显著低于同年龄段正常范围的高度疑似圆锥角膜儿童,筛查团队将对其家长或监护人进行告知,并建议其至专业医疗机构进一步检查和确诊。由于本研究基于学校群体筛查,未对圆锥角膜患者进行深入统计分析,但已在数据清理阶段将其从分析样本中排除。
1.2. 一般资料
研究收集了2024年四川省成都市高新区、武侯区和郫都区500所幼儿园及中小学共291 662名学龄儿童眼部健康检查数据,经纳排标准筛选后,排除了35 703名儿童数据,其中1127名儿童数据信息不完整,33 833名儿童年龄超过范围,9名儿童患有其他疾病,734名儿童使用过角膜接触镜。最终将255 959名儿童数据纳入最终分析,研究流程图如图1所示。受试者平均年龄为(8.64±3.05)岁,包括132 899名(51.92%)男性和123 060名(48.08%)女性。
图 1.

Flow diagram of the subject enrollment process
研究筛选流程图
1.3. 检查内容
研究期间所有眼科检查由研究团队中3位经验丰富的视光师完成,检查时间为2024年的春季和秋季学期。检查使用自动验光仪(RM800, 拓普康有限公司,日本)测量非睫状肌麻痹下的屈光度,使用眼光学生物测量仪(AL-Scan, 尼德克株式会社,日本)测量角膜曲率及眼轴长度。以问卷形式由被检查者监护人完成基本信息收集,包括年龄、性别、是否使用过角膜接触镜等,并告知监护人检查的目的和用途。
1.4. 散光定义及标准
在本研究中,RA定义为自动验光仪负柱镜屈光度,轴向为负柱镜轴向;CA定义为眼光学生物测量仪测量结果中,角膜前表面最平坦子午线曲率与最陡峭子午线曲率之差,柱镜轴向为平坦子午线轴向。在计算散光患病率时,参考Zhang等[9]的研究,将发生RA与CA分别定义为RA≤-1.00 D和CA≤-1.00 D。散光类型分类参考Liang等[12]的研究,顺规散光(with the rule, WTR)定义为散光轴向≥0°且≤30°或散光轴向≥150°且≤180°;逆规散光(against the rule, ATR)定义为散光轴向≥60°且≤120°;斜轴散光(oblique, OBL)定义为散光轴向≥31°且≤59°或散光轴向≥121°且≤149°。
1.5. 统计学方法
使用SPSS 29.0进行统计分析,连续变量以
表示,分类变量以百分比表示。由于右眼和左眼的RA和CA具有显著相关性(Pearson相关性检验,PRA=0.0001,PCA=0.0001),因此本研究仅纳入右眼数据进行分析。采用单因素方差分析比较不同年龄散光均值,进一步两两比较采用Bonferroni检验进行校正,不同性别之间散光均值使用独立样本t检验。采用卡方检验比较不同年龄、性别之间散光发生率的差异。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 散光屈光度和轴向分布
3~14岁儿童青少年的散光程度分布如表1所示。RA和CA的分布存在一定差异,其中12.95%的儿童RA屈光度为0 D,75.57%儿童的RA屈光度集中在-1.00 D~<0 D之间(其中6.68%的儿童RA屈光度=-1.00 D),仅有11.48%的儿童RA度数超过-1.00 D。38.31%的儿童的CA屈光度分布在-1.00 D~<0 D之间(其中0.63%的儿童CA屈光度=-1.00 D),51.97%的儿童CA屈光度分布在-1.00 D~<-2.00 D之间。按RA≤-1.00 D和CA≤-1.00 D统计,则RA和CA患病率分别为18.16%和62.29%。
表 1. Distribution of astigmatism severity among 255 959 children aged 3 to 14 years.
3~14岁255 959名儿童散光程度分布
| Astigmatism | RA/% | CA/% |
| RA: refractive astigmatism; CA: corneal astigmatism. | ||
| 0 D | 12.95 | 0.02 |
| -1.00-< 0 D | 75.57 | 38.31 |
| -2.00-< -1.00 D | 8.59 | 51.97 |
| -3.00-< -2.00 D | 2.07 | 8.00 |
| -4.00-< -3.00 D | 0.58 | 1.37 |
| < -4.00 D | 0.24 | 0.32 |
RA轴向统计结果如图2所示,随年龄增加,WTR比例在不断增加,在10岁达到97.02%左右,随后基本保持稳定;ATR和OBL比例则随年龄增长持续降低。CA轴向变化与RA相似,主要表现为WTR(99.77%),少部分为ATR(0.05%)和OBL(0.18%),CA轴向变化趋势见网络资源附件附图1。
图 2.

Trends in the types of refractive astigmatism in children aged 3 to 14 years
3~14岁儿童屈光性散光类型变化趋势图
WTR: with the rule; ATR: against the rule; OBL: oblique.
2.2. 屈光性散光和角膜散光屈光度
各年龄段儿童散光平均值如表2所示。其中3~14岁儿童RA整体平均值为(-0.56±0.59) D,CA平均值为(-1.23±0.62) D。不同年龄段间的儿童散光平均值差异有统计学意义(PRA=0.0001,PCA=0.0001),在3~8岁儿童中,RA和CA随年龄变化呈现轻度下降或保持稳定;在9~14岁儿童中,随着年龄增长,RA和CA呈现不断增加趋势。在不同性别散光大小比较中(表3),仅CA差异有统计学意义(PRA=0.290,PCA=0.0001)。
表 2. The magnitude of RA and CA by different age.
不同年龄RA和CA屈光度
| Age/yr. | Case (%) |
|
|
| RA/D | CA/D | ||
| RA: refractive astigmatism; CA: corneal astigmatism. | |||
| 3 | 8743 (3.42) | -0.52 ± 0.51 | -1.17 ± 0.62 |
| 4 | 14546 (5.68) | -0.50 ± 0.51 | -1.14 ± 0.58 |
| 5 | 21608 (8.44) | -0.49 ± 0.52 | -1.16 ± 0.59 |
| 6 | 26409 (10.32) | -0.47 ± 0.52 | -1.17 ± 0.59 |
| 7 | 28604 (11.18) | -0.47 ± 0.52 | -1.15 ± 0.58 |
| 8 | 29322 (11.46) | -0.47 ± 0.52 | -1.17 ± 0.57 |
| 9 | 25323 (9.89) | -0.51 ± 0.54 | -1.19 ± 0.59 |
| 10 | 23618 (9.23) | -0.57 ± 0.58 | -1.24 ± 0.61 |
| 11 | 21368 (8.35) | -0.63 ± 0.62 | -1.28 ± 0.64 |
| 12 | 21983 (8.59) | -0.68 ± 0.66 | -1.33 ± 0.65 |
| 13 | 18004 (7.03) | -0.77 ± 0.72 | -1.40 ± 0.69 |
| 14 | 16431 (6.42) | -0.83 ± 0.75 | -1.43 ± 0.71 |
| Total | 255959 (100) | -0.56 ± 0.59 | -1.23 ± 0.62 |
表 3. The magnitude of RA and CA by different sex.
不同性别RA和CA屈光度
| Gender | Case (%) |
|
|
| RA/D | CA/D | ||
| The abbreviations are explained in the note to Table 2. | |||
| Boy | 132899 (51.92) | -0.57 ± 0.60 | -1.18 ± 0.62 |
| Girl | 123060 (48.08) | -0.56 ± 0.59 | -1.28 ± 0.62 |
| P | 0.290 | 0.0001 | |
2.3. 屈光性散光和角膜散光患病率
见表4。成都市3~14岁儿童整体RA患病率为18.16%(95%CI: 18.01%~18.31%),CA患病率为62.29%(95%CI:62.11%~62.48%),其中不同年龄段儿童散光患病率有差异(PRA=0.001,PCA=0.001)。不同性别患病率如表5所示,其中女性CA患病率高于男性(66.65% vs. 58.26%,P=0.001),而RA患病率在不同性别中差异没有统计学意义(18.09% vs. 18.22%,P=0.396)。
表 4. The prevalence of RA and CA by different age.
不同年龄RA和CA患病率
| Age/ yr. |
n | RA | CA | |||
| Case | Prevalence (95% CI) /% |
Case | Prevalence (95% CI) /% |
|||
| The abbreviations are explained in the note to Table 2. | ||||||
| 3 | 8743 | 1443 | 16.50 (15.73-17.28) | 5019 | 57.41 (56.37-58.44) | |
| 4 | 14546 | 2244 | 15.43 (14.84-16.01) | 8156 | 56.07 (55.26-56.88) | |
| 5 | 21608 | 3115 | 14.42 (13.95-14.88) | 12548 | 58.07 (57.41-58.73) | |
| 6 | 26409 | 3299 | 12.49 (12.09-12.89) | 15402 | 58.32 (57.73-58.92) | |
| 7 | 28604 | 3156 | 11.03 (10.67-11.40) | 16537 | 57.81 (57.24-58.39) | |
| 8 | 29322 | 3499 | 11.93 (11.56-12.30) | 17453 | 59.52 (58.96-60.08) | |
| 9 | 25323 | 3587 | 14.16 (13.74-14.59) | 15473 | 61.10 (60.50-61.70) | |
| 10 | 23618 | 4259 | 18.03 (17.54-18.52) | 15066 | 63.79 (63.18-64.40) | |
| 11 | 21368 | 4785 | 22.39 (21.83-22.95) | 14083 | 65.91 (65.27-66.54) | |
| 12 | 21983 | 5674 | 25.81 (25.23-26.39) | 14950 | 68.01 (67.39-68.62) | |
| 13 | 18004 | 5648 | 31.37 (30.69-32.05) | 12864 | 71.45 (70.79-72.11) | |
| 14 | 16431 | 5769 | 35.11 (34.38-35.84) | 11894 | 72.39 (71.70-73.07) | |
| Total | 255959 | 46478 | 18.16 (18.01-18.31) | 159445 | 62.29 (62.11-62.48) | |
表 5. The prevalence of RA and CA by different sex.
不同性别RA和CA患病率
| Gender | n | RA | CA | |||
| Case | Prevalence (95% CI) /% |
Case | Prevalence (95% CI) /% |
|||
| The abbreviations are explained in the note to Table 2. | ||||||
| Boy | 132899 | 24215 | 18.22 (18.01-18.43) | 77425 | 58.26 (57.99-58.52) | |
| Girl | 123060 | 22263 | 18.09 (17.88-18.31) | 82020 | 66.65 (66.39-66.91) | |
| P | 0.396 | 0.001 | ||||
随儿童年龄增加,RA患病率呈现先降低后增加的趋势;从3岁时16.50%(95% CI:15.73%~17.28%)降低至8岁时11.93%(95% CI:11.56%~12.30%),随后持续增加,到14岁时增加至35.11%(95% CI:34.38%~35.84%)。CA患病率随年龄增加呈现先持续波动后逐渐增加的趋势,从8岁57.41%(95% CI:56.37%~58.44%)开始,CA患病率不断增加至14岁时72.39%(95% CI:71.70%~73.07%)。
3. 讨论
本研究结果显示,成都市3~14岁儿童青少年RA平均为(-0.56±0.59) D,CA平均为(-1.23±0.62) D,RA和CA患病率(RA≤-1.00 D和CA≤-1.00 D)分别为18.16%和62.29%。绝大多数儿童RA分布在-1.00 D~<0 D之间,CA分布在-2.00 D~<0 D之间,散光类型以WTR为主。在散光程度分布方面,本研究结果和其他研究结果一致[13-14],即RA略小于CA,绝大部分儿童RA不超过-1.00 D,CA不超过-2.00 D。在散光轴向分布上,和既往部分研究结果一致,即WTR为主要的散光类型[8,11,13-14]。然而,一项针对澳大利亚儿童的研究则显示ATR是主要的散光类型[15],同样在伊朗学龄儿童的研究也显示ATR为主要散光类型,且随年龄增加,ATR比例不断上升[16]。这可能和不同种族之间的差异有关,亚洲人群眼睑结构更紧,会对角膜产生更多的压力,导致更多的WTR发生[17]。
对于RA屈光度,本研究中3~14岁儿童RA平均为-0.56 D,与相同年龄段儿童进行比较,这与上海4~15岁儿童(-0.61 D)[9]、西安中小学阶段(-0.48~-0.84 D)[8]结果接近,高于安阳12岁儿童(-0.56 D)[13]结果,但低于义乌6~19岁儿童(-0.69~1.06 D)[14]、香港6~8岁儿童(-0.87 D)[1]。对于CA屈光度,本研究结果(-1.23 D)和上海4~15岁儿童(-1.20 D)[9],安阳12岁儿童(-1.11 D)[13]结果相近,但低于香港6~8岁儿童(-1.35 D)[1]结果。由于不同研究的地区、调查时间、纳入年龄范围、种族等差异可能会导致不同研究中散光屈光度结果产生一定差异。
以RA≤-1.00 D为标准,本研究中成都市3~14岁儿童RA整体患病率为18.16%,这与上海(4~15岁:20.3%)[9]以及南京(4~5岁:14.2%)[18]的结果接近。与其他研究中相同年龄段结果进行比较,本研究结果低于安阳(12岁:17.4%)[13]、香港(6~8岁:34.7%)[1]、无锡(3~6岁:36%)[11]。同样,以CA≤-1.00 D为标准,CA患病率明显高于RA。在本研究中3~14岁儿童整体CA患病率为62.29%,这和香港(6~8岁:64.7%)[1]接近,高于安阳(12岁:52.8%)[13],低于上海(4~15岁:67.6%)[9]等地研究结果。散光患病率也受地域种族[15]、调查时间以及城市发达程度[8]等因素的影响。因此,不同研究中应设定统一的散光发生标准,并根据不同地区调查结果,确定不同年龄段儿童散光屈光度以及患病率范围。
本研究结果显示,儿童在学龄早期(3~8岁)散光屈光度和患病率先呈现下降或保持稳定,而进入小学中期后(9~14岁),散光屈光度和患病率呈现上升趋势,这和先前部分研究结果相似[8-9,14]。这一变化提示散光可能受多重因素共同影响,包括眼部生物力学发育、环境行为因素等。首先,儿童散光受眼睑压力、眼外肌压力、瞳孔大小以及调节等多种因素影响[19]。多数研究指出,早期儿童角膜散光呈自然下降趋势,这与角膜形态逐渐规则化、眼球组织生物力学逐步成熟有关[20-21]。但在进入小学阶段后,随着眼部组织的逐渐成熟,角膜曲率的对称性可能下降,角膜屈光力发生变化,从而导致角膜散光增加[22]。由于屈光性散光最主要来源于角膜散光[23],因此在屈光性散光和角膜散光上表现出随年龄变化相同的趋势。此外,散光与近视发生也具有一定相关性,并且共同受到遗传和环境因素影响[17,24]。随年龄增长,儿童屈光发育迅速,尤其是小学阶段开始后儿童用眼强度增大,眼前节结构和眼轴长度的变化可能同时影响散光分量[25]。一项临床研究推测眼轴增长可能会导致角膜向眼眶外更加突出,眼睑对角膜的影响可能会加强,从而导致散光屈光度增加[26]。因此,散光患病率的上升趋势可能是儿童屈光发育过程中的伴随变化,也反映了环境负荷和用眼行为变化的影响。本研究提示散光同样随年龄增长会出现生理性增加,因此学龄儿童的屈光筛查应同样关注其中散光的变化,规范学习姿势,增加户外活动时间,并对合并散光的屈光不正儿童给予及时的个性化屈光矫正,关注散光的持续变化。
在本研究中,RA屈光度和患病率在女性和男性之间差异不明显(18.09% vs. 18.22%),而在CA中女性略高于男性(66.65% vs. 58.26%),这和既往安阳地区研究结果一致[13]。然而,在上海等地的研究结果则显示男性RA高于女性,女性CA高于男性[9]。新疆及义乌等地的研究则表明男性是RA和CA患病率的共同危险因素[14,27]。 因此,性别对散光的影响还需要更多大规模的研究进一步证实。
本研究的优势在于覆盖了四川省成都市三个区内幼儿园、小学、中学三个学龄阶段,样本量大,年龄跨度广,因此结果适用性较高。其次,本研究对散光的危险因素年龄进行了分层分析,对年龄和散光的影响进行了进一步的讨论。本研究的局限性主要有以下两点:首先,本研究是一个横断面研究,仅提供一个时间范围内不同年龄儿童散光患病率,散光长期动态发展过程仍需要大规模纵向研究证实。其次,由于本研究需要对成都市500所学校、超过29万名儿童进行散光筛查,因此使用了非睫状肌麻痹电脑验光结果,可能对结果造成一定偏倚。但有研究表明,非睫状肌麻痹验光对柱镜度数的影响较小[28],因此对本研究的主要结论影响较小。但由于非睫状肌麻痹验光对球镜度的影响较大,因此关于散光与屈光状态等因素之间的关系,将在今后的纵向研究中进一步探讨。
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Author Contribution
Zhao Yuxuan is responsible for data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, validation, visualization, and writing--original draft. Yang Bi is responsible for conceptualization, data curation, funding acquisition, methodology, project administration, supervision, and writing--review and editing. Luo Hui is responsible for formal analysis, and investigation. Li Rong and Chen Rui are responsible for data curation and resources. Liu Longqian is responsible for funding acquisition, project administration, and supervision, Yan Naihong is responsible for project administration and supervision. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
Liu Longqian is a member of the Editorial Board of the journal. All processes involved in the editing and reviewing of this article were carried out in strict compliance with the journal's policies and there was no inappropriate personal involvement by the author. Other than this, all authors declare no competing interests.
Funding Statement
四川省科技计划项目(No. 2022YFS0368)和四川大学华西医院学科卓越发展1·3·5工程临床研究基金(No. 2024HXFH043)资助
Contributor Information
雨暄 赵 (Yuxuan Zhao), Email: 1477745022@qq.com.
必 杨 (Bi Yang), Email: yangbi19830418@126.com.
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