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. 2026 Sep 4;8:1908480. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1908480

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© 2026 Riedl, Schwesig and Ueberschär.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Four grouped vertical bar charts labeled A to D show LTA₃D percentage results for subjects 15, 10, 9, and 7 across five categories: HOK, MIZ, PUM, SAU, and OWN. Each category contains three colored bars (green v₁, yellow v₂, orange v₃). Insets show σ and V values varying by subject. Subject 15 and 10 mainly exhibit negative values, subject 9 shows mixed results, and subject 7 has strongly positive results for PUM, SAU, and OWN. Axes and legends are clearly marked. — (A–D) Examples of LTA_3D (triaxial lateral tibial asymmetry) of 4 out of 22 subjects at the three running speeds v₁, v₂ and v₃ for the five footwear conditions HOK (Hoka Rocket X2), MIZ (Mizuno Wave Rebellion Pro), PUM (Puma Fast-R Nitro Elite), SAU (Saucony Endorphin Pro 3) and OWN (own pair of non-carbon plate training shoes). σ = standard deviation, V = coefficient of variation.