Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society logoLink to Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
. 2002;100:301–338.

Retinal pigment epithelial acid lipase activity and lipoprotein receptors: effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids.

Victor M Elner 1
PMCID: PMC1358968  PMID: 12545699

Abstract

PURPOSE: To show that fish oil-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, delivered to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by circulating low-density lipoproteins (LDL), enhance already considerable RPE lysosomal acid lipase activity, providing for more efficient hydrolysis of intralysosomal RPE lipids, an effect that may help prevent development of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). METHODS: Colorimetric biochemical and histochemical techniques were used to demonstrate RPE acid lipase in situ, in vitro, and after challenge with phagocytic stimuli. Receptor-mediated RPE uptake of fluorescently labeled native, aceto-acetylated, and oxidized LDL was studied in vitro and in vivo. LDL effects on RPE lysosomal enzymes were assessed. Lysosomal enzyme activity was compared in RPE cells from monkeys fed diets rich in fish oil to those from control animals and in cultured RPE cells exposed to sera from these monkeys. RESULTS: RPE acid lipase activity was substantial and comparable to that of mononuclear phagocytes. Acid lipase activity increased significantly following phagocytic challenge with photoreceptor outer segment (POS) membranes. Receptor-mediated RPE uptake of labeled lipoproteins was determined in vitro. Distinctive uptake of labeled lipoproteins occurred in RPE cells and mononuclear phagocytes in vivo. Native LDL enhanced RPE lysosomal enzyme activity. RPE lysosomal enzymes increased significantly in RPE cells from monkeys fed fish oil-rich diets and in cultured RPE cells exposed to their sera. CONCLUSIONS: RPE cells contain substantial acid lipase for efficient metabolism of lipids imbibed by POS phagocytosis and LDL uptake. Diets rich in fish oil-derived omega-3 fatty acids, by enhancing acid lipase, may reduce RPE lipofuscin accumulation, RPE oxidative damage, and the development of ARMD.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (952.8 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adler A. J., Klucznik K. M. Interaction of bovine pigment epithelium cells, photoreceptor outer segments, and interphotoreceptor matrix: a model for retinal adhesion. Curr Eye Res. 1981;1(10):579–589. doi: 10.3109/02713688109001859. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Adler A. J. Selective presence of acid hydrolases in the interphotoreceptor matrix. Exp Eye Res. 1989 Dec;49(6):1067–1077. doi: 10.1016/s0014-4835(89)80027-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Akeo K., Hiramitsu T., Kanda T., Yorifuji H., Okisaka S. Comparative effects of linoleic acid and linoleic acid hydroperoxide on growth and morphology of bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Curr Eye Res. 1996 May;15(5):467–476. doi: 10.3109/02713689609000758. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Albert C. M., Hennekens C. H., O'Donnell C. J., Ajani U. A., Carey V. J., Willett W. C., Ruskin J. N., Manson J. E. Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. JAMA. 1998 Jan 7;279(1):23–28. doi: 10.1001/jama.279.1.23. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Alvarez R. A., Bridges C. D., Fong S. L. High-pressure liquid chromatography of fatty acid esters of retinol isomers. Analysis of retinyl esters stored in the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981 Mar;20(3):304–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Amemiya T. Retinal changes in the selenium deficient rat. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1985;55(3):233–237. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Anderson D. H., Johnson L. V., Hageman G. S. Vitronectin receptor expression and distribution at the photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelial interface. J Comp Neurol. 1995 Sep 11;360(1):1–16. doi: 10.1002/cne.903600102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Anderson R. E., Chen H., Wang N., Stinson A. The accretion of docosahexaenoic acid in the retina. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1994;75:124–127. doi: 10.1159/000423565. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Anderson R. E., Lissandrello P. M., Maude M. B., Matthes M. T. Lipids of bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1976 Aug;23(2):149–157. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(76)90198-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Anderson R. E., O'Brien P. J., Wiegand R. D., Koutz C. A., Stinson A. M. Conservation of docosahexaenoic acid in the retina. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1992;318:285–294. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3426-6_25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Ansell P. L., Marshall J. The distribution of extra-cellular acid phosphatase in the retinas of retinitis pigmentosa rats. Exp Eye Res. 1974 Sep;19(3):273–279. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(74)90146-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Armstrong D., Connole E., Feeney L., Berman E. R. Peroxidases in the neural retina and pigment epithelium. J Neurochem. 1978 Oct;31(4):761–769. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb00108.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ascherio A., Rimm E. B., Giovannucci E. L., Spiegelman D., Stampfer M., Willett W. C. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. BMJ. 1996 Jul 13;313(7049):84–90. doi: 10.1136/bmj.313.7049.84. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Axline S. G., Cohn Z. A. In vitro induction of lysosomal enzymes by phagocytosis. J Exp Med. 1970 Jun 1;131(6):1239–1260. doi: 10.1084/jem.131.6.1239. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. BLIGH E. G., DYER W. J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol. 1959 Aug;37(8):911–917. doi: 10.1139/o59-099. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bagdade J. D., Buchanan W. E., Kuusi T., Taskinen M. R. Persistent abnormalities in lipoprotein composition in noninsulin-dependent diabetes after intensive insulin therapy. Arteriosclerosis. 1990 Mar-Apr;10(2):232–239. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.10.2.232. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Basu S. K., Goldstein J. L., Anderson G. W., Brown M. S. Degradation of cationized low density lipoprotein and regulation of cholesterol metabolism in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Sep;73(9):3178–3182. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.9.3178. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Baudouin C., Peyman G. A., Fredj-Reygrobellet D., Gordon W. C., Lapalus P., Gastaud P., Bazan N. G. Immunohistological study of subretinal membranes in age-related macular degeneration. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1992;36(4):443–451. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bazan N. G., Gordon W. C., Rodriguez de Turco E. B. Docosahexaenoic acid uptake and metabolism in photoreceptors: retinal conservation by an efficient retinal pigment epithelial cell-mediated recycling process. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1992;318:295–306. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3426-6_26. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bazan N. G., Reddy T. S., Redmond T. M., Wiggert B., Chader G. J. Endogenous fatty acids are covalently and noncovalently bound to interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein in the monkey retina. J Biol Chem. 1985 Nov 5;260(25):13677–13680. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bazan N. G., Silvia di Fazio de Escalante M., Careaga M. M., Bazan H. E., Giusto N. M. High content of 22:6 (docosahexaenoate) and active [2-3H]glycerol metabolism of phosphatidic acid from photoreceptor membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Sep 14;712(3):702–706. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90301-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Beatty S., Koh H., Phil M., Henson D., Boulton M. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000 Sep-Oct;45(2):115–134. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00140-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Beauchemin M. L., Leuenberger P. M. Effects of colchicine on phagosome-lysosome interaction in retinal pigment epithelium. I. In vivo observations in albino rats. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1977 Sep 28;203(3-4):237–251. doi: 10.1007/BF00409830. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Beckman J. S., Beckman T. W., Chen J., Marshall P. A., Freeman B. A. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Feb;87(4):1620–1624. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.4.1620. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Becquet F., Goureau O., Soubrane G., Coscas G., Courtois Y., Hicks D. Superoxide inhibits proliferation and phagocytic internalization of photoreceptor outer segments by bovine retinal pigment epithelium in vitro. Exp Cell Res. 1994 Jun;212(2):374–382. doi: 10.1006/excr.1994.1157. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Berg K., Moan J. Lysosomes as photochemical targets. Int J Cancer. 1994 Dec 15;59(6):814–822. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910590618. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Berger A. S., Tychsen L., Rosenblum J. L. Retinopathy in human vitamin E deficiency. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991 Jun 15;111(6):774–775. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76791-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Berman E. R. Retinal pigment epithelium: lysosomal enzymes and aging. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994 Feb;78(2):82–83. doi: 10.1136/bjo.78.2.82. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Berman E. R., Schwell H., Feeney L. The retinal pigment epithelium. Chemical composition and structure. Invest Ophthalmol. 1974 Sep;13(9):675–687. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Berman E. R., Segal N., Photiou S., Rothman H., Feeney-Burns L. Inherited retinal dystrophy in RCS rats: a deficiency in vitamin A esterification in pigment epithelium. Nature. 1981 Sep 17;293(5829):217–220. doi: 10.1038/293217a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Berman E. R., Segal N., Rothman H., Weiner A. Retinyl ester hydrolase of bovine retina and pigment epithelium: comparisons to the rat liver enzyme. Curr Eye Res. 1985 Aug;4(8):867–876. doi: 10.3109/02713688509095254. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Bermann M., Schütt F., Holz F. G., Kopitz J. Does A2E, a retinoid component of lipofuscin and inhibitor of lysosomal degradative functions, directly affect the activity of lysosomal hydrolases? Exp Eye Res. 2001 Feb;72(2):191–195. doi: 10.1006/exer.2000.0949. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Birch E. E., Birch D. G., Hoffman D. R., Uauy R. Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 Oct;33(11):3242–3253. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Bird A. C., Marshall J. Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1986;105(Pt 6):674–682. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Bok D., Hall M. O. The role of the pigment epithelium in the etiology of inherited retinal dystrophy in the rat. J Cell Biol. 1971 Jun;49(3):664–682. doi: 10.1083/jcb.49.3.664. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Bok D., Heller J. Transport of retinol from the blood to the retina: an autoradiographic study of the pigment epithelial cell surface receptor for plasma retinol-binding protein. Exp Eye Res. 1976 May;22(5):395–402. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(76)90177-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Bok D. Retinal photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interactions. Friedenwald lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985 Dec;26(12):1659–1694. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Bonney R. J., Wightman P. D., Davies P., Sadowski S. J., Kuehl F. A., Jr, Humes J. L. Regulation of prostaglandin synthesis and of the selective release of lysosomal hydrolases by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochem J. 1978 Nov 15;176(2):433–442. doi: 10.1042/bj1760433. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Boulton M., Docchio F., Dayhaw-Barker P., Ramponi R., Cubeddu R. Age-related changes in the morphology, absorption and fluorescence of melanosomes and lipofuscin granules of the retinal pigment epithelium. Vision Res. 1990;30(9):1291–1303. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(90)90003-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Boutard V., Fouqueray B., Philippe C., Perez J., Baud L. Fish oil supplementation and essential fatty acid deficiency reduce nitric oxide synthesis by rat macrophages. Kidney Int. 1994 Nov;46(5):1280–1286. doi: 10.1038/ki.1994.395. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Boyle D., Tien L. F., Cooper N. G., Shepherd V., McLaughlin B. J. A mannose receptor is involved in retinal phagocytosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 Apr;32(5):1464–1470. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Brecher P., Pyun H. Y., Chobanian A. V. Effect of atherosclerosis on lysosomal cholesterol esterase activity in rabbit aorta. J Lipid Res. 1977 Mar;18(2):154–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Bridges A. B., Scott N. A., Parry G. J., Belch J. J. Age, sex, cigarette smoking and indices of free radical activity in healthy humans. Eur J Med. 1993 Apr;2(4):205–208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Brinckerhoff C. E., Rutter J. L., Benbow U. Interstitial collagenases as markers of tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Dec;6(12):4823–4830. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Brown M. S., Basu S. K., Falck J. R., Ho Y. K., Goldstein J. L. The scavenger cell pathway for lipoprotein degradation: specificity of the binding site that mediates the uptake of negatively-charged LDL by macrophages. J Supramol Struct. 1980;13(1):67–81. doi: 10.1002/jss.400130107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Brown M. S., Goldstein J. L., Krieger M., Ho Y. K., Anderson R. G. Reversible accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages incubated with acetylated lipoproteins. J Cell Biol. 1979 Sep;82(3):597–613. doi: 10.1083/jcb.82.3.597. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Brown M. S., Goldstein J. L. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Biochem. 1983;52:223–261. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.001255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Brown W. J., Sgoutas D. S. Purification of rat liver lysosomal cholesteryl ester hydrolase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Feb 22;617(2):305–317. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(80)90173-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Brunk U. T., Wihlmark U., Wrigstad A., Roberg K., Nilsson S. E. Accumulation of lipofuscin within retinal pigment epithelial cells results in enhanced sensitivity to photo-oxidation. Gerontology. 1995;41 (Suppl 2):201–212. doi: 10.1159/000213743. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Burns R. P., Feeney-Burns L. Clinico-morphologic correlations of drusen of Bruch's membrane. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1980;78:206–225. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Burnside M. B. Possible roles of microtubules and actin filaments in retinal pigmented epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1976 Aug;23(2):257–275. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(76)90208-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Burrier R. E., Brecher P. Effect of surface composition on triolein hydrolysis in phospholipid vesicles and microemulsions by a purified acid lipase. Biochemistry. 1984 Oct 23;23(22):5366–5371. doi: 10.1021/bi00317a040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Burrier R. E., Brecher P. Hydrolysis of triolein in phospholipid vesicles and microemulsions by a purified rat liver acid lipase. J Biol Chem. 1983 Oct 10;258(19):12043–12050. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Burton B. K., Mueller H. W., Jr Purification and properties of human placental acid lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Jun 23;618(3):449–460. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(80)90263-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. COHN Z. A., WIENER E. THE PARTICULATE HYDROLASES OF MACROPHAGES. II. BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO PARTICLE INGESTION. J Exp Med. 1963 Dec 1;118:1009–1020. doi: 10.1084/jem.118.6.1009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Calder P. C. Immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1998 Apr;31(4):467–490. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998000400002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Cardella C. J., Davies P., Allison A. C. Immune complexes induce selective release of lysosomal hydrolases from macrophages. Nature. 1974 Jan 4;247(5435):46–48. doi: 10.1038/247046a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Chaitin M. H., Hall M. O. Defective ingestion of rod outer segments by cultured dystrophic rat pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1983 Jul;24(7):812–820. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Chaitin M. H., Hall M. O. The distribution of actin in cultured normal and dystrophic rat pigment epithelial cells during the phagocytosis of rod outer segments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1983 Jul;24(7):821–831. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Chan J. K., McDonald B. E., Gerrard J. M., Bruce V. M., Weaver B. J., Holub B. J. Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid and its ratio to linoleic acid on platelet and plasma fatty acids and thrombogenesis. Lipids. 1993 Sep;28(9):811–817. doi: 10.1007/BF02536235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Chen Y., Houghton L. A., Brenna J. T., Noy N. Docosahexaenoic acid modulates the interactions of the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein with 11-cis-retinal. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 23;271(34):20507–20515. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.34.20507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Cho E., Hung S., Willett W. C., Spiegelman D., Rimm E. B., Seddon J. M., Colditz G. A., Hankinson S. E. Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Feb;73(2):209–218. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Christen W. G., Glynn R. J., Manson J. E., Ajani U. A., Buring J. E. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of age-related macular degeneration in men. JAMA. 1996 Oct 9;276(14):1147–1151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Cingle K. A., Kalski R. S., Bruner W. E., O'Brien C. M., Erhard P., Wyszynski R. E. Age-related changes of glycosidases in human retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res. 1996 Apr;15(4):433–438. doi: 10.3109/02713689608995834. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Coffey J. W., Fiedler-Nagy C., Georgiadis A. G., Salvador R. A. Digestion of native collagen, denatured collagen, and collagen fragments by extracts of rat liver lysosomes. J Biol Chem. 1976 Sep 10;251(17):5280–5282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Cohen S. M., Olin K. L., Feuer W. J., Hjelmeland L., Keen C. L., Morse L. S. Low glutathione reductase and peroxidase activity in age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994 Oct;78(10):791–794. doi: 10.1136/bjo.78.10.791. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Crockett R. S., Lawwill T. Oxygen dependence of damage by 435 nm light in cultured retinal epithelium. Curr Eye Res. 1984 Jan;3(1):209–215. doi: 10.3109/02713688408997202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Crouch R. K., Chader G. J., Wiggert B., Pepperberg D. R. Retinoids and the visual process. Photochem Photobiol. 1996 Oct;64(4):613–621. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03114.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Cunha-Vaz J. G., Shakib M., Ashton N. Studies on the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. I. On the existence, development, and site of a blood-retinal barrier. Br J Ophthalmol. 1966 Aug;50(8):441–453. doi: 10.1136/bjo.50.8.441. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Curcio C. A., Millican C. L., Bailey T., Kruth H. S. Accumulation of cholesterol with age in human Bruch's membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Jan;42(1):265–274. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Curcio C. A., Millican C. L. Basal linear deposit and large drusen are specific for early age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999 Mar;117(3):329–339. doi: 10.1001/archopht.117.3.329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Custer N. V., Bok D. Pigment epithelium-photoreceptor interactions in the normal and dystrophic rat retina. Exp Eye Res. 1975 Aug;21(2):153–166. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(75)90079-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Davies P., Allison A. C. The macrophage as a secretory cell in chronic inflammation. Agents Actions. 1976 Feb;6(1-3):60–74. doi: 10.1007/BF01972187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Davis H. R., Bridenstine R. T., Vesselinovitch D., Wissler R. W. Fish oil inhibits development of atherosclerosis in rhesus monkeys. Arteriosclerosis. 1987 Sep-Oct;7(5):441–449. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.7.5.441. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Davis P. J. n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids have different effects on acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase in J774 macrophages. Biochem Cell Biol. 1992 Dec;70(12):1313–1318. doi: 10.1139/o92-178. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Deguchi J., Yamamoto A., Yoshimori T., Sugasawa K., Moriyama Y., Futai M., Suzuki T., Kato K., Uyama M., Tashiro Y. Acidification of phagosomes and degradation of rod outer segments in rat retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 Feb;35(2):568–579. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Dhaliwal B. S., Steinbrecher U. P. Scavenger receptors and oxidized low density lipoproteins. Clin Chim Acta. 1999 Aug;286(1-2):191–205. doi: 10.1016/s0009-8981(99)00101-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Dhaliwal B. S., Steinbrecher U. P. Scavenger receptors and oxidized low density lipoproteins. Clin Chim Acta. 1999 Aug;286(1-2):191–205. doi: 10.1016/s0009-8981(99)00101-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Dingle J. T. The secretion of enzymes into the pericellular environment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1975 Jul 17;271(912):315–324. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1975.0055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Dorey C. K., Delori F. C., Akeo K. Growth of cultured RPE and endothelial cells is inhibited by blue light but not green or red light. Curr Eye Res. 1990 Jun;9(6):549–559. doi: 10.3109/02713689008999595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Dorey C. K., Wu G., Ebenstein D., Garsd A., Weiter J. J. Cell loss in the aging retina. Relationship to lipofuscin accumulation and macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989 Aug;30(8):1691–1699. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Draude G., Hrboticky N., Lorenz R. L. The expression of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX-1) on human vascular smooth muscle cells and monocytes and its down-regulation by lovastatin. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Feb 15;57(4):383–386. doi: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00313-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Eagle R. C., Jr, Lucier A. C., Bernardino V. B., Jr, Yanoff M. Retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities in fundus flavimaculatus: a light and electron microscopic study. Ophthalmology. 1980 Dec;87(12):1189–1200. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(80)35106-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Edwards R. B. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by cultured human retinal pigmented epithelium from normal postmortem donors and a postmortem donor with retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1982 Oct;23(4):435–446. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Edwards R. B. Stimulation of rod outer segment phagocytosis by serum occurs only at the RPE apical surface. Exp Eye Res. 1991 Aug;53(2):229–232. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(91)90078-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Edwards R. B., Szamier R. B. Defective phagocytosis of isolated rod outer segments by RCS rat retinal pigment epithelium in culture. Science. 1977 Sep 2;197(4307):1001–1003. doi: 10.1126/science.560718. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Eeckhout Y., Vaes G. Further studies on the activation of procollagenase, the latent precursor of bone collagenase. Effects of lysosomal cathepsin B, plasmin and kallikrein, and spontaneous activation. Biochem J. 1977 Jul 15;166(1):21–31. doi: 10.1042/bj1660021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Effron J. T., Szamier R. B., Edwards R. B. Selective phagocytosis of liposomes by cultured RCS rat pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981 Oct;21(4):611–616. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Eldred G. E., Lasky M. R. Retinal age pigments generated by self-assembling lysosomotropic detergents. Nature. 1993 Feb 25;361(6414):724–726. doi: 10.1038/361724a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Eldred G. E. Lipofuscin fluorophore inhibits lysosomal protein degradation and may cause early stages of macular degeneration. Gerontology. 1995;41 (Suppl 2):15–28. doi: 10.1159/000213722. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Elner S. G., Elner V. M., Nielsen J. C., Torczynski E., Yu R., Franklin W. A. CD68 antigen expression by human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 1992 Jul;55(1):21–28. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(92)90087-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Elner S. G., Strieter R. M., Elner V. M., Rollins B. J., Del Monte M. A., Kunkel S. L. Monocyte chemotactic protein gene expression by cytokine-treated human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Lab Invest. 1991 Jun;64(6):819–825. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Elner V. M., Schaffner T., Taylor K., Glagov S. Immunophagocytic properties of retinal pigment epithelium cells. Science. 1981 Jan 2;211(4477):74–76. doi: 10.1126/science.7444450. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Emi K., Pederson J. E., Toris C. B. Hydrostatic pressure of the suprachoroidal space. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989 Feb;30(2):233–238. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Endemann G., Stanton L. W., Madden K. S., Bryant C. M., White R. T., Protter A. A. CD36 is a receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jun 5;268(16):11811–11816. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Endres S., Ghorbani R., Kelley V. E., Georgilis K., Lonnemann G., van der Meer J. W., Cannon J. G., Rogers T. S., Klempner M. S., Weber P. C. The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. N Engl J Med. 1989 Feb 2;320(5):265–271. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198902023200501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Ershov A. V., Lukiw W. J., Bazan N. G. Selective transcription factor induction in retinal pigment epithelial cells during photoreceptor phagocytosis. J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 8;271(45):28458–28462. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.45.28458. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Esbach S., Pieters M. N., van der Boom J., Schouten D., van der Heyde M. N., Roholl P. J., Brouwer A., van Berkel T. J., Knook D. L. Visualization of the uptake and processing of oxidized low-density lipoproteins in human and rat liver. Hepatology. 1993 Sep;18(3):537–545. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Feeney-Burns L., Ellersieck M. R. Age-related changes in the ultrastructure of Bruch's membrane. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985 Nov 15;100(5):686–697. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(85)90625-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Feeney-Burns L., Hilderbrand E. S., Eldridge S. Aging human RPE: morphometric analysis of macular, equatorial, and peripheral cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1984 Feb;25(2):195–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Feeney L., Berman E. R. Oxygen toxicity: membrane damage by free radicals. Invest Ophthalmol. 1976 Oct;15(10):789–792. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Feeney L., Berman E. R. Oxygen toxicity: membrane damage by free radicals. Invest Ophthalmol. 1976 Oct;15(10):789–792. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Feeney L. Lipofuscin and melanin of human retinal pigment epithelium. Fluorescence, enzyme cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1978 Jul;17(7):583–600. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Feeney L., Mixon R. N. An in vitro model of phagocytosis in bovine and human retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1976 May;22(5):533–548. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(76)90190-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Feman S. S., Lam K. W. An enzyme histochemical analysis of human subretinal fluid. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978 Jan;96(1):129–131. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910050085022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Feng C., Keisler D. H., Fritsche K. L. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce IFN-gamma receptor expression in mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1999 Jan;19(1):41–48. doi: 10.1089/107999099314405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Fisher M., Levine P. H., Weiner B. H., Johnson M. H., Doyle E. M., Ellis P. A., Hoogasian J. J. Dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces superoxide production and chemiluminescence in a monocyte-enriched preparation of leukocytes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 May;51(5):804–808. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/51.5.804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Frangieh G. T., Green W. R., Fine S. L. A histopathologic study of Best's macular dystrophy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982 Jul;100(7):1115–1121. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1982.01030040093017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Funahashi M., Okisaka S., Kuwabara T. Phagocytosis by the monkey pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1976 Aug;23(2):217–225. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(76)90205-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Garron L. K. The Ultrastructure of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium with Observations on the Choriocapillaris and Bruch's Membrane. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1963;61:545–588. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Goebel H. H., Fix J. D., Zeman W. The fine structure of the retina in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974 Jan;77(1):25–39. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(74)90601-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Goldman A. I., O'Brien P. J., Masterson E., Israel P., Teirstein P., Chader G. A quantitative system for studying phagocytosis in pigment epithelium tissue culture. Exp Eye Res. 1979 Apr;28(4):455–467. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(79)90120-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Goldman A. I., O'Brien P. J. Phagocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium of the RCS rat. Science. 1978 Sep 15;201(4360):1023–1025. doi: 10.1126/science.567376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Goldstein J. L., Ho Y. K., Basu S. K., Brown M. S. Binding site on macrophages that mediates uptake and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein, producing massive cholesterol deposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Jan;76(1):333–337. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.1.333. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Gordon W. C., Bazan N. G. Visualization of [3H]docosahexaenoic acid trafficking through photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium by electron microscopic autoradiography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993 Jul;34(8):2402–2411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Gordon W. C., Rodriguez de Turco E. B., Bazan N. G. Retinal pigment epithelial cells play a central role in the conservation of docosahexaenoic acid by photoreceptor cells after shedding and phagocytosis. Curr Eye Res. 1992 Jan;11(1):73–83. doi: 10.3109/02713689209069169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Gordon W. C., Rodriguez de Turco E. B., Bazan N. G. Retinal pigment epithelial cells play a central role in the conservation of docosahexaenoic acid by photoreceptor cells after shedding and phagocytosis. Curr Eye Res. 1992 Jan;11(1):73–83. doi: 10.3109/02713689209069169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Green W. R., Key S. N., 3rd Senile macular degeneration: a histopathologic study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1977;75:180–254. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Grossniklaus H. E., Green W. R. Histopathologic and ultrastructural findings of surgically excised choroidal neovascularization. Submacular Surgery Trials Research Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998 Jun;116(6):745–749. doi: 10.1001/archopht.116.6.745. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Grossniklaus H. E., Hutchinson A. K., Capone A., Jr, Woolfson J., Lambert H. M. Clinicopathologic features of surgically excised choroidal neovascular membranes. Ophthalmology. 1994 Jun;101(6):1099–1111. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(13)31216-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. HAVEL R. J., EDER H. A., BRAGDON J. H. The distribution and chemical composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins in human serum. J Clin Invest. 1955 Sep;34(9):1345–1353. doi: 10.1172/JCI103182. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. HOLT S. J., WITHERS R. F. Studies in enzyme cytochemistry. V. An appraisal of indigogenic reactions for esterase localization. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1958 Apr 8;148(933):520–532. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1958.0043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Haimovici R., Gantz D. L., Rumelt S., Freddo T. F., Small D. M. The lipid composition of drusen, Bruch's membrane, and sclera by hot stage polarizing light microscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Jun;42(7):1592–1599. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Hall M. O., Abrams T. A. The phagocytosis of ROS by RPE cells is not inhibited by mannose-containing ligands. Exp Eye Res. 1991 Aug;53(2):167–170. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(91)90070-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Hall M. O. Phagocytosis of light- and dark-adapted rod outer segments by cultured pigment epithelium. Science. 1978 Nov 3;202(4367):526–528. doi: 10.1126/science.568310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Harats D., Ben-Naim M., Dabach Y., Hollander G., Havivi E., Stein O., Stein Y. Effect of vitamin C and E supplementation on susceptibility of plasma lipoproteins to peroxidation induced by acute smoking. Atherosclerosis. 1990 Nov;85(1):47–54. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(90)90181-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Harats D., Ben-Naim M., Dabach Y., Hollander G., Stein O., Stein Y. Cigarette smoking renders LDL susceptible to peroxidative modification and enhanced metabolism by macrophages. Atherosclerosis. 1989 Oct;79(2-3):245–252. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(89)90130-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Harats D., Dabach Y., Hollander G., Ben-Naim M., Schwartz R., Berry E. M., Stein O., Stein Y. Fish oil ingestion in smokers and nonsmokers enhances peroxidation of plasma lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis. 1991 Oct;90(2-3):127–139. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(91)90107-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Hardardóttir I., Kinsella J. E. Increasing the dietary (n-3) to (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio increases tumor necrosis factor production by murine resident peritoneal macrophages without an effect on elicited peritoneal macrophages. J Nutr. 1992 Oct;122(10):1942–1951. doi: 10.1093/jn/122.10.1942. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Hass A. J., Davis H. R., Elner V. M., Glagov S. Identification of macrophages in sections of rabbit lung using acetoacetylated lipoproteins. J Histochem Cytochem. 1983 Sep;31(9):1136–1138. doi: 10.1177/31.9.6688438. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Hayasaka S., Hara S., Mizuno K. Partial purification and properties of acid lipase in the bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1977 Oct;25(4):317–324. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(77)90099-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Hayasaka S., Hara S., Takaku Y., Mizuno K. Distribution of acid lipase in the bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1977 Jan;24(1):1–6. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(77)90278-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Hayasaka S. Lysosomal enzymes in ocular tissues and diseases. Surv Ophthalmol. 1983 Jan-Feb;27(4):245–258. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(83)90125-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Hayashi M., Matsumoto A., Hamashima Y., Tsukahara I. Phagocytic activity of cultured retinal pigment epithelium. Uptake of polystyrene spheres and Staphylococcus aureus. Exp Eye Res. 1979 Apr;28(4):427–434. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(79)90117-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Hayashi M., Matsumoto A., Hamashima Y., Tsukahara I. Phagocytic activity of cultured retinal pigment epithelium. Uptake of polystyrene spheres and Staphylococcus aureus. Exp Eye Res. 1979 Apr;28(4):427–434. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(79)90117-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Hayes K. C., Lindsey S., Stephan Z. F., Brecker D. Retinal pigment epithelium possesses both LDL and scavenger receptor activity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989 Feb;30(2):225–232. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Heller J., Jones P. Purification of bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells by dissociation in calcium free buffers and centrifugation in Ficoll density gradients followed by "recovery" in tissue culture. Exp Eye Res. 1980 May;30(5):481–487. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(80)90032-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Henriksen T., Mahoney E. M., Steinberg D. Enhanced macrophage degradation of biologically modified low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis. 1983 Mar-Apr;3(2):149–159. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.3.2.149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Herman K. G., Steinberg R. H. Phagosome movement and the diurnal pattern of phagocytosis in the tapetal retinal pigment epithelium of the opossum. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1982 Sep;23(3):277–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Herman K. G., Steinberg R. H. Phagosome movement and the diurnal pattern of phagocytosis in the tapetal retinal pigment epithelium of the opossum. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1982 Sep;23(3):277–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Hjelmeland L. M., Cristofolo V. J., Funk W., Rakoczy E., Katz M. L. Senescence of the retinal pigment epithelium. Mol Vis. 1999 Nov 3;5:33–33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Hollyfield J. G. Phagocytic capabilities of the pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1976 May;22(5):457–468. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(76)90183-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Holz F. G., Schütt F., Kopitz J., Eldred G. E., Kruse F. E., Völcker H. E., Cantz M. Inhibition of lysosomal degradative functions in RPE cells by a retinoid component of lipofuscin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Mar;40(3):737–743. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Hoppe G., Marmorstein A. D., Pennock E. A., Hoff H. F. Oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced inhibition of processing of photoreceptor outer segments by RPE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Oct;42(11):2714–2720. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Hu F. B., Stampfer M. J., Manson J. E., Rimm E., Colditz G. A., Rosner B. A., Hennekens C. H., Willett W. C. Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1997 Nov 20;337(21):1491–1499. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199711203372102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Hyman L. G., Lilienfeld A. M., Ferris F. L., 3rd, Fine S. L. Senile macular degeneration: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1983 Aug;118(2):213–227. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Hyman L., Schachat A. P., He Q., Leske M. C. Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration. Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk Factors Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000 Mar;118(3):351–358. doi: 10.1001/archopht.118.3.351. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Ikeda T., Obayashi H., Hasegawa G., Nakamura N., Yoshikawa T., Imamura Y., Koizumi K., Kinoshita S. Paraoxonase gene polymorphisms and plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein level as possible risk factors for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 Aug;132(2):191–195. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)00975-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Ikemoto A., Fukuma A., Fujii Y., Okuyama H. Lysosomal enzyme activities are decreased in the retina and their circadian rhythms are different from those in the pineal gland of rats fed an alpha-linolenic acid-restricted diet. J Nutr. 2000 Dec;130(12):3059–3062. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.12.3059. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Ishibashi T., Patterson R., Ohnishi Y., Inomata H., Ryan S. J. Formation of drusen in the human eye. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986 Mar 15;101(3):342–353. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(86)90830-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Jackson C., Nguyen M., Arkell J., Sambrook P. Selective matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis--targetting gelatinase A activation. Inflamm Res. 2001 Apr;50(4):183–186. doi: 10.1007/s000110050743. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Jeyarajah D. R., Kielar M., Penfield J., Lu C. Y. Docosahexaenoic acid, a component of fish oil, inhibits nitric oxide production in vitro. J Surg Res. 1999 May 15;83(2):147–150. doi: 10.1006/jsre.1999.5586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Kaplan A., Teng M. H. Interaction of beef liver lipase with mixed micelles of tripalmitin and Triton X-100. J Lipid Res. 1971 May;12(3):324–330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Katan M. B. Fish and heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1995 Apr 13;332(15):1024–1025. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199504133321509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Kataoka H., Kume N., Miyamoto S., Minami M., Moriwaki H., Murase T., Sawamura T., Masaki T., Hashimoto N., Kita T. Expression of lectinlike oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 in human atherosclerotic lesions. Circulation. 1999 Jun 22;99(24):3110–3117. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.99.24.3110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Katz M. L., Robison W. G., Jr Age-related changes in the retinal pigment epithelium of pigmented rats. Exp Eye Res. 1984 Feb;38(2):137–151. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(84)90098-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Katz M. L., Stone W. L., Dratz E. A. Fluorescent pigment accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium of antioxidant-deficient rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1978 Nov;17(11):1049–1058. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Katz M. L., Stone W. L., Dratz E. A. Fluorescent pigment accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium of antioxidant-deficient rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1978 Nov;17(11):1049–1058. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Kean E. L., Hara S., Mizoguchi A., Matsumoto A., Kobata A. The enzymatic cleavage of rhodopsin by the retinal pigment epithelium. II. The carbohydrate composition of the glycopeptide cleavage product. Exp Eye Res. 1983 Jun;36(6):817–825. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(83)90035-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Khair-el-Din T. A., Sicher S. C., Vazquez M. A., Wright W. J., Lu C. Y. Docosahexaenoic acid, a major constituent of fetal serum and fish oil diets, inhibits IFN gamma-induced Ia-expression by murine macrophages in vitro. J Immunol. 1995 Feb 1;154(3):1296–1306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Killingsworth M. C. Age-related components of Bruch's membrane in the human eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1987;225(6):406–412. doi: 10.1007/BF02334166. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Kim D. N., Eastman A., Baker J. E., Mastrangelo A., Sethi S., Ross J. S., Schmee J., Thomas W. A. Fish oil, atherogenesis, and thrombogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995 Jan 17;748:474–481. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb17343.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Kinsella J. E., Lokesh B., Stone R. A. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Jul;52(1):1–28. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/52.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Klein R., Klein B. E., Franke T. The relationship of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors to age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1993 Mar;100(3):406–414. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(93)31634-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Klyne M. A., Ali M. A. Microtubules and 10 nm-filaments in the retinal pigment epithelium during the diurnal light-dark-cycle. Cell Tissue Res. 1981;214(2):397–405. doi: 10.1007/BF00249220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Kolb H., Gouras P. Electron microscopic observations of human retinitis pigmentosa, dominantly inherited. Invest Ophthalmol. 1974 Jul;13(7):487–498. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Koutz C. A., Wiegand R. D., Rapp L. M., Anderson R. E. Effect of dietary fat on the response of the rat retina to chronic and acute light stress. Exp Eye Res. 1995 Mar;60(3):307–316. doi: 10.1016/s0014-4835(05)80112-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Kromhout D., Bosschieter E. B., de Lezenne Coulander C. The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1985 May 9;312(19):1205–1209. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198505093121901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. LaVail M. M. Outer segment disc shedding and phagocytosis in the outer retina. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1983;103(Pt 4):397–404. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. LaVail M. M. Rod outer segment disk shedding in rat retina: relationship to cyclic lighting. Science. 1976 Dec 3;194(4269):1071–1074. doi: 10.1126/science.982063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Labarca C., Paigen K. A simple, rapid, and sensitive DNA assay procedure. Anal Biochem. 1980 Mar 1;102(2):344–352. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90165-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Lai Y. L., Tsin A. T., Lam K. W., Garcia J. J. Distribution of retinoids in different compartments of the posterior segment of the rabbit eye. Brain Res Bull. 1985 Aug;15(2):143–147. doi: 10.1016/0361-9230(85)90130-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Lake N., Marshall J., Voaden M. J. Studies on the uptake of taurine by the isolated neural retina and pigment epithelium of the frog. Biochem Soc Trans. 1975;3(4):524–525. doi: 10.1042/bst0030524. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Lee J., Jiao X., Gentleman S., Wetzel M. G., O'Brien P., Chader G. J. Soluble-binding proteins for docosahexaenoic acid are present in neural retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 Sep;36(10):2032–2039. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Levin P. S., Green W. R., Victor D. I., MacLean A. L. Histopathology of the eye in Cockayne's syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983 Jul;101(7):1093–1097. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020095016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Levine D. W., Wong J. S., Wang D. I., Thilly W. G. Microcarrier cell culture: new methods for research-scale application. Somatic Cell Genet. 1977 Mar;3(2):149–155. doi: 10.1007/BF01551811. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Li J., Wetzel M. G., O'Brien P. J. Transport of n-3 fatty acids from the intestine to the retina in rats. J Lipid Res. 1992 Apr;33(4):539–548. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Li Z. Y., Tso M. O., Wang H. M., Organisciak D. T. Amelioration of photic injury in rat retina by ascorbic acid: a histopathologic study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985 Nov;26(11):1589–1598. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Liou G. I., Bridges C. D., Fong S. L., Alvarez R. A., Gonzalez-Fernandez F. Vitamin A transport between retina and pigment epithelium--an interstitial protein carrying endogenous retinol (interstitial retinol-binding protein). Vision Res. 1982;22(12):1457–1467. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(82)90210-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Lo C. J., Chiu K. C., Fu M., Chu A., Helton S. Fish oil modulates macrophage P44/P42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity induced by lipopolysaccharide. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2000 May-Jun;24(3):159–163. doi: 10.1177/0148607100024003159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Lougheed M., Lum C. M., Ling W., Suzuki H., Kodama T., Steinbrecher U. High affinity saturable uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein by macrophages from mice lacking the scavenger receptor class A type I/II. J Biol Chem. 1997 May 16;272(20):12938–12944. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.20.12938. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Lu C. Y., Penfield J. G., Khair-el-Din T. A., Sicher S. C., Kielar M. L., Vazquez M. A., Che L. Docosahexaenoic acid, a constituent of fetal and neonatal serum, inhibits nitric oxide production by murine macrophages stimulated by IFN gamma plus LPS, or by IFN gamma plus Listeria monocytogenes. J Reprod Immunol. 1998 Apr;38(1):31–53. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0378(98)00005-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Luckenbach M. W., Green W. R., Miller N. R., Moser H. W., Clark A. W., Tennekoon G. Ocular clinicopathologic correlation of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome with acanthocytosis and pigmentary retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983 Mar;95(3):369–382. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)78308-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Mares-Perlman J. A., Brady W. E., Klein R., Klein B. E., Bowen P., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M., Palta M. Serum antioxidants and age-related macular degeneration in a population-based case-control study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995 Dec;113(12):1518–1523. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1995.01100120048007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Marmor M. F. Structure and function of the retinal pigment epithelium. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1975 Spring;15(1):115–130. doi: 10.1097/00004397-197501510-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Maruyama K., Okazaki I., Kashiwazaki K., Funatsu K., Oda M., Kamegaya K., Tsuchiya M. Different appearance of hepatic collagenase and lysosomal enzymes in recovery of experimental hepatic fibrosis. Biochem Exp Biol. 1978;14(3):191–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Masterson E., Chader G. J. Characterization of glucose transport by cultured chick pigmented epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1981 Mar;32(3):279–289. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(81)90033-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Masterson E., Chader G. J. Pigment epithelial cells in culture. Metabolic pathways required for phagocytosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981 Jan;20(1):1–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Masterson E., Goldman A. I., Chader G. J. Phagocytosis of rod outer segments by cultured epithelial cells. Vision Res. 1981;21(1):143–145. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(81)90148-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Mata J. R., Mata N. L., Tsin A. T. Substrate specificity of retinyl ester hydrolase activity in retinal pigment epithelium. J Lipid Res. 1998 Mar;39(3):604–612. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Mayerson P. L., Hall M. O. Rat retinal pigment epithelial cells show specificity of phagocytosis in vitro. J Cell Biol. 1986 Jul;103(1):299–308. doi: 10.1083/jcb.103.1.299. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. McLaughlin B. J., Tarnowski B. I., Shepherd V. L. Identification of mannose 6-phosphate and mannose receptors in dystrophic and normal retinal pigment epithelium. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;247:243–257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Merril C. R., Goldman D., Sedman S. A., Ebert M. H. Ultrasensitive stain for proteins in polyacrylamide gels shows regional variation in cerebrospinal fluid proteins. Science. 1981 Mar 27;211(4489):1437–1438. doi: 10.1126/science.6162199. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Meydani S. N., Endres S., Woods M. M., Goldin B. R., Soo C., Morrill-Labrode A., Dinarello C. A., Gorbach S. L. Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: comparison between young and older women. J Nutr. 1991 Apr;121(4):547–555. doi: 10.1093/jn/121.4.547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Miceli M. V., Liles M. R., Newsome D. A. Evaluation of oxidative processes in human pigment epithelial cells associated with retinal outer segment phagocytosis. Exp Cell Res. 1994 Sep;214(1):242–249. doi: 10.1006/excr.1994.1254. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Miles E. A., Wallace F. A., Calder P. C. Dietary fish oil reduces intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and scavenger receptor expression on murine macrophages. Atherosclerosis. 2000 Sep;152(1):43–50. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00446-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Miller F. S., 3rd, Bunt-Milam A. H., Kalina R. E. Clinical-ultrastructural study of thioridazine retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1982 Dec;89(12):1478–1488. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(82)34613-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Miller S. S., Steinberg R. H., Oakley B., 2nd The electrogenic sodium pump of the frog retinal pigment epithelium. J Membr Biol. 1978 Dec 29;44(3-4):259–279. doi: 10.1007/BF01944224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Miller S., Steinberg R. H. Transport of taurine, L-methionine and 3-o-methyl-D-glucose across frog retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1976 Aug;23(2):177–189. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(76)90201-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Morrow J. D., Frei B., Longmire A. W., Gaziano J. M., Lynch S. M., Shyr Y., Strauss W. E., Oates J. A., Roberts L. J., 2nd Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) in smokers. Smoking as a cause of oxidative damage. N Engl J Med. 1995 May 4;332(18):1198–1203. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199505043321804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Mosquera J., Rodríguez-Iturbe B., Parra G. Fish oil dietary supplementation reduces Ia expression in rat and mouse peritoneal macrophages. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1990 Jul;56(1):124–129. doi: 10.1016/0090-1229(90)90176-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Mullen R. J., LaVail M. M. Inherited retinal dystrophy: primary defect in pigment epithelium determined with experimental rat chimeras. Science. 1976 May 21;192(4241):799–801. doi: 10.1126/science.1265483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Mullins R. F., Russell S. R., Anderson D. H., Hageman G. S. Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease. FASEB J. 2000 May;14(7):835–846. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Nagelkerke J. F., Havekes L., van Hinsbergh V. W., van Berkel T. J. In vivo and in vitro catabolism of native and biologically modified LDL. FEBS Lett. 1984 Jun 4;171(1):149–153. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)80477-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Nenseter M. S., Rustan A. C., Lund-Katz S., Søyland E., Maelandsmo G., Phillips M. C., Drevon C. A. Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on physical properties and metabolism of low density lipoprotein in humans. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992 Mar;12(3):369–379. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.12.3.369. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Neuringer M., Connor W. E., Lin D. S., Barstad L., Luck S. Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal omega 3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jun;83(11):4021–4025. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.11.4021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Neuringer M., Connor W. E., Van Petten C., Barstad L. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and visual loss in infant rhesus monkeys. J Clin Invest. 1984 Jan;73(1):272–276. doi: 10.1172/JCI111202. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Nguyen-Legros J. Fine structure of the pigment epithelium in the vertebrate retina. Int Rev Cytol Suppl. 1978;(7):287–328. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Ohata T., Fukuda K., Takahashi M., Sugimura T., Wakabayashi K. Suppression of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage cells by omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1997 Mar;88(3):234–237. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1997.tb00372.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Oliver P. D., Newsome D. A. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in mature and developing human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 May;33(6):1909–1918. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Owaribe K., Masuda H. Isolation and characterization of circumferential microfilament bundles from retinal pigmented epithelial cells. J Cell Biol. 1982 Oct;95(1):310–315. doi: 10.1083/jcb.95.1.310. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Parthasarathy S., Steinbrecher U. P., Barnett J., Witztum J. L., Steinberg D. Essential role of phospholipase A2 activity in endothelial cell-induced modification of low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(9):3000–3004. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.9.3000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. Philippart M., Durand P., Borrone C. Neutral lipid storage with acid lipase deficiency: a new variant of Wolman's disease with features of the Senior syndrome. Pediatr Res. 1982 Nov;16(11):954–959. doi: 10.1203/00006450-198211000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Pitas R. E., Innerarity T. L., Weinstein J. N., Mahley R. W. Acetoacetylated lipoproteins used to distinguish fibroblasts from macrophages in vitro by fluorescence microscopy. Arteriosclerosis. 1981 May-Jun;1(3):177–185. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.1.3.177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Pittman R. C., Khoo J. C., Steinberg D. Cholesterol esterase in rat adipose tissue and its activation by cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 1975 Jun 25;250(12):4505–4511. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Plantner J. J., Kean E. L. Carbohydrate composition of bovine rhodopsin. J Biol Chem. 1976 Mar 25;251(6):1548–1552. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Porciatti V., Bagnoli P., Lanfranchi A., Bedini C. Interaction between photoreceptors and pigment epithelium in developing pigeon retina: an electrophysiological and ultrastructural study. Doc Ophthalmol. 1985 Oct 15;60(4):413–419. doi: 10.1007/BF00158932. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Quinn M. T., Parthasarathy S., Fong L. G., Steinberg D. Oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins: a potential role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/macrophages during atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(9):2995–2998. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.9.2995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Rakoczy P. E., Lai C. M., Baines M., Di Grandi S., Fitton J. H., Constable I. J. Modulation of cathepsin D activity in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem J. 1997 Jun 15;324(Pt 3):935–940. doi: 10.1042/bj3240935. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Rakoczy P. E., Mann K., Cavaney D. M., Robertson T., Papadimitreou J., Constable I. J. Detection and possible functions of a cysteine protease involved in digestion of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 Nov;35(12):4100–4108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Rakoczy P. E., Sarks S. H., Daw N., Constable I. J. Distribution of cathepsin D in human eyes with or without age-related maculopathy. Exp Eye Res. 1999 Oct;69(4):367–374. doi: 10.1006/exer.1999.0700. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Ramírez-Tortosa C., López-Pedrosa J. M., Suarez A., Ros E., Mataix J., Gil A. Olive oil- and fish oil-enriched diets modify plasma lipids and susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in free-living male patients with peripheral vascular disease: the Spanish Nutrition Study. Br J Nutr. 1999 Jul;82(1):31–39. doi: 10.1017/s0007114599001099. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Rando R. R. Molecular mechanisms in visual pigment regeneration. Photochem Photobiol. 1992 Dec;56(6):1145–1156. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb09739.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Regan C. M., de Grip W. J., Daemen F. J., Bonting S. L. Degradation of rhodopsin by a lysosomal fraction of retinal pigment epithelium: biochemical aspects of the visual process. XLI. Exp Eye Res. 1980 Feb;30(2):183–191. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(80)90112-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. Reid D. M., Laird D. W., Molday R. S. Characterization and application of an in vitro detection system for studying the binding and phagocytosis of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 1992 May;54(5):775–783. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(92)90033-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Remé C. E. Autography in visual cells and pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1977 Sep;16(9):807–814. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Ren Y., Silverstein R. L., Allen J., Savill J. CD36 gene transfer confers capacity for phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis. J Exp Med. 1995 May 1;181(5):1857–1862. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.5.1857. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Renier G., Skamene E., DeSanctis J., Radzioch D. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Modulation of macrophage secretory activities. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993 Oct;13(10):1515–1524. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.13.10.1515. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Robinson D. R., Prickett J. D., Makoul G. T., Steinberg A. D., Colvin R. B. Dietary fish oil reduces progression of established renal disease in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice and delays renal disease in BXSB and MRL/1 strains. Arthritis Rheum. 1986 Apr;29(4):539–546. doi: 10.1002/art.1780290412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Robison W. G., Jr, Kuwabara T., Bieri J. G. Vitamin E deficiency and the retina: photoreceptor and pigment epithelial changes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1979 Jul;18(7):683–690. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. Robison W. G., Jr, Kuwabara T. Vitamin A storage and peroxisomes in retinal pigment epithelium and liver. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1977 Dec;16(12):1110–1117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Robison W. G., Jr, Kuwabara T. Vitamin A storage and peroxisomes in retinal pigment epithelium and liver. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1977 Dec;16(12):1110–1117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Rodriguez de Turco E. B., Parkins N., Ershov A. V., Bazan N. G. Selective retinal pigment epithelial cell lipid metabolism and remodeling conserves photoreceptor docosahexaenoic acid following phagocytosis. J Neurosci Res. 1999 Aug 15;57(4):479–486. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Rothman H., Feeney L., Berman E. R. The retinal pigment epithelium. Analytical subcellular fractionation with special reference to acid lipase. Exp Eye Res. 1976 May;22(5):519–532. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(76)90189-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Ryeom S. W., Silverstein R. L., Scotto A., Sparrow J. R. Binding of anionic phospholipids to retinal pigment epithelium may be mediated by the scavenger receptor CD36. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 23;271(34):20536–20539. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.34.20536. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. Ryeom S. W., Sparrow J. R., Silverstein R. L. CD36 participates in the phagocytosis of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelium. J Cell Sci. 1996 Feb;109(Pt 2):387–395. doi: 10.1242/jcs.109.2.387. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Rózanowska M., Wessels J., Boulton M., Burke J. M., Rodgers M. A., Truscott T. G., Sarna T. Blue light-induced singlet oxygen generation by retinal lipofuscin in non-polar media. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 May;24(7-8):1107–1112. doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(97)00395-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. SPENCER W. H. MACULAR DISEASES: PATHOGENESIS. LIGHT MICROSCOPY. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1965 Jul-Aug;69:662–667. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. Saari J. C., Bredberg D. L., Noy N. Control of substrate flow at a branch in the visual cycle. Biochemistry. 1994 Mar 15;33(10):3106–3112. doi: 10.1021/bi00176a045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Sambrano G. R., Parthasarathy S., Steinberg D. Recognition of oxidatively damaged erythrocytes by a macrophage receptor with specificity for oxidized low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Apr 12;91(8):3265–3269. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.8.3265. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. Samuelsson B., Goldyne M., Granström E., Hamberg M., Hammarström S., Malmsten C. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Annu Rev Biochem. 1978;47:997–1029. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.47.070178.005025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  242. Sanders T. A., Sullivan D. R., Reeve J., Thompson G. R. Triglyceride-lowering effect of marine polyunsaturates in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Arteriosclerosis. 1985 Sep-Oct;5(5):459–465. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.5.5.459. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Sanderson P., Calder P. C. Dietary fish oil diminishes lymphocyte adhesion to macrophage and endothelial cell monolayers. Immunology. 1998 May;94(1):79–87. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00474.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Sarks S. H. Ageing and degeneration in the macular region: a clinico-pathological study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1976 May;60(5):324–341. doi: 10.1136/bjo.60.5.324. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. Sarna T. Properties and function of the ocular melanin--a photobiophysical view. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1992 Feb 28;12(3):215–258. doi: 10.1016/1011-1344(92)85027-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Savill J., Dransfield I., Hogg N., Haslett C. Vitronectin receptor-mediated phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis. Nature. 1990 Jan 11;343(6254):170–173. doi: 10.1038/343170a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Savill J., Hogg N., Ren Y., Haslett C. Thrombospondin cooperates with CD36 and the vitronectin receptor in macrophage recognition of neutrophils undergoing apoptosis. J Clin Invest. 1992 Oct;90(4):1513–1522. doi: 10.1172/JCI116019. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Schaffner T., Elner V. M., Bauer M., Wissler R. W. Acid lipase: a histochemical and biochemical study using triton X100-naphtyl palmitate micelles. J Histochem Cytochem. 1978 Sep;26(9):696–712. doi: 10.1177/26.9.30799. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Schorlemmer H. U., Davies P., Allison A. C. Ability of activated complement components to induce lysosomal enzyme release from macrophages. Nature. 1976 May 6;261(5555):48–49. doi: 10.1038/261048a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  250. Schütt F., Davies S., Kopitz J., Holz F. G., Boulton M. E. Photodamage to human RPE cells by A2-E, a retinoid component of lipofuscin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Jul;41(8):2303–2308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. Scott B. L., Bazan N. G. Membrane docosahexaenoate is supplied to the developing brain and retina by the liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(8):2903–2907. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.8.2903. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Seddon J. M., Rosner B., Sperduto R. D., Yannuzzi L., Haller J. A., Blair N. P., Willett W. Dietary fat and risk for advanced age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Aug;119(8):1191–1199. doi: 10.1001/archopht.119.8.1191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  253. Seddon J. M., Willett W. C., Speizer F. E., Hankinson S. E. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration in women. JAMA. 1996 Oct 9;276(14):1141–1146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Seyfried-Williams R., McLaughlin B. J. Acid phosphatase localization in normal and dystrophic retinal pigment epithelium. J Neurocytol. 1984 Apr;13(2):201–214. doi: 10.1007/BF01148115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Seyfried-Williams R., McLaughlin B. J., Cooper N. G. Phagocytosis of lectin-coated beads by dystrophic and normal retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Cell Res. 1984 Oct;154(2):500–509. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(84)90174-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Seyfried-Williams R., McLaughlin B. J. The use of sugar-coated beads to study phagocytosis in normal and dystrophic retina. Vision Res. 1983;23(5):485–494. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(83)90123-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. Shamsi F. A., Boulton M. Inhibition of RPE lysosomal and antioxidant activity by the age pigment lipofuscin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Nov;42(12):3041–3046. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  258. Shepherd V. L., Tarnowski B. I., McLaughlin B. J. Isolation and characterization of a mannose receptor from human pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 May;32(6):1779–1784. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Shichiri G., Kinoshita M., Saeki Y. Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and acetylated low density lipoprotein uptake in J774A.1 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Jun;303(2):231–237. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. Siakotos A. N., Aguirre G., Schuster L. Two methods for the rapid purification of the retinal pigment epithelium: adsorption and filtration. Exp Eye Res. 1978 Jan;26(1):13–23. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(78)90148-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Siakotos A. N., Armstrong D., Koppang N., Connole E. Studies on the retina and the pigment epithelium in hereditary canine ceroid lipofuscinosis. II. The subcellular distribution of lysosomal hydrolases and other enzymes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1978 Jul;17(7):618–633. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. Smith W., Mitchell P., Leeder S. R. Dietary fat and fish intake and age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000 Mar;118(3):401–404. doi: 10.1001/archopht.118.3.401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Snodderly D. M. Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Dec;62(6 Suppl):1448S–1461S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/62.6.1448S. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Sobenin I. A., Tertov V. V., Koschinsky T., Bünting C. E., Slavina E. S., Dedov I. I., Orekhov A. N. Modified low density lipoprotein from diabetic patients causes cholesterol accumulation in human intimal aortic cells. Atherosclerosis. 1993 Apr;100(1):41–54. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(93)90066-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Soltys P. A., Mazzone T., Wissler R. W., Vahed S., Rangnekar V., Lukens J., Vesselinovitch D., Getz G. S. Effects of feeding fish oil on the properties of lipoproteins isolated from rhesus monkeys consuming an atherogenic diet. Atherosclerosis. 1989 Apr;76(2-3):103–115. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(89)90093-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. Somers S. D., Chapkin R. S., Erickson K. L. Alteration of in vitro murine peritoneal macrophage function by dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in menhaden fish oil. Cell Immunol. 1989 Oct 1;123(1):201–211. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(89)90280-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. Sparrow J. R., Cai B. Blue light-induced apoptosis of A2E-containing RPE: involvement of caspase-3 and protection by Bcl-2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 May;42(6):1356–1362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. Sparrow J. R., Nakanishi K., Parish C. A. The lipofuscin fluorophore A2E mediates blue light-induced damage to retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Jun;41(7):1981–1989. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Stahmann M. A., Spencer A. K. Deamination of protein lysyl epsilon-amino groups by peroxidase in vitro. Biopolymers. 1977 Jun;16(6):1299–1306. doi: 10.1002/bip.1977.360160610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  270. Stein O., Stein Y. Bovine aortic endothelial cells display macrophage-like properties towards acetylated 125I-labelled low density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Dec 5;620(3):631–635. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(80)90155-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  271. Steinberg R. H. Phagocytosis by pigment epithelium of human retinal cones. Nature. 1974 Nov 22;252(5481):305–307. doi: 10.1038/252305a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Steinbrecher U. P., Parthasarathy S., Leake D. S., Witztum J. L., Steinberg D. Modification of low density lipoprotein by endothelial cells involves lipid peroxidation and degradation of low density lipoprotein phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jun;81(12):3883–3887. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.12.3883. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  273. Stossel T. P., Mason R. J., Smith A. L. Lipid peroxidation by human blood phagocytes. J Clin Invest. 1974 Sep;54(3):638–645. doi: 10.1172/JCI107801. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Su H. M., Huang M. C., Saad N. M., Nathanielsz P. W., Brenna J. T. Fetal baboons convert 18:3n-3 to 22:6n-3 in vivo. A stable isotope tracer study. J Lipid Res. 2001 Apr;42(4):581–586. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Suzukawa M., Abbey M., Clifton P., Nestel P. J. Enhanced capacity of n-3 fatty acid-enriched macrophages to oxidize low density lipoprotein mechanisms and effects of antioxidant vitamins. Atherosclerosis. 1996 Aug 2;124(2):157–169. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(96)05818-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Suzukawa M., Abbey M., Howe P. R., Nestel P. J. Effects of fish oil fatty acids on low density lipoprotein size, oxidizability, and uptake by macrophages. J Lipid Res. 1995 Mar;36(3):473–484. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  277. Swartz J. G., Mitchell J. E. Phospholipase activity of retina and pigment epithelium. Biochemistry. 1973 Dec 18;12(26):5273–5278. doi: 10.1021/bi00750a008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  278. Szamier R. B., Berson E. L., Klein R., Meyers S. Sex-linked retinitis pigmentosa: ultrastructure of photoreceptors and pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1979 Feb;18(2):145–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  279. Tappia P. S., Ladha S., Clark D. C., Grimble R. F. The influence of membrane fluidity, TNF receptor binding, cAMP production and GTPase activity on macrophage cytokine production in rats fed a variety of fat diets. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997 Jan;166(1-2):135–143. doi: 10.1023/a:1006875010120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  280. Taylor H. R., West S., Muñoz B., Rosenthal F. S., Bressler S. B., Bressler N. M. The long-term effects of visible light on the eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992 Jan;110(1):99–104. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1992.01080130101035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  281. Teng M. H., Kaplan A. Purification and properties of rat liver lysosomal lipase. J Biol Chem. 1974 Feb 25;249(4):1064–1070. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. Toussaint D., Danis P. An ocular pathologic study of Refsum's syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971 Aug;72(2):342–347. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(71)91303-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  283. Trachtenberg M. C., Packey D. J. Retinal carbonic anhydrase: a comparative study. Curr Eye Res. 1984 Apr;3(4):599–604. doi: 10.3109/02713688409003060. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  284. Tripathi B. J., Tripathi R. C. Effect of arachidonic acid on normal and dystrophic retinal pigment epithelium in tissue culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981 Apr;20(4):553–557. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  285. Tso M. O. Retinal photic injury in normal and scorbutic monkeys. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1987;85:498–556. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. Turksen K., Aubin J. E., Sodek J., Kalnins V. I. Localization of laminin, type IV collagen, fibronectin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan in chick retinal pigment epithelium basement membrane during embryonic development. J Histochem Cytochem. 1985 Jul;33(7):665–671. doi: 10.1177/33.7.3159787. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Uauy R. D., Birch D. G., Birch E. E., Tyson J. E., Hoffman D. R. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on retinal function of very-low-birth-weight neonates. Pediatr Res. 1990 Nov;28(5):485–492. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199011000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  288. Unanue E. R. Secretory function of mononuclear phagocytes: a review. Am J Pathol. 1976 May;83(2):396–418. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  289. Verdugo M. E., Ray J. Age-related increase in activity of specific lysosomal enzymes in the human retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1997 Aug;65(2):231–240. doi: 10.1006/exer.1997.0325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. Vesselinovitch D., Getz G. S., Hughes R. H., Wissler R. W. Atherosclerosis in the rhesus monkey fed three food fats. Atherosclerosis. 1974 Sep-Oct;20(2):303–321. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(74)90015-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. Vesselinovitch D., Wissler R. W., Schaffner T. J., Borensztajn J. The effect of various diets on atherogenesis in rhesus monkeys. Atherosclerosis. 1980 Feb;35(2):189–207. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(80)90084-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. Vesterberg O. Isoelectric focusing of proteins in polyacrylamide gels. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1972 Jan 26;257(1):11–19. doi: 10.1016/0005-2795(72)90248-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. Wallace F. A., Miles E. A., Calder P. C. Activation state alters the effect of dietary fatty acids on pro-inflammatory mediator production by murine macrophages. Cytokine. 2000 Sep;12(9):1374–1379. doi: 10.1006/cyto.2000.0735. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  294. Wang N., Anderson R. E. Synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid by retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Biochemistry. 1993 Dec 14;32(49):13703–13709. doi: 10.1021/bi00212a040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  295. Warner T. G., Dambach L. M., Shin J. H., O'Brien J. S. Purification of the lysosomal acid lipase from human liver and its role in lysosomal lipid hydrolysis. J Biol Chem. 1981 Mar 25;256(6):2952–2957. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  296. Weinberg R. B., VanderWerken B. S., Anderson R. A., Stegner J. E., Thomas M. J. Pro-oxidant effect of vitamin E in cigarette smokers consuming a high polyunsaturated fat diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Jun;21(6):1029–1033. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.21.6.1029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  297. Weingeist T. A., Kobrin J. L., Watzke R. C. Histopathology of Best's macular dystrophy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982 Jul;100(7):1108–1114. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1982.01030040086016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  298. Weissmann G., Dukor P., Zurier R. B. Effect of cyclic AMP on release of lysosomal enzymes from phagocytes. Nat New Biol. 1971 Jun 2;231(22):131–135. doi: 10.1038/newbio231131a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Wiggert B., Derr J. E., Israel P., Chader G. J. Cytosol binding of retinyl palmitate and palmitic acid in pigment epithelium and retina. Exp Eye Res. 1981 Feb;32(2):187–196. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(81)90007-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Wihlmark U., Wrigstad A., Roberg K., Nilsson S. E., Brunk U. T. Lipofuscin accumulation in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells causes enhanced sensitivity to blue light irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(7):1229–1234. doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00555-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  301. Wilcox D. K. Extracellular release of acid hydrolases from cultured retinal pigmented epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987 Jan;28(1):76–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  302. Wu G. S., Rao N. A. Activation of NADPH oxidase by docosahexaenoic acid hydroperoxide and its inhibition by a novel retinal pigment epithelial protein. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Apr;40(5):831–839. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  303. Wu W. M., Chiang B. L., Chang S. C., Lin B. F. Late feeding of dietary fish oil alleviates disease severity and affects macrophage function in autoimmune NZB/W F1 mice. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2000 Jun;33(2):79–86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  304. Wyszynski R. E., Bruner W. E., Cano D. B., Morgan K. M., Davis C. B., Sternberg P. A donor-age-dependent change in the activity of alpha-mannosidase in human cultured RPE cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989 Nov;30(11):2341–2347. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  305. Yamamoto N., Saitoh M., Moriuchi A., Nomura M., Okuyama H. Effect of dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance on brain lipid compositions and learning ability of rats. J Lipid Res. 1987 Feb;28(2):144–151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  306. Yaqoob P., Calder P. Effects of dietary lipid manipulation upon inflammatory mediator production by murine macrophages. Cell Immunol. 1995 Jun;163(1):120–128. doi: 10.1006/cimm.1995.1106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Yoshida A., Elner S. G., Bian Z. M., Kunkel S. L., Lukacs N. W., Elner V. M. Differential chemokine regulation by Th2 cytokines during human RPE-monocyte coculture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Jun;42(7):1631–1638. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  308. Young R. W., Bok D. Participation of the retinal pigment epithelium in the rod outer segment renewal process. J Cell Biol. 1969 Aug;42(2):392–403. doi: 10.1083/jcb.42.2.392. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  309. Young R. W. The daily rhythm of shedding and degradation of rod and cone outer segment membranes in the chick retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1978 Feb;17(2):105–116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  310. Yue B. Y., Kawa J. E., Chang I. L., Sawaguchi S., Fishman G. A. Effects of chondroitin sulfate on cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell Biol Int Rep. 1991 May;15(5):365–376. doi: 10.1016/0309-1651(91)90125-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  311. Zimmerman W. F., Godchaux W., 3rd, Belkin M. The relative proportions of lysosomal enzyme activities in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1983 Jan;36(1):151–158. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(83)90098-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  312. Zimmerman W. F., Godchaux W., 3rd, Belkin M. The relative proportions of lysosomal enzyme activities in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1983 Jan;36(1):151–158. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(83)90098-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  313. Zimmerman W. F. Subcellular distribution of 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase activity in bovine pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1976 Aug;23(2):159–164. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(76)90199-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  314. el-Hifnawi el-S, Lincoln D. T., Dashti H. Effects of vitamin E on the retina and retinal pigment epithelium of IRCS rats. Nutrition. 1995 Sep-Oct;11(5 Suppl):576–581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  315. el-Hifnawi el-S, Lincoln D. T., Dashti H. Nutritionally induced retinal degeneration in rats. Nutrition. 1995 Sep-Oct;11(5 Suppl):705–707. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  316. van der Kooij M. A., von der Mark E. M., Kruijt J. K., van Velzen A., van Berkel T. J., Morand O. H. Human monocyte-derived macrophages express an approximately 120-kD Ox-LDL binding protein with strong identity to CD68. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Nov;17(11):3107–3116. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.17.11.3107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  317. van der Schaft T. L., Mooy C. M., de Bruijn W. C., Oron F. G., Mulder P. G., de Jong P. T. Histologic features of the early stages of age-related macular degeneration. A statistical analysis. Ophthalmology. 1992 Feb;99(2):278–286. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31982-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  318. van der Schaft T. L., Mooy C. M., de Bruijn W. C., de Jong P. T. Early stages of age-related macular degeneration: an immunofluorescence and electron microscopy study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993 Oct;77(10):657–661. doi: 10.1136/bjo.77.10.657. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  319. van der Schaft T. L., de Bruijn W. C., Mooy C. M., Ketelaars D. A., de Jong P. T. Is basal laminar deposit unique for age-related macular degeneration? Arch Ophthalmol. 1991 Mar;109(3):420–425. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1991.01080030122052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society are provided here courtesy of American Ophthalmological Society

RESOURCES