Pulsed-field ablation for atrial fibrillation with an extended protocol: the extended PFA dose study

Corinne Isenegger; Alexander Breitenstein; Niklas Stauffer; Pascal Koepfli; David Siemer; Fabian Jordan; Sven Knecht; Philipp Krisai; Gian Völlmin; Leon Scharf; Jeanne du Fay de Lavallaz; Behnam Subin; Reto Stump; David Spreen; Felix Mahfoud; Christian Sticherling; Michael Kühne; Patrick Badertscher

doi:10.1093/europace/euag253

. 2026 Sep 3;28(9):euag253. doi: 10.1093/europace/euag253

Pulsed-field ablation for atrial fibrillation with an extended protocol: the extended PFA dose study

Corinne Isenegger ^1,², Alexander Breitenstein ^3,⁴, Niklas Stauffer ⁵, Pascal Koepfli ⁶, David Siemer ⁷, Fabian Jordan ^8,⁹, Sven Knecht ^10,¹¹, Philipp Krisai ^12,¹³, Gian Völlmin ^14,¹⁵, Leon Scharf ^16,¹⁷, Jeanne du Fay de Lavallaz ^18,¹⁹, Behnam Subin ^20,²¹, Reto Stump ^22,²³, David Spreen ^24,²⁵, Felix Mahfoud ^26,²⁷, Christian Sticherling ^28,²⁹, Michael Kühne ^30,^31,^#, Patrick Badertscher ^32,^33,^✉,^3,^#

¹ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

² Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

³ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

⁴ Department of Cardiology, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden, Switzerland

⁵ Department of Cardiology, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden, Switzerland

⁶ Department of Cardiology, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden, Switzerland

⁷ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

⁸ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

⁹ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

¹⁰ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

¹¹ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

¹² Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

¹³ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

¹⁴ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

¹⁵ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

¹⁶ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

¹⁷ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

¹⁸ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

¹⁹ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

²⁰ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

²¹ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

²² Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

²³ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

²⁴ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

²⁵ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

²⁶ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

²⁷ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

²⁸ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

²⁹ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

³⁰ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

³¹ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

³² Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

³³ Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland

^✉

Corresponding author. Tel: +41 61 265 44 44. E-mail address: patrick.badertscher@usb.ch

Michael Kühne and Patrick Badertscher contributed equally and should be considered shared last authors.

Conflict of interest: P.B. has received research funding from the ‘University of Basel’, the ‘Stiftung für Herzschrittmacher und Elektrophysiologie’, the ‘Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft Basel’, the ‘Swiss Heart Foundation,’ and Johnson & Johnson and reports personal fees from BMS, Boston Scientific, and Abbott, all outside the submitted work. J.d.F.d.L. has received research funding from the ‘University of Basel’ and from the ‘Swiss Heart Foundation’. P.Kr. reports speaker fees from BMS/Pfizer and grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Heart Foundation, Foundation for Cardiovascular Research Basel, and Machaon Foundation. S.K. has received funding of the ‘Stiftung für kardiovaskuläre Forschung’ and the Swiss Heart Foundation. N.S. has received funding from the ‘Swiss Heart Rhythm Foundation’ and the ‘Swiss Rhythmology Foundation’. C.S., a member of Medtronic Advisory Board Europe and Boston Scientitic Advisory Board Europe, received educational grants from Biosense Webster and Biotronik and a research grant from the European Union’s FP7 programme and Biosense Webster and lecture and consulting fees from Abbott, Medtronic, Biosense-Webster, Boston Scientific, Microport, and Biotronik, all outside the submitted work. M.K. reports grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant numbers 33CS30_148474, 33CS30_177520, 32473B_176178, and 32003B_197524), the Swiss Heart Foundation, the Foundation for Cardiovascular Research Basel, and the University of Basel, grants from Bayer, grants from BMS, grants from Boston Scientific, grants from Daiichi Sankyo, grants from Pfizer, personal fees from Abbott, personal fees from Boston Scientific, personal fees from Daiichi Sankyo, and royalties from Springer Nature, all outside the submitted work. A.B. has received consulting/presenter fees from Abbott, Angiodynamics, Bayer Health Care, Biosense Webster, Biotronik, BMS/Pfizer, Boston Scientific, Cook Medical, Daiichi Sankyo, Medtronic, and Philips as well as research grants from Abbott and Biotronik. P.Ko. has received consulting/presenter fees from Abbott Medical, Medtronic, and Microport. Others have nothing to declare.

PMCID: PMC13598331 PMID: 42691462

Graphical Abstract

For image description, please refer to the figure legend and surrounding text.

Keywords: atrial fibrillation, Pulmonary vein isolation, Pulsed-field ablation

Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) has rapidly emerged as a preferred ablation modality for atrial fibrillation (AF) due to its favourable safety and efficiency profile.^1–3 While clinical adoption of pentaspline PFA systems is widespread, data on modified application strategies beyond manufacturer-recommended protocols remain limited. Key procedural aspects, including the optimal number of applications per pulmonary vein (PV), remain poorly defined. Large registries have demonstrated safety and efficacy of PFA but inconsistently report the number of applications per PV, leaving an important procedural aspect insufficiently characterized.^2–4 Whether increasing lesion ‘dose’ translates into improved clinical outcomes remains unknown.

This study aimed to compare an extended PFA dosing protocol (12 applications per PV) with a standard protocol (eight applications) regarding procedural characteristics, safety, and efficacy.

In this two-centre study, consecutive patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF undergoing index pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using PFA between January 2022 and November 2024 were included. Patients with prior ablation or additional lesion sets were excluded. All patients provided written informed consent, and the study was approved by the local ethics committees.

Patients were treated using either a standard protocol (eight applications per PV)⁵ or an extended protocol (12 applications). In the extended protocol, four additional applications were delivered after the standard applications, with anterior tilt for two applications and posterior tilt for two applications to enhance circumferential lesion coverage. Procedures were performed using a pentaspline PFA catheter (FARAPULSE, Boston Scientific). Acute PVI was confirmed at the end of the procedure with assessment of entrance/exit block using a pacing protocol as previously described⁶ and/or electroanatomical mapping. The primary endpoint was freedom from atrial arrhythmia recurrence at 12 months after a 60-day blanking period, defined according to current guideline recommendations.⁷ Secondary endpoints included procedural characteristics and safety outcomes. Follow-up consisted of outpatient visits at 3, 6, and 12 months including ECG and Holter monitoring. Propensity score matching (1:2) was performed to adjust for baseline differences. Statistical analyses were conducted using standard methods.

After propensity score matching, 240 patients were included (extended: n = 80; standard: n = 160) with comparable baseline characteristics. Median age was 68 [60–74] years, 31% were female and 68% had paroxysmal AF. Procedural duration was similar between groups (46 [38–68] vs. 49 [37–59] min, P = 0.522), while fluoroscopy time was shorter in the extended protocol (9 [7–11] vs. 11 [8–14] min, P < 0.001). The number of applications was higher in the extended group (50 [50–56] vs. 34 [32–36], P < 0.001). Acute PVI was achieved in all patients. Post-procedural hs-cTnT levels were higher in the extended group (1789 [1330–2468] vs. 1513 [1027–2015] ng/L, P = 0.008). In a subset of patients, total antral scar area was larger with the extended protocol (12 [10–12] vs. 8 [7–9] cm², P = 0.015). Complication rates were low and comparable between groups (4% vs. 1%, P = 0.337), including two cases of pericardial tamponade and one case of haemolysis in the extended group and one pericardial tamponade and one transient ST-segment elevation due to air embolism in the standard group. During a median follow-up of 315 [207–435] days, arrhythmia-free survival did not differ significantly between groups (79% vs. 73%, P = 0.433; Graphical Abstract). The distribution of recurrent arrhythmia types was similar between groups. Repeat ablation was performed in 12% of patients without significant differences between groups, and PV reconnection rates were similar.

Despite these markers of more extensive myocardial injury and larger lesion sets, clinical outcomes were unchanged. Arrhythmia-free survival at 12 months did not differ between groups (79% vs. 73%, P = 0.433). Repeat ablation rates and PV reconnection rates were also similar. Complication rates were low and comparable, although one case of haemolysis occurred in the extended group following a high number of applications.

These findings provide mechanistic and clinical evidence that increasing PFA ‘dose’ does not translate into improved efficacy. While additional applications resulted in greater biomarker release and larger scar areas, this did not improve rhythm outcomes, suggesting that lesion quantity alone is not the primary determinant of durable PVI.

Instead, our data support a paradigm in which effective lesion distribution and catheter–tissue interaction outweigh simple energy escalation.^8,9 This observation is consistent with prior studies demonstrating comparable outcomes with simplified and standard PFA protocols.¹⁰ Taken together, both dose escalation and dose reduction strategies appear to converge on similar clinical efficacy, reinforcing that PFA effectiveness is not dose-driven within currently used ranges. Importantly, increasing application numbers may not be benign. The occurrence of haemolysis in the extended group, together with prior reports linking high cumulative energy delivery to haemolysis and renal injury, underscores the potential safety trade-off of excessive applications.⁴

This study is limited by its non-randomized design and moderate sample size, with potential residual confounding despite propensity matching. No systematic screening for haemolysis was performed in all patients. Residual confounding related to operator experience and learning curve effects cannot be fully excluded. Findings may not be generalizable to other PFA platforms.

In conclusion, escalating PFA application number increases myocardial injury and lesion size but does not improve clinical outcomes. These data challenge a dose-response paradigm for PFA and support a strategy focused on optimized lesion delivery rather than energy escalation.

Contributor Information

Corinne Isenegger, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Alexander Breitenstein, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Cardiology, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden, Switzerland.

Niklas Stauffer, Department of Cardiology, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden, Switzerland.

Pascal Koepfli, Department of Cardiology, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden, Switzerland.

David Siemer, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

Fabian Jordan, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Sven Knecht, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Philipp Krisai, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Gian Völlmin, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Leon Scharf, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Jeanne du Fay de Lavallaz, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Behnam Subin, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Reto Stump, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

David Spreen, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Felix Mahfoud, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Christian Sticherling, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Michael Kühne, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Patrick Badertscher, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.

Funding

Swiss Heart Foundation, University of Basel.

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

1. Reddy VY, Gerstenfeld EP, Natale A, Whang W, Cuoco FA, Patel C et al. Pulsed field or conventional thermal ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2023;389:1660–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2. Turagam MK, Neuzil P, Schmidt B, Reichlin T, Neven K, Metzner A et al. Safety and effectiveness of pulsed field ablation to treat atrial fibrillation: one-year outcomes from the MANIFEST-PF registry. Circulation 2023;148:35–46. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3. Boersma LVA, Széplaki G, Dello Russo A, García-Bolao I, Efremidis M, Szegedi N et al. Real-world experience with the pentaspline pulsed field ablation system: one-year outcomes of the FARADISE registry. Europace 2025;27:euaf182. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. Ekanem E, Neuzil P, Reichlin T, Kautzner J, van der Voort P, Jais P et al. Safety of pulsed field ablation in more than 17,000 patients with atrial fibrillation in the MANIFEST-17K study. Nat Med 2024;30:2020–9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Badertscher P, Knecht S, Rosso R, Krisai P, Spreen D, Katic J et al. How to perform pulmonary vein isolation using a pentaspline pulsed field ablation system for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2025;22:69–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. Badertscher P, Weidlich S, Stauffer N, Krisai P, Voellmin G, Osswald S et al. Impact of a standardized pacing protocol on end point verification and first pass isolation using a multipolar pulsed-field ablation catheter for pulmonary vein isolation. Heart Rhythm 2023;20:1208–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Tzeis S, Gerstenfeld EP, Kalman J, Saad EB, Sepehri Shamloo A, Andrade JG et al. 2024 European heart rhythm association/heart rhythm society/Asia Pacific heart rhythm society/Latin American heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Europace 2024;26:euae043. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. Doshi SK, Flaherty MC, Laughner J, Quan M, Anic A. Catheter–tissue contact optimizes pulsed electric field ablation with a large area focal catheter. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2024;35:765–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Mattison L, Verma A, Tarakji KG, Reichlin T, Hindricks G, Sack KL et al. Effect of contact force on pulsed field ablation lesions in porcine cardiac tissue. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2023;34:693–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Badertscher P, Isenegger C, Arnet R, Jordan F, Knecht S, Krisai P et al. Pulsed field ablation for atrial fibrillation with a novel simplified protocol: the PFA dose study. Heart Rhythm 2025;22:1375–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

[euag253-B1] 1. Reddy VY, Gerstenfeld EP, Natale A, Whang W, Cuoco FA, Patel C et al. Pulsed field or conventional thermal ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2023;389:1660–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[euag253-B2] 2. Turagam MK, Neuzil P, Schmidt B, Reichlin T, Neven K, Metzner A et al. Safety and effectiveness of pulsed field ablation to treat atrial fibrillation: one-year outcomes from the MANIFEST-PF registry. Circulation 2023;148:35–46. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[euag253-B3] 3. Boersma LVA, Széplaki G, Dello Russo A, García-Bolao I, Efremidis M, Szegedi N et al. Real-world experience with the pentaspline pulsed field ablation system: one-year outcomes of the FARADISE registry. Europace 2025;27:euaf182. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[euag253-B4] 4. Ekanem E, Neuzil P, Reichlin T, Kautzner J, van der Voort P, Jais P et al. Safety of pulsed field ablation in more than 17,000 patients with atrial fibrillation in the MANIFEST-17K study. Nat Med 2024;30:2020–9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[euag253-B5] 5. Badertscher P, Knecht S, Rosso R, Krisai P, Spreen D, Katic J et al. How to perform pulmonary vein isolation using a pentaspline pulsed field ablation system for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2025;22:69–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[euag253-B6] 6. Badertscher P, Weidlich S, Stauffer N, Krisai P, Voellmin G, Osswald S et al. Impact of a standardized pacing protocol on end point verification and first pass isolation using a multipolar pulsed-field ablation catheter for pulmonary vein isolation. Heart Rhythm 2023;20:1208–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[euag253-B7] 7. Tzeis S, Gerstenfeld EP, Kalman J, Saad EB, Sepehri Shamloo A, Andrade JG et al. 2024 European heart rhythm association/heart rhythm society/Asia Pacific heart rhythm society/Latin American heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Europace 2024;26:euae043. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[euag253-B8] 8. Doshi SK, Flaherty MC, Laughner J, Quan M, Anic A. Catheter–tissue contact optimizes pulsed electric field ablation with a large area focal catheter. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2024;35:765–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[euag253-B9] 9. Mattison L, Verma A, Tarakji KG, Reichlin T, Hindricks G, Sack KL et al. Effect of contact force on pulsed field ablation lesions in porcine cardiac tissue. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2023;34:693–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[euag253-B10] 10. Badertscher P, Isenegger C, Arnet R, Jordan F, Knecht S, Krisai P et al. Pulsed field ablation for atrial fibrillation with a novel simplified protocol: the PFA dose study. Heart Rhythm 2025;22:1375–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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Pulsed-field ablation for atrial fibrillation with an extended protocol: the extended PFA dose study

Corinne Isenegger

Alexander Breitenstein

Niklas Stauffer

Pascal Koepfli

David Siemer

Fabian Jordan

Sven Knecht

Philipp Krisai

Gian Völlmin

Leon Scharf

Jeanne du Fay de Lavallaz

Behnam Subin

Reto Stump

David Spreen

Felix Mahfoud

Christian Sticherling

Michael Kühne

Patrick Badertscher

Graphical Abstract

Graphical Abstract.

Contributor Information

Funding

Data availability

References

Associated Data

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Cite

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PERMALINK

Pulsed-field ablation for atrial fibrillation with an extended protocol: the extended PFA dose study

Corinne Isenegger

Alexander Breitenstein

Niklas Stauffer

Pascal Koepfli

David Siemer

Fabian Jordan

Sven Knecht

Philipp Krisai

Gian Völlmin

Leon Scharf

Jeanne du Fay de Lavallaz

Behnam Subin

Reto Stump

David Spreen

Felix Mahfoud

Christian Sticherling

Michael Kühne

Patrick Badertscher

Graphical Abstract

Graphical Abstract.

Contributor Information

Funding

Data availability

References

Associated Data

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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