Yunfei Han
Yunfei Han
1i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
2School of New Energy, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Ordos, P. R. China
1,2,✉,
Zhuo Chen
Zhuo Chen
1i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
3College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, P. R. China
1,3,
Long Fang
Long Fang
2School of New Energy, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Ordos, P. R. China
2,
Li Yin
Li Yin
4Institute of Advanced Ceramics, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
4,
Lianping Zhang
Lianping Zhang
1i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
1,
Rong Huang
Rong Huang
5Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (Nano-X), Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
5,
Chao Gong
Chao Gong
1i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
1,
Keqilao Meng
Keqilao Meng
2School of New Energy, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Ordos, P. R. China
2,
Yongzheng Yang
Yongzheng Yang
3College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, P. R. China
3,
Lingpeng Yan
Lingpeng Yan
3College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, P. R. China
3,
Jian Lin
Jian Lin
1i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
1,
Chang-Qi Ma
Chang-Qi Ma
1i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
1,✉,
Qun Luo
Qun Luo
1i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
1,✉
1i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
2School of New Energy, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Ordos, P. R. China
3College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, P. R. China
4Institute of Advanced Ceramics, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
5Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (Nano-X), Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
Subject terms: Solar cells, Chemical engineering
© The Author(s) 2026
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.