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. 2026 Sep 20;15(18):1665. doi: 10.3390/biology15181665
AMP Antimicrobial peptide
ATPase adenosine triphosphatase
Bcl-2/Bax B-cell lymphoma 2/BCL-2-associated protein X
CAT Catalase
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
ERK1/2 Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1 and 2
G1/S/G2/M Gap 1, synthesis, and Gap 2 of interphase, and mitosis of the cell cycle
GSH Reduced glutathione
GST Glutathione S-Transferase
HBV Hepatitis B virus
HCT-116 Human colorectal carcinoma cell line
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HL-60 Human promyelocytic leukemia cell line
HPLC-UV High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection
IL-12 Interleukin-12
LC-MS/MS Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
M1 Pro-inflammatory macrophages
MBG Marinobufagenina
MDA-MB435 Human melanoma cell line
MEK Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
MG-63 Human osteosarcoma cell line
NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa B
PI3K/Akt/mTOR Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Protein Kinase B/Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
SAR Structure–activity relationships
TBARS Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
Th1 T helper 1 cells
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-alpha