1University College London, Institute of Health Informatics, London, UK
2Queen Mary University of London, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, London, UK
3Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
4Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
5Advanced Computing for Health Sciences, Computational Sciences in Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
6George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
7School of Big Data & Industrial Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, South Korea
© The Author(s) 2026
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