Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Mycoscience logoLink to Mycoscience
. 2026 Sep 18;67(5):208–212. doi: 10.47371/mycosci.2026.06.002

Vezdaea minima, a new species of microlichen from Japan

Takato Moriyama a,*, Chihiro Tanaka a,b
PMCID: PMC13616976  PMID: 42807377

Abstract

The genus Vezdaea consists of lichenized or alga-associated fungi and is characterized by small apothecia without exciple. Unidentified Vezdaea was collected in Japan and morphological observation was performed. The collected samples differed from any known species of the genus Vezdaea in the combination of net-like morphology of paraphyses and the size of the asci and ascospores. Fungal isolates were established from ascospores and goniocysts, and the phylogenetic analysis was performed. The isolates from ascospores and adjacent goniocysts were shown to be conspecific and grouped within the genus Vezdaea. Vezdaea minima is established to accommodate the collected fungus. Species of Vezdaea with and without net-like paraphyses were shown to be not monophyletic respectively. An algal isolate was obtained from the goniocyst, which generally contains a single algal cell, and was nested within Coccomyxa viridis clade as the result of the phylogenetic analysis. Our result indicates that the photobiont of Vezdaea needs further investigation since it has been considered as Leptosira based on a single observation.

Keywords: hamathecium, Lichinomycetes, phylogeny, taxonomy

1. Introduction

The genus Vezdaea Tsch.-Woess & Poelt (1976) includes lichenized or alga-associated fungi that are characterized by tiny apothecia which lack exciple. To date, 14 species have been reported (Kondratyuk et al., 2017; Lendemer, 2011), while no species of the genus Vezdaea has been reported from Japan. Poelt & Döbbeler (1975) divided species of this genus into three sections based on both sexual and nutritional morphology, i.e., sect. Stipitatae, sect. Vezdaea, and sect. Rheocarpae; sect. Stipitatae is characterized by stipitate apothecia. Vezdaea sect. Vezdaea is characterized by non-stipitate apothecia, paraphyses forming a net around asci and thalli composed of goniocysts (see Serusiaux, 1985) with spines. Vezdaea sect. Rheocarpae is characterized by non-stipitate apothecia, sparse and short paraphyses and thalli composed of goniocysts with spines (also see Giralt et al., 1993). Phylogenetic aspects of the infrageneric division provided by Poelt & Döbbeler (1975) has not been confirmed. The photobiont of the genus Vezdaea has been regarded as Leptosira Borzì based on the single observation on the type species, V. aestivalis (Tschermak-Woess & Poelt, 1976).

Recently, unidentified samples of microlichen were collected in Japan. The collected samples exhibited characteristics of the genus Vezdaea, i.e., sessile ascomata without exciple, goniocysts with spines, and paraphyses entwining each ascus. The aim of the present study is to taxonomically identify the collected samples and obtain information on the photobiont. Morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis of fungal isolates using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the mitochondrial ribosomal DNA small subunit (mtSSU) were conducted. Also, an algal isolate was obtained from the thallus and the phylogenetic analysis using the ITS region was performed to clarify its phylogenetic placement.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Sampling, morphological observation, and isolation

Samples were collected in Feb and Mar 2025 in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. Fresh samples were observed prior to desiccation. Morphology of the ascomata and the adjacent goniocysts were observed under a light microscope mounted in water or in Meltzer’s reagent and photographed using BH2 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with EOS M10 (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). Dimensions were measured using ImageJ (https://imagej.net/ij/). The specimens were deposited at the herbarium of the Osaka Museum of Natural History (OSA).

To obtain fungal isolates from the ascospores, ascomata were placed on the fragments of 2% water agar attached to the lid of a petri dish, allowing ascospores to be ejected onto the surface of 2% water agar. To obtain fungal and algal isolates from the goniocysts, a single goniocyst, which predominantly contains a single algal cell (see Taxonomy and Fig. 1H, I), was put on BBM medium hardened by 1.5% agar. An algal colony growing from the goniocyst was subsequently diluted in distilled water and spread on BBM medium hardened by 1.5% agar. A single colony formed on the medium was retrieved as a genetically homogeneous isolate. Cultures have been deposited in the Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (JCM).

Fig. 1 - Vezdaea minima (TM724 [OSA-MY-9644], Holotype). A: Habitat. B: Wet log on which V. minima occurred. C: Ascomata. D: Ascoma, asci and ascospores. E: Paraphyses entwining each ascus. F, G: Ascus contents stained red in Meltzer’s reagent. H, I: Goniocysts. Bars: B 5 cm; C 150 µm; D-I 20 µm.

Fig. 1 - Vezdaea minima (TM724 [OSA-MY-9644], Holotype). A: Habitat. B: Wet log on which V. minima occurred. C: Ascomata. D: Ascoma, asci and ascospores. E: Paraphyses entwining each ascus. F, G: Ascus contents stained red in Meltzer’s reagent. H, I: Goniocysts. Bars: B 5 cm; C 150 µm; D-I 20 µm.

Open in a new tab

2.2. DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing

The pure-cultured mycelium or algal cells were immersed in 5 µL of TE buffer and used as templates. A reaction mixture that contained 12.5 μL of 2×buffer, 5 μL of 2 mM dNTPs, 1 μL of each primer at 5 μM, and 0.5 μL KOD FX Neo polymerase (TOYOBO, Osaka, Japan) were prepared. Primers ITS1F (Gardes & Bruns, 1993) and LR5 (Vilgalys & Hester, 1990) were used to amplify fungal ITS-LSU region, mtSSU1 and mtSSU3R (Zoller et al., 1999) to fungal mtSSU region, and Clado-ITS9F and Clado-ITS7R (Hayakawa et al., 2012) to algal ITS region. PCR cycling conditions were the following; an initial denaturation step of 2 min at 98 ˚C, followed by 40 cycles of 10 s at 98 ˚C , 30 s at 55 ˚C and 60 s at 68 ˚C, and a final extension step of 2 min at 68 ˚C for the fungal ITS-LSU regions, an initial denaturation step of 2 min at 94 ˚C, followed by 38 cycles of 10 s at 98 ˚C, 30 s at 53 ˚C and 1 min at 68 ˚C, and a final extension step of 7 min at 68 ˚C for the fungal mtSSU region, and an initial denaturation of 1 min at 94 ˚C, followed by 35 cycles of 10 s at 98 ˚C, 30 s at 65 ˚C and 2 min at 68 ˚C, and a final extension step of 2 min at 68 ˚C for the algal ITS region. PCR products were purified by PEG and ethanol precipitation and outsourced for sequencing.

2.3. Phylogenetic analyses

Fungal taxa for the phylogenetic analysis were selected from Lichinomycetes sensu Goremykin & Donati (2025) and were retrieved from GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/). Sequences obtained from the genomic dataset provided by Díaz-Escandón et al. (2022) in Moriyama et al. (2025) were also included, since Lichinomycetes sensu Goremykin and Donati (2025) was defined based on the analysis of taxa including those for which only genomic datasets provided in Díaz-Escandón et al. (2022) are available. The pre-aligned sequence obtained from Díaz-Escandón et al. (2022) is provided in Supplementary Data 1-3. No outgroup was included in the fungal analysis. Accession numbers of the sequences are shown in the phylogenetic tree. Sequences were aligned using MAFFT (Katoh et al., 2019; Kuraku et al., 2013) and trimmed by trimAl (Capella-Gutiérrez et al., 2009) with “gappyout” option. After being trimmed, fungal dataset comprised 408 bp (ITS), 1,350 bp (LSU) and 555 bp (mtSSU). Model selection and phylogenetic analysis were conducted using IQ-TREE v 2.2.2.6 (Nguyen et al., 2015). TN+F+G4 was selected for fungal ITS and LSU regions and TVM+F+G4 for fungal mtSSU region. Nonparametric bootstrap values were calculated based on 1,000 replicates. The aligned and trimmed sequence datasets and the phylogenetic tree in Newick format are provided in Supplementary Data 4-5.

The result of our preliminary BLAST search (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed July 16, 2025) using the obtained algal sequence as a query suggested the highest similarity with Coccomyxa sp. ZZ-BF3-Alga [OK491799; 533/535 (99%) identity with no indels], which has been treated as a constituent of C. viridis clade (Tagirdzhanova et al., 2023). Therefore, the algal taxa for the phylogenetic analysis were selected from Coccomyxa, especially from C. viridis clade in Tagirdzhanova et al. (2023), and the sequences were retrieved from GenBank. The algal sequences of the ITS region were aligned and trimmed in the same way as in the fungal dataset. The algal dataset was further trimmed manually since some sequences contained the small subunit region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The algal sequence was comprised of 710 bp after being trimmed. Model selection and phylogenetic analysis were conducted using IQ-TREE v. 2.2.2.6. TIM2+F+G4 was selected for algal ITS region. Nonparametric bootstrap values were calculated based on 1,000 replicates. The name of each taxon is shown based on Maltsev et al. (2025) or otherwise based on Tagirdzhanova et al. (2023). The aligned and trimmed sequence dataset and the phylogenetic tree in Newick format are provided in Supplementary Data 6-7.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Taxonomy

Vezdaea minima T. Moriyam. sp. nov.

MycoBank no.: MB 863870.　Fig. 1.

Diagnosis: Vezdaea minima could be distinguished from other species of the genus Vezdaea in the combination of its non-stipitate ascomata, small asci and small 0-1 septate ascospore, and the paraphyses entwining each ascus. Among the genus Vezdaea, V. aestivalis (Ohlert) Tscherm.-Woess & Poelt, V. cobria Giralt, Poelt & Suanjak, V. follicola Sérus. and V. retigera Poelt & Döbbeler exhibit non-stipitate ascomata with paraphyses entwining 8-spored ascus (Coppins, 1987; Giralt et al., 1993; Németh & Eckstein, 2018; Poelt & Döbbeler, 1975; Serusiaux, 1979; Tschermak-Woess & Poelt, 1976). The length of asci in V. aestivalis, V. cobria, and V. retigera are 70-80 µm (Ernst, 1995), 80-120 µm (Giralt et al., 1993; Németh, 2023), and 65-120 µm (Németh & Eckstein, 2018; Poelt & Döbbeler, 1975) respectively, which are significantly larger than V. minima. Vezdaea foliicola could be distinguished from V. minima in its foliicolous habit, brownish ascomata, and longer ascospores (16-19 µm; Serusiaux, 1979).

Type: JAPAN, Kyoto prefecture, Uji city, along Shirakawa river, on the surface of wet log of hardwood along with bryophytes, 34.8815˚N, 135.8160˚E, 20 Mar 2025, TM724 [OSA-MY-9644], ex-type culture: TM724-1 = JCM 39692 (from ascospores), TM724-2 (from a goniocyst). Gene sequences from ex-type cultures: LC886098 (ITS-LSU), LC886099 (mtSSU) from TM724-1; LC886100 (mtSSU) from TM724-2.

Etymology: the epithet refers to the extremely small ascomata and thalli.

Description: Thallus globose goniocysts, containing a single algal cell protruded by fungal haustoria, (9.9-)11-18(-23) µm diam., rarely confluent, surface verrucose with short spines. Ascomata whitish both when wet and dried, ca. 68-100 × 60 µm. Exciple absent. Hypothecium hyaline, poorly developed. Paraphyses branched and anastomosing, hyaline, strongly entwining each ascus, (0.6-)0.9-1.6(-1.9) µm wide, appressed to the asci and slightly flattened. Asci ovoid, ellipsoid to obovoid, occasionally stipitate, apically not thickened, 8-spored, (29-)33-46(-54) × (13-)16-22(-25) µm, contents occasionally stained red in Meltzer’s reagent, inner wall of asci occasionally stained blue in Meltzer’s reagent. Ascospores hyaline, surface smooth, aseptate or 1-septate, guttulate, not constricted at the septa, (7.3-)10-14(-17) × (3.5-)4.3-6.9(-12) µm. Anamorphs not observed.

Habit and distribution: Japan (Kyoto prefecture), on wet log together with bryophytes. Only collected from the type locality, where this species has been repeatedly collected.

Additional specimen examined: JAPAN, Kyoto prefecture, Uji city, along Shirakawa river, on the surface of wet log of hardwood along with bryophytes, 34.8815˚N, 135.8160˚E, 19 Feb 2025, TM714 [OSA-MY-9643]

3.2. Phylogeny

Phylogenetic studies on the genus Vezdaea have primarily focused on its relationship with other fungal lineages (Díaz-Escandón et al., 2022; Goremykin & Donati, 2025; Lumbsch et al., 2009), and the present study provides the first report on the infrageneric phylogeny of this genus. As the result of our phylogenetic analysis using fungal ITS-LSU and mtSSU regions, V. minima was grouped with species of Vezdaea with moderately low bootstrap support (Fig. 2, BS = 65). Also, isolates from ascospores and thallus of the same sample (TM724) exhibited 100% similarity (731/731 bp) in mtSSU region, which confirms that the ascomata and the goniocysts belong to the same species.

Fig. 2 - Unrooted phylogenetic tree of Lichinomycetes sensu Goremykin and Donati (2025) including Vezdaea minima. Nonparametric bootstrap values greater than 50 are shown at each node. Accession numbers of the sequences (ITS, LSU and SSU) are shown in parentheses. An asterisk indicates that the The sequence was in Moriyama et al. (2025) from the genomic dataset provided in Díaz-Escandón et al. (2022). A hyphen (‘-’) indicates that the sequence is not registered in GenBank.

Fig. 2 - Unrooted phylogenetic tree of Lichinomycetes sensu Goremykin and Donati (2025) including Vezdaea minima. Nonparametric bootstrap values greater than 50 are shown at each node. Accession numbers of the sequences (ITS, LSU and SSU) are shown in parentheses. An asterisk indicates that the The sequence was in Moriyama et al. (2025) from the genomic dataset provided in Díaz-Escandón et al. (2022). A hyphen (‘-’) indicates that the sequence is not registered in GenBank.

Open in a new tab

Morphology of paraphyses has been regarded as a key feature of the infrageneric taxonomy in Vezdaea (Giralt et al., 1993; Poelt & Döbbeler, 1975). However, in our phylogenetic analysis, this feature was suggested to be irrelevant to phylogenetic relationship. Vezdaea retigera and V. rheocarpa Poelt & Döbbeler, species with and without paraphyses entwining each ascus (Poelt & Döbbeler, 1975), were grouped with high support (Fig. 2, BS = 90). Also, V. leprosa (P. James) Vězda, a species with sparse paraphyses not entwining each ascus (Ernst, 1995), was grouped with V. cobria and V. minima, both of which develop net-like paraphyses on the surface of each ascus (Fig. 2, BS = 80). Our result showed that the infrageneric taxonomy proposed in Poelt & Döbbeler (1975) is not phylogenetically supported. Ascomatal ontogeny and the histological origin of paraphyses would be an important characteristic to the comprehensive understanding of the phylogenetic and morphological diversity in the genus Vezdaea. While the ascomatal ontogeny in the genus Vezdaea has not been properly investigated, Scheidegger (1995) reported that ascogenous hyphae of V. aestivalis and V. stipitata Poelt & Döbbeler, the former with and the latter without net-like paraphyses, are embedded within paraphyses or tissue that subsequently generate paraphyses. This could be interpreted as that the different types of paraphyses in Vezdaea may share common histological origin. In our observation, while elaborate examination was not achieved due to the indistinctness of hypothecial tissue, paraphyses were not observed to clearly occur from the ascogenous hyphae. These imply that the net-like paraphyses in V. minima and V. aestivalis are homologous to straight paraphyses in V. stipitata, all of which would rather represent characters of pseudoparaphyses (see Luttrell, 1965). Assuming that, the morphology of the paraphyses in this genus would not be phylogenetically restricted but rather might have fluctuated for multiple times in the course of the evolution of this lineage. Further phylogenetic and ontogenic evidence is needed to evaluate this estimation.

3.3. Notes on the identity of the photobiont

The photobiont in the genus Vezdaea has long been regarded to be Leptosira without investigations on each species (e.g., Chambers et al., 2021; Etayo, 2017; Németh, 2023; Németh & Eckstein, 2018) following the single observation of V. aestivalis provided by Tschermak-Woess & Poelt (1976). Unexpectedly, the present investigation did not confirm the symbiotic involvement of Leptosira with V. minima. The algal isolate obtained from the goniocyst was grouped within Coccomyxa viridis clade sensu Tagirdzhanova et al. (2023) with high bootstrap support (Fig. 3, BS = 100). Since our study confirmed that the ascomata and the surrounding goniocysts are conspecific, together with the fact that gonicysts of V. minima basically contain only one algal cell, it is likely that the isolated alga represents those present within the goniocysts of V. minima. However, algae belonging to C. viridis clade are ecologically versatile, being reported as a photobiont of Micarea spp. and to inhabit various lichens that are not predominantly symbiotic with Coccomyxa, as well as a free-living aerial alga (Tagirdzhanova et al., 2023). Thus, the possibility remains that the isolated alga is not the photobiont of V. minima, but rather that might be a semi-immersed epiphyte of the goniocyst of V. minima. Indeed, misidentification of Coccomyxa as lichen photobiont has been pointed out in lichenized basidiomycete Multiclavula (Masumoto, 2020; Tschermak-Woess, 1988). We cannot conclude that C. viridis is the true photobiont of V. minima. Even though, our most important result is that Leptosira was not obtained from the goniocysts of V. minima. Further studies on the identity of the photobiont in the genus Vezdaea are needed, and investigations into the habits and habitats of Leptosira spp. in terrestrial environments might also provide cues for this unsolved problem.

Fig. 3 - Phylogenetic tree of Coccomyxa and the algal isolate from the goniocyst of Vezdaea minima. Nonparametric bootstrap values greater than 50 are shown at each node. The accession number and the isolation source are shown within parentheses. A hyphen (‘-’) indicates that the isolation source is unknown.

Fig. 3 - Phylogenetic tree of Coccomyxa and the algal isolate from the goniocyst of Vezdaea minima. Nonparametric bootstrap values greater than 50 are shown at each node. The accession number and the isolation source are shown within parentheses. A hyphen (‘-’) indicates that the isolation source is unknown.

Open in a new tab

Disclosure

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. All the experiments undertaken in this study comply with the current laws of the country where they were performed.

References

  1. Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Silla-Martínez, J. M., & Gabaldón, T. (2009). trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Bioinformatics, 25, 1972-1973. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Chambers, S., Cannon, P., Coppins, B., & Simkin, J. (2021). Vezdaeales: Vezdaeaceae, including the genus Vezdaea. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens, 10, 1-5. [Google Scholar]
  3. Coppins, B. J. (1987). The genus Vezdaea in the British Isles. The Lichenologist, 19, 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282987000136 [Google Scholar]
  4. Díaz-Escandón, D., Tagirdzhanova, G., Vanderpool, D., Allen, C. C., Aptroot, A., Češka, O., Hawksworth, D. L., Huereca, A., Knudsen, K., Kocourková, J., Lücking, R., Resl, P., & Spribille, T. (2022). Genome-level analyses resolve an ancient lineage of symbiotic ascomycetes. Current Biology, 32, 5209-5218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.014 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Ernst, G. (1995). Vezdaea leprosa - Spezialist am Straßenrand. Herzogia, 11, 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1127/herzogia/11/1995/175 [Google Scholar]
  6. Etayo, J. (2017). Hongos liquenícolas de Ecuador. Opera Lilloana, 50, 1-535. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-120.4.551 [Google Scholar]
  7. Gardes. M., & Bruns, T. D. (1993). ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes―application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol, 2, 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Giralt. M., Poelt, J., & Suanjak, M. (1993). Die Flechtengattung Vezdaea mit V. cobria spec. nov. Herzogia, 9, 715-724. https://doi.org/10.1127/herzogia/9/1993/715 [Google Scholar]
  9. Goremykin, V., & Donati, C. (2025). High-level phylogenetic relationships within Pezizomycotina revisited. IMA Fungus, 16, e153279. https://doi.org/10.3897/imafungus.16.153279 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hayakawa, Y., Ogawa, T., Yoshikawa, S., Ohki, K., & Kamiya, M. (2012). Genetic and ecophysiological diversity of Cladophora (Cladophorales, Ulvophyceae) in various salinity regimes. Phycological Research, 60, 86-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.2012.00641.x [Google Scholar]
  11. Katoh, K., Rozewicki, J., & Yamada, K. D. (2019). MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 20, 1160-1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Kondratyuk, S. Y., Lokös, L., Halda, J. P., Roux, C., Upreti, D. K., Schumm, F., Mishra, G. K., Nayaka, S., Farkas, E., Park. J. S., Lee, B. G., Liu, D., Woo, J. J., & Hur, J. S. (2017). New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 6. Acta Botanica Hungarica, 59, 137-260. https://doi.org/10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.7 [Google Scholar]
  13. Kuraku, S., Zmasek, C. M., Nishimura, O., & Katoh, K. (2013). aLeaves facilitates on-demand exploration of metazoan gene family trees on MAFFT sequence alignment server with enhanced interactivity. Nucleic Acids Research, 41, W22-W28. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt389 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Lendemer, J. C. (2011). Vezdaea schuyleriana (Vezdaeaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes), a new species from eastern North America. Notulae Naturae, 484, 1-4. [Google Scholar]
  15. Lumbsch, H. T. L., Zimmermann, D. G. Z., & Schmitt, I. S. (2009). Phylogenetic position of ephemeral lichens in Thelocarpaceae and Vezdaeaceae (Ascomycota). Bibliotheca Lichenologica, 100, 389-398. [Google Scholar]
  16. Luttrell, E. S. (1965). Paraphysoids, pseudoparaphyses, and apical paraphyses. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 48, 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(65)80018-3 [Google Scholar]
  17. Maltsev, Y., Kezlya, E., Maltseva, S., Krivova, Z., Ðinh, C. N., & Kulikovskiy, M. (2025). Phylogeny and fatty acid profiles of new Coccomyxa (Chlorophyta) species from soils of Vietnam. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1517865 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Masumoto, H. (2020). Taxonomic studies on lichenized basidiomycetes and their photobionts in Japan: towards the establishment of a model co-culture system of lichen symbiosis. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Tsukuba]. https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/55361 [Google Scholar]
  19. Moriyama, T., Endo, C., Isagi, Y., Tanaka, C., Ohkuma, M., & Hashimoto, A. (2025). Trizodia silvestris sp. nov., a novel species of cyanolichen from Japan. Symbiosis, 96, 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-025-01059-w [Google Scholar]
  20. Németh, C. (2023). Vezdaea cobria (Vezdaeaceae) a minute bryocolous lichenized ascomycete new to Hungary. Studia botanica Hungarica, 54, 85-91. https://doi.org/10.17110/StudBot.2023.54.1.85 [Google Scholar]
  21. Németh, C., & Eckstein, J. (2018). Vezdaea retigera (Vezdaeaceae), a facultatively epibryophytic lichenized fungus new to Hungary. Studia botanica Hungarica, 49, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.17110/studbot.2018.49.1.41 [Google Scholar]
  22. Nguyen, L-T., Schmidt, H. A., von Haeseler, A., & Minh, B. Q. (2015). IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32, 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Poelt, J., & Döbbeler, P. (1975). Über moosparasitische Arten der Flechtengattungen Micarea und Vezdaea. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, 96, 328-352. [Google Scholar]
  24. Scheidegger, C. (1995). Reproductive strategies in Vezdaea (Lecanorales, licheized Ascomycetes): A low-temperature scanning electron microscopy study of a ruderal species. Cryptogamic Botany, 5, 163-171. [Google Scholar]
  25. Serusiaux, E. (1979). Contribution to the study of lichens from Kivu (Zaire), Rwanda and Burundi. III. Vezdaea, a new genus for Africa. Mycotaxon, 8, 135-139. [Google Scholar]
  26. Serusiaux, E. (1985). Goniocysts, goniocystangia and Opegrapha lambinonii and related species. The Lichenologist, 17, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282985000032 [Google Scholar]
  27. Tagirdzhanova, G., Scharnagl, K., Yan, X., & Talbot, N. J. (2023). Genomic analysis of Coccomyxa viridis, a common low-abundance alga associated with lichen symbioses. Scientific Reports, 13, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48637-w [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Tschermak-Woess, E. (1988). The algal partner. In: Galun M. (Ed.), CRC handbook of lichenology (Vol. 2, pp. 153-169). CRC press. [Google Scholar]
  29. Tschermak-Woess, & E., Poelt, J. (1976). Vezdaea, a peculiar lichen genus, and its phycobiont. In: Brown H. D., Hawksworth D. L., & Bailey R. L. (Eds.), Lichenology: Progress and Problem (pp. 89-105). Academic Press. [Google Scholar]
  30. Vilgalys, R., & Hester, M. (1990). Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 4238-4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Zoller, S., Scheidegger, C., & Sperisen, C. (1999). PCR primers for the amplification of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA of lichen-forming ascomycetes. The Lichenologist, 31, 511-516. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282999000663 [Google Scholar]

Articles from Mycoscience are provided here courtesy of The Mycological Society of Japan

RESOURCES