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Chinese Journal of Hepatology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hepatology
editorial
. 2026 Sep 20;34(9):828–835. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20260524-00201

转移性肝癌的外科治疗:基于生物学行为的异病同治

Surgical treatment of metastatic liver cancer: the biological-behavioral basis of "homotherapy for heteropathy"

Zhang Wen 1, Xing Baocai 1,✉
Editor: 金 生
PMCID: PMC13616984  PMID: 42802118

Abstract

The incidence rate of secondary malignant liver tumors exceeds that of primary liver cancer. Approximately 25% to 50% of patients with solid tumors develop liver metastases during the course of their disease, which has become a key factor limiting the prognosis of patients with malignant tumors. Historical perspectives were constrained by the initial edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system in the 1970s, which uniformly classified liver metastases as incurable at Stage IV.This classification biologically defined the "nihilism" of local surgical intervention. In recent years, with the deepening study of tumor molecular biology, along with advances in systemic therapies, improvements in imaging, surgical techniques, and local treatments such as surgery, ablation, interventional therapy, and radiotherapy have significantly extended survival for patients with favorable biological behavior who have metastatic liver cancer. This paper discusses the epidemiological status of secondary malignant tumors, the biological basis for "homotherapy for heteropathy," and the currently recognized surgical treatment measures for favorable biological behavior, along with their associated survival benefits for metastatic liver cancer. Standardized and individualized local treatment of metastatic liver cancer relies on continued advances in multidisciplinary cooperation. Therefore, treatment strategies based on biological characteristic stratification can help improve patient survival rates and have the potential to alter clinical outcomes, shifting from palliative care toward curative goals for liver metastasis.

Keywords: Metastatic liver cancer, Local treatment, Surgical resection, Survival benefit


转移性肝癌是指源于身体其他部位的肿瘤通过各种方式转移到肝脏,并在肝内定植、存活与增殖所形成的继发性肝脏肿瘤。其中最常见的原发肿瘤是结直肠癌(colorectal carcinoma,CRC)其次是胰腺癌、乳腺癌、黑色素瘤和肺癌等[1]。既往对于转移性肝癌外科治疗价值的研究主要集中在结直肠癌肝转移(colorectal cancer liver metastases,CRLM)上,并且已得出对于可切除的CRLM患者(可切除的技术要求包括:足够的残留肝脏体积;切缘达到R0切除),外科手术切除是潜在根治的治疗方式[2]。而其他类型的转移性肝癌具有很强的异质性,其外科治疗价值长期存在争议,尚缺乏统一的生物学评价体系以及外科治疗生存获益情况的研究。

在临床实践中,我们发现CRLM、神经内分泌肿瘤肝转移(neuroendocrine liver metastases,NELM)、胃肠道间质瘤肝转移(gastrointestinal stromal tumor liver metastases,GIST-LM)、卵巢癌肝转移(ovarian cancer liver metastases,OCLM)表现出某种程度的“异病同治”倾向。所谓“异病”,是指不同组织来源的肿瘤,而“同治”则是指当这些肿瘤在演进中表现出相似的嗜肝性与局限性分布时,均可能从系统治疗联合局部治疗中得到生存获益。“异病同治”并非普适的临床逻辑,其背后的核心驱动力在于肿瘤生物学行为。只有那些生物学特性相对温和、疾病进展受控的特定类型,才是局部治疗发挥“治愈性”作用的优势人群。

本文围绕CRLM、NELM、GIST-LM、OCLM等目前认为生物学行为较好的转移性肝癌外科治疗的生存获益情况,综述转移性肝癌“异病同治”的生物学基础以及外科治疗在现代多学科管理中的角色,并探讨未来精准选择患者和优化治疗的方向。

一、. 转移性肝癌的流行病学

在西方国家,肝继发恶性肿瘤的发病率比原发性肝癌高18~40倍[1]。我国肝继发恶性肿瘤与原发性肝癌的发病比例约为1.2∶1[3]。图1为全球转移性肝癌原发灶的分布占比情况。在国际流行病学层面,基于SEER数据库及相关权威文献的流行病学数据,结合不同原发病灶的发病率与肝转移率推算得出的转移性肝癌全球原发病灶构成比[4-6],CRC是主要的原发灶来源,占比约29%。NELM虽然在总人群中占比相对较小,但由于其独特的生物学行为及较长的生存周期,在转移性肝癌的相关研究中也备受关注[7]。根据我国国家癌症中心全国癌症报告,CRC死亡病例由2013年的16.49万增长到2022年的24.00万,死亡排序已升至第4位,大约2/3的CRC患者因肝转移而死亡。肝转移的治疗效果很大程度上决定患者的生存结局[3]。

图1. 全球转移性肝癌原发肿瘤类型占比.

图1

二、. 转移性肝癌“异病同治”的生物学基础

(一). 共同生物学规律:提供"异病同治"的理论基础

1995年,Hellman和Weichselbaum首次提出“寡转移(oligometastasis)”理论[8],认为部分实体瘤虽然已经发生远处转移,但其转移潜能仍受到限制,疾病尚未形成广泛系统播散,因此积极局部治疗有可能改变疾病自然史,甚至获得长期生存机会。该理论突破了传统“Ⅳ期肿瘤不可手术”的理念,为局部治疗在晚期实体瘤中的应用奠定了理论基础。2026年发表于Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery的综述[9]系统评估了非结直肠癌肝转移接受肝切除术的结局。发现在具有生物学上有利的、以肝脏转移为主的患者经仔细筛选,行肝部分切除可能提供生存获益。有利的生物学行为包括:具有肝脏局限性播散、较长无病间隔(disease-free interval,DFI)以及良好系统治疗反应。因此,“异病同治”并非不同癌种采用完全相同的治疗方式,而是在不同肿瘤内部识别具有共同优势生物学行为的患者,使其进入相似的局部治疗路径,实现精准外科治疗。

(二). 肝脏局限性播散:提供局部治疗获益的解剖学基础

约2%~12.5% OCLM患者在病程中会出现肝实质转移[10]。Neumann等[11]对70例晚期卵巢癌患者的研究结果显示,接受R0切除的患者总生存期(overall survival,OS)中位数(mOS)达42个月,而未行肝切除的患者mOS仅为5个月。35%~40%的食管癌患者在诊断时存在肝转移[12]。单纯化学治疗(化疗)患者OS仅5个月左右。检索食管癌肝转移手术治疗相关文献[13-15],患者满足以下条件时才考虑进行肝转移灶的切除:转移灶≤3个、DFI>12个月、对化疗有良好的反应。研究结果显示接受肝切除术患者预后更好,患者的3年生存率为21%~50%。但样本量均较小,外科手术的价值有待进一步验证。

(三). 系统治疗敏感性:动态评价肿瘤生物学行为

一项基于SEER数据库针对胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST)同时性肝转移的研究结果显示,手术组的1、3、5年总生存率显著优于非手术组,其中5年总生存率达60.9%,显著高于非手术组的36.9%[16]。来自中山大学附属第一医院的一项回顾性队列研究纳入238例GIST肝转移患者,随访中位时间近45个月,结果显示接受伊马替尼联合肝切除术的患者10年总生存率高达91.9%,显著优于单纯伊马替尼治疗组的61.1%,多因素分析确认联合手术是改善总生存率的独立保护因素[17]。CRLM的外科治疗上,芬兰全国前瞻性研究结果证实,根治术后mOS可达82.8个月。即使是初始不可切除者,经转化治疗后手术的5年总生存率仍可达32%[18]。

(四). 相对缓慢的疾病进展:为复发干预提供窗口

约21%~90%神经内分泌肿瘤患者出现肝转移[19],行手术治疗后5年生存率在60%~80%。一项针对35项研究的荟萃分析结果显示,NELM手术组mOS为84~120个月明显优于非手术组[20];然而复发率高达70%~95%,主要是肝内复发,但反复干预维持了长期生存[21]。研究结果显示,对于G1/G2级NELM患者,当减瘤比例达到70%以上时,其生存获益呈现出明显的“平台效应”,即:70%减瘤组与90%或100%减瘤组的5年OS差异无统计学意义[22]。实现≥70%减瘤的患者,其mOS达125个月,而<70%组仅为46个月[23]。通过达到≥70%的减瘤阈值,可以使患者获得5年生存率稳定在70%以上,减瘤手术成为NELM患者长期生存的契机。

(五). 从共同生物学规律到精准外科

综上所述,转移性肝癌的外科治疗,我们应该首先进行手术人群的筛选。例如,对于CRLM这种生物学行为好的肿瘤,我们应该筛选出不能做手术的患者:RAS变异的肝转移患者预后明显差于野生型患者,BRAF‐V600E变异者预后更差,这类患者首选的治疗方式不是手术而是系统性药物治疗;另外对于微卫星高度不稳定(microsatellite instability-high, MSI-H)的患者应该首选免疫治疗,免疫治疗后部分患者可以达到病理学完全缓解(pathologic complete response,pCR)。而其余大多数CRLM患者,应尽量达到根治性切除;相反,对于生物学行为差的如胰腺癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、食管癌的肝转移,应该从中选取可以行手术的患者:例如寡转移、异时性肝转移(距离原发灶发生时间超过12个月)、无或可控的肝外转移等的患者可以选择外科手术,以争取最大的生存获益;而对于肝内多发转移、全身广泛转移者,应该在系统治疗的基础上,联合有效的局部治疗,争取控制症状、延长生存。转移性肝癌外科治疗的核心并不是判断某一种癌是否可手术,而是在不同癌种内部识别具有潜在长期获益可能的患者。对于生物学行为优势患者,应积极争取系统治疗联合根治性局部治疗;对于存在快速进展或全身播散特征者,则应优先采用系统治疗。对于传统认为外科获益有限的癌种,也应通过精准筛选寻找潜在获益亚群。

三、. 转移性肝癌的外科治疗

(一). 转移性肝癌手术治疗的适应证与围术期管理

准确把握手术适应证对于转移性肝癌患者预后至关重要。以下将从肿瘤学因素、技术可切除性及患者整体状况三大方面[24],对转移性肝癌肝部分切除术的适应证进行具体阐述。首先,肿瘤学因素包括:(1)原发肿瘤已获得控制或可同期根治性切除;(2)无不可控的肝外转移灶;可局部治疗的肺转移或部分肝门淋巴结转移,经严格筛选后仍可考虑手术[25];(3)肿瘤对系统化疗、靶向治疗或免疫治疗反应良好;(4)对于NELM,还需重点评估肿瘤分化程度、Ki-67指数及肿瘤负荷减灭比例[26]。技术可切除性包括:(1)所有肝内病灶均可完整切除,或联合局部消融后达到无肿瘤证据状态;(2)保留足够未来残肝体积(future liver remnant,FLR)[27];(3)保留完整肝脏流入、流出及胆道引流系统;(4)对于初治不可切除的患者,可以通过系统治疗(全身化疗、靶向治疗等)、手术转化(二步肝切除术)、非手术转化技术(肝动脉灌注化疗、经动脉化疗栓塞、钇-90选择性体内放射疗法等)策略,一旦达到R0切除及足够FLR条件,应积极争取手术治疗。除肿瘤学因素及技术可切除性外,患者整体状态亦是决定能否接受肝部分切除的重要前提。患者需具备足够肝功能储备及围手术期耐受能力,以降低术后肝衰竭及严重并发症风险。

肝部分切除术围手术期的注意事项包括以下几个方面。(1)术前评估:核心目标在于准确判断肝功能储备、FLR体积以及患者整体耐受能力。另外,术前外科医师需明确病灶数目、大小、位置、与周围血管毗邻关系。对于功能性神经内分泌肿瘤患者,还需警惕围手术期类癌危象,可预防性应用奥曲肽持续泵注,围手术期加强血流动力学监测[23,28-29]。(2)术中处理:首先注意出血的控制,可通过降低中心静脉压力、精细操作等措施减少出血;另外术中超声及超声造影的应用,有助于发现隐匿病灶、判断肿瘤边界、明确与周围血管关系以及指导切除路径;对于深部病灶可联合术中消融以保留更多的肝实质。(3)术后处理:术后常规检测血常规、肝肾功能、引流液性状,警惕术后出血、肝衰竭、感染等并发症。另外,注意定期随访,指导患者术后规律复查,及时制订后续治疗方案。

(二). 保留肝实质的肝部分切除术与减瘤手术

保留肝实质的肝部分切除术是目前转移性肝癌外科治疗的主要术式。与传统解剖性肝切除不同,该术式以完整切除所有病灶为前提,最大限度保留正常肝组织,旨在降低术后肝衰竭风险,并为术后肝内复发保留更多的局部治疗机会。多个随机对照试验已证实解剖性与非解剖性切除在无病生存和总生存方面差异无统计学意义[30]。同时,手术切缘的理念也经历了从初始1 cm逐步优化至1 mm[31-32]。在具体癌种中的应用方面,各类型转移性肝癌的外科治疗既有共性原则,也存在基于各自生物学行为的差异化策略。

对于CRLM,是肝部分切除术循证基础最为充分的领域。其手术目标是实现所有病灶的根治性(R0)切除,追求长期无病生存乃至治愈。在具体操作上,CRLM强调非解剖性、保留肝实质的切除方式,术中可联合消融处理深部病灶,以在保证无肿瘤残留的前提下最大化功能残肝体积保存。对于初始不可切除者,可通过系统治疗转化后重新评估手术机会。

NELM的外科治疗其手术目标不局限于根治性切除,减瘤手术同样具有重要地位。北美神经内分泌肿瘤学会共识提出对于肿瘤分级为G1/G2的神经内分泌瘤,术前影像学评估可实现R0或R1切除,或预计可达到≥70%减瘤程度且术后残肝体积≥30%;无不可控的肝外转移;结合患者全身情况,则可进行外科手术切除[33]。

对GIST-LM的外科治疗,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂是治疗基石,手术不作为初始手段,而是在靶向治疗达到最大反应时,对残留的活跃病灶进行切除。根据多个大型回顾性研究及权威性综述[2]可以得出:在酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗基础上联合肝转移灶切除术,可以显著延长GIST-LM患者的OS和PFS[34-35]。

OCLM的肝切除通常作为肿瘤细胞减灭术的组成部分。其手术决策取决于能否实现全腹腔无肉眼残留病灶,肝转移灶切除的价值体现在整体减灭策略之中。对于晚期卵巢癌,先行肿瘤细胞减灭术再进行化疗为标准策略,这一结论已获得包括美国国家综合癌症网络临床实践指南(2024)在内的多项高级别循证医学证据支持[36]。

(三). 肝移植

对于病灶局限于肝脏且不可切除的继发性肝恶性肿瘤,肝移植正从实验性探索转向高度筛选下的临床应用。对于CRLM,最新随机对照研究TransMet结果显示,在全身化疗联合肝移植组中,患者的5年生存率达73%,显著高于单纯化疗组的9%[37]。目前的最新准入标准(Oslo标准的优化版)要求患者必须满足:(1)原发灶已R0切除;(2)肿瘤仅限于肝脏:必须通过影像学检查确认无任何肝外转移征象;(3)化疗反应性:患者在接受全身系统化疗期间,病灶必须表现为缩小或至少保持稳定,疾病进展者被严格排除;(4)时间压力测试:从诊断为不可切除肝转移到实施肝移植,患者必须经历至少6个月的观察期,以通过时间筛选出非侵袭性生物学行为的肿瘤。SECA-Ⅱ研究强调,预后最佳的患者(5年生存率达83%)通常满足以下全部或大部分指标:最大病灶直径<5.5cm;肿瘤标志物:血清癌胚抗原水平<80 µg/L。PFS:移植前最后一次影像学检查证实疾病无进展;发病间隔:从原发灶切除手术到发现肝转移的时间间隔>2年[38]。除此之外,NELM也是肝移植研究证据较为充分的领域。最新的国际共识强调,必须严格遵循米兰标准的扩展版本:病理分级为G1~G2级(Ki-67<20%)、肝内肿瘤负荷<50%、原发灶位于门静脉引流区且已预先切除、在移植前通过药物治疗维持疾病稳定至少6个月,且年龄通常≤65岁等[39]。符合上述标准的患者,进行肝移植其5年生存率可达到70%~80%,部分低危患者10年生存率可达50%以上[40-41]。

尽管临床获益显著,但肝移植在转移性肝癌中的大规模开展仍面临严峻挑战。首先,筛选标准的极端复杂性(涉及分子生物学、化疗反应性及多学科评估)导致适选人群比例极低[1];其次,供体器官的全球性短缺使得医学伦理陷入两难,如何在恶性肿瘤患者与良性终末期肝病患者之间公平分配供肝仍存争议[42]。因此,目前该疗法多限于大型器官移植中心开展的临床研究或特定区域的试点项目。

(四). 消融治疗

包括射频消融和微波消融在内的热消融,技术主要工作原理是通过高温诱导肿瘤蛋白变性来引发肿瘤细胞的凝固性坏死。实施途径包括:经皮、经腹腔镜或开腹。各有优缺点[43-45]。在CRLM上,已有回顾性研究、前瞻性研究以及Ⅱ期临床试验证明其生存获益[46-48],目前在NELM的消融治疗上尚缺乏随机对照试验数据,但已有较多的回顾性研究证明了其临床价值[49-50]。

基于欧洲肿瘤内科学会转移性结直肠癌指南、欧洲神经内分泌肿瘤学会及本中心真实数据与临床经验,我们总结并回答了以下问题:哪些肝转移瘤适合消融?消融的选择应遵循“局部根治”与“功能保护”的平衡。需要做到:(1)评估病灶的大小、数目、位置;(2)不同癌种进行特异性筛选。通常认为,最大直径≤3 cm的单发或寡转移灶(通常指≤3或≤5个)是消融的最佳适应证[51-53]。对于≤2 cm的病灶,消融的局部控制率可与外科手术相媲美[54]。我们在临床实践中也采用2 cm标准,实际局部复发率在2%,生存时间也达到了国际先进水平[55]。关于消融数目的限制主要是针对经皮消融,实际上,开腹或经腹腔镜的消融在肝功能允许下没有个数限制。在病灶位置上,位于肝脏深部、邻近大血管或预计手术切除的肝体积过大导致FLR不足的患者,消融具有显著的微创优势。对于邻近胆管或胃肠道的病灶,需要规避热损伤风险。对于接受多轮手术后仍出现孤立性肝转移的卵巢癌患者,经皮消融可实现局部控制和肿瘤减灭。理想的消融候选者是寡转移患者:单发肿瘤长径≤5 cm,或≤3个且每个肿瘤长径<3 cm,且肿瘤距离主要胆管和大血管至少1 cm[56-58]。

四、. 转移性肝癌外科治疗的争议与展望

随着围术期药物治疗的进展,部分CRLM患者在影像学上出现病灶完全消失的现象,即“消失的肝转移灶(disappearing liver metastases, DLM)”。据报道,DLM的发生率在7%~37%之间[59]。值得注意的是,出现DLM的患者往往更年轻、癌胚抗原水平更易恢复正常,且总体生存优于无DLM的患者,这反映了其良好的肿瘤生物学特性和有效的治疗反应[60]。目前面临的挑战是,影像学上的完全缓解并不等同于pCR。多项研究证实了二者之间的巨大差距:一项前瞻性国际研究结果显示,联合应用MRI与CT评估确认的DLM,其阴性预测值为62.5%,低于预设阈值[61]。另一项研究中,EOB-MRI确认的消失病灶中,所有切除标本均达到pCR,但仍有2.6%(1/39)的未切除病灶在一年内复发[62]。未来需要更多研究明确pCR患者的精准识别方法和等待观察治疗的适应证。

五、. 结语

针对生物学行为好的转移性肝癌的诊疗范式正处于从“不可治愈”向“慢性化管理”乃至“临床治愈”跨越的历史拐点。回望过去,局部治疗的价值曾长期被传统的晚期分期理念所低估;而如今,多学科诊疗模式下局部干预已显著提升了患者的生存获益。对于CRLM,外科手术联合系统治疗可使5年生存率达42%;对于NELM,通过达到≥70%的减瘤阈值,可以使患者5年生存率达到70%以上;对于经严格筛选GIST肝转移、OCLM患者,手术联合靶向或化疗亦展现出可观的生存潜力。展望未来,首先对于转移性疾病的治疗观:是在系统治疗有效的基础上,再联合局部治疗可能进一步改善长期疾病控制,大幅提高生存获益,二者相辅相成,缺一不可[63]。另外,转移性肝癌的局部治疗不应仅仅被视作一种技术手段,它更代表了一种积极的外科哲学。在精准医学与个体化治疗交织的新纪元,我们不仅要追求手术刀下的R0切除,更要追求生物学意义上的长期获益。随着分子机制研究的持续深入与综合治疗手段的协同增效,未来有望进一步推动部分转移性肝癌由姑息治疗模式向长期疾病控制甚至潜在治愈方向发展。为无数家庭带来生命的曙光。

利益冲突

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

引用本文:

张文, 邢宝才. 转移性肝癌的外科治疗:基于生物学行为的异病同治[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2026, 34(9):828-835. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20260524-00201.

Funding Statement

首都卫生发展科研专项首发项目(2024-2-2154)

Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research (CFH) (2024-2-2154)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Hepatology are provided here courtesy of Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University

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