Skip to main content
Chinese Journal of Hepatology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hepatology
editorial
. 2026 Sep 20;34(9):845–850. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20260527-00209

转移性肝癌介入治疗策略

Interventional therapeutic strategies for metastatic liver cancer

Sun Xuedong 1, Jin Long 1,✉
Editor: 金 生
PMCID: PMC13616985  PMID: 42802120

Abstract

Metastatic liver cancer is a common terminal manifestation of malignant neoplasms, with colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) being particularly prevalent. Surgical resection is applicable only to a small proportion of patients. In recent years, interventional therapy has become an important local treatment modality for patients with unresectable metastatic liver cancer, offering advantages such as minimal invasiveness, precision, and repeatability, thus supporting downstaging, bridging, and salvage therapy. The role of interventional therapy is shifting from terminal palliative care toward a systematic therapeutic strategy within a multidisciplinary comprehensive management framework, emphasizing individualized stratification based on tumor burden, hepatic function, and therapeutic objectives to facilitate intrahepatic tumor burden reduction, create a window for radical treatment, and enhance long-term patient survival.

Keywords: Metastatic liver cancer, Interventional therapy, Curative treatment, Palliative treatment, Survival benefit


肝脏是人体最大的实质脏器,血供丰富,是多种恶性肿瘤常见的转移靶器官之一。全球癌症数据(GLOBOCAN 2022)显示,2022年全球新发癌症患者约1 997万例,其中原发性肝癌约86.6万例,而转移性肝癌的发病率远超原发性肝癌,涉及结直肠癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、神经内分泌肿瘤、胰腺癌及黑色素瘤等多种原发肿瘤[1]。结直肠癌肝转移(colorectal cancer liver metastases,CRLM)是转移性肝癌的最常见类型,约50%的结直肠癌患者在生存期内会发生肝转移,是导致患者最终死亡的重要原因[1]。

转移性肝癌的治疗策略高度依赖原发肿瘤的生物学特性、数量、大小、分布及患者体能状态。单纯全身化学治疗(化疗)对多数实体瘤肝转移的局部控制率有限,手术切除是目前唯一可能实现患者长期生存的局部治疗方式,但仅适用于约20%~30%的转移性肝癌患者,且术后复发率高达60%~70%[2]。介入治疗作为一种有前景的微创治疗手段,涵盖经动脉栓塞(transarterial embolization,TAE)、经动脉化疗栓塞(transarterial chemoembolization,TACE)、载药微球TACE(drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization,DEB-TACE)、肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy,HAIC)、射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)、微波消融(microwave ablation,MWA)、冷冻消融(cryoablation)以及钇90放射性栓塞(yttrium-90 transarterial radioembolization,Y90-TARE)等技术,为无法手术切除的转移性肝癌患者提供了有效的替代或桥接治疗选择[3-7]。

一、. 非血管介入治疗

(一). 热消融

热消融主要包括RFA和MWA。RFA的工作原理是通过高频交变电流在组织中产生离子振荡摩擦生热,导致局部高温(>60 ℃),引发肿瘤细胞凝固性坏死[5]。MWA通过天线发射高频电磁波,使肿瘤组织内的水分子等极性分子以每秒数十亿次的速度高速震荡,激烈摩擦而产生60~150 ℃的高温,引发肿瘤细胞凝固性坏死[8]。在严格选择合适病例和实施规范操作的情况下,局部热消融的疗效与外科手术切除接近。相较于外科手术,热消融技术的优势在于治疗时可以最大限度地保留肝实质,为后续系统治疗或再次局部治疗创造了有利条件[9-10]。

2025年发表于The Lancet Oncology的国际多中心Ⅲ期随机对照研究(COLLISION研究)证实:对于直径≤3 cm的可切除CRLM患者,热消融在总生存期(overall survival,OS)上非劣于手术切除(两组1、2、5年生存率分别为92.7%比92.9%、78.5%比79.6%、51.2%比58.0%),且并发症更少(19%比46%,P<0.001)、住院时间更短(1 d比4 d,P<0.001)、局部控制更优[11]。另一项前瞻性多中心研究(MAVERRIC研究)同样证实:对于病灶数量<5个、直径≤3 cm的CRLM患者,MWA与肝切除术的3年、5年生存率相当(78%比76%,56%比58%),且MWA组并发症发生率更低[12]。10年的长期随访队列显示:消融治疗CRLM可实现长期局部控制,且≤3 cm病灶消融效果显著优于3~5 cm病灶[13]。

多项研究结果证实,充分的消融边界是确保肝转移瘤消融疗效的关键[14-17]。Shady等[18]指出,A0消融(安全边界>5 mm)可显著改善CRLM的局部肿瘤进展(local tumor progression,LTP)率与无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS);Dijkstra等[13]进一步发现,消融边缘超过1 cm能更大幅度降低LTP发生率并改善PFS。基于此,消融边缘>5 mm已被视为CRLM消融治疗的最低要求[19]。

基于大量临床实践,国际多学科德尔菲共识[20]全面规范了肝脏肿瘤热消融的切缘评估流程(图1),明确规定了影像方案、测量方法、分级系统与报告标准。共识推荐采用术中三维定量增强CT/MRI联合专用软件评估切缘,并引入A0~A2分级系统,将≥5 mm作为CRLM的最小安全边距。这一标准化框架降低了不同医疗中心间的实践差异,提升了消融治疗质量与研究可比性,最终推动了全球治疗同质化与患者预后的改善。因此,对于寡转移(≤5个)、小直径(≤3 cm)、可获得足够消融边界(≥5 mm)的CRLM患者,热消融术可以达到媲美外科手术切除的效果。

图1. 肝肿瘤消融边界评估流程图(国际多学科德尔菲共识).

图1

注:MDT为多学科诊疗

AmCORE研究结果显示,在多发性CRLM患者中,接受积极的根治性局部治疗(手术/消融)与仅接受全身治疗相比,患者的中位OS从17.9个月显著延长至52.9个月以上,且无论转移灶数量多少,生存获益均存在,未发现数量的“获益上限”。因此,对于高肿瘤负荷的患者,在合适条件下仍应积极考虑根治性局部治疗[21]。

热消融与TACE联合应用在肝内转移瘤控制及延长PFS方面优于单纯热消融。TACE有助于降低肝内新发病灶发生风险、延长整体治疗窗口期。此外,TACE还可作为“肿瘤减负+定界”工具,使更多大病灶或不规则病灶满足根治性消融的适应证范围[22-23]。

在与免疫治疗的协同方面,热消融可诱导局部肿瘤坏死、释放抗原,进而激活全身性免疫应答。热消融联合免疫治疗已在改善转移性肝癌患者的OS和疾病控制方面展现潜力[24]。

在临床实践中,对于CRLM患者,当病灶小且可获得充分消融边界时,热消融可作为局部治愈性手段之一,与手术切除共同构成“局部根治”策略的两条路径,覆盖不适合切除或需要桥接/降期的患者。

(二). 冷冻消融

冷冻消融通过快速冷冻与缓慢复温交替的冻融循环,导致肿瘤细胞内冰晶形成、渗透性损伤及微血管血栓形成,从而诱发不可逆的细胞坏死与凋亡[25]。与热消融不同,冷冻消融能够更为有效地保留肿瘤抗原的结构完整性,从而可作为“原位疫苗接种”工具,增强全身抗肿瘤免疫应答[26]。冷冻消融并非普适性的一线选择,而是专门为无法进行根治性切除或不适合热消融(如病灶紧邻大血管和肝门)的患者设计的精确“保结构”式消融方案。

一项荟萃分析结果显示,冷冻消融治疗转移性肝癌的中位OS约14.5~29个月[27]。2025年发表于 Nature Cancer的Ⅱ期临床研究(CASTLE-01)结果证实:对于一线化疗后进展的晚期/转移性肝内胆管癌患者,冷冻消融联合信迪利单抗与仑伐替尼,客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)达到75.0%,中位PFS达16.8个月,中位OS达25.4个月,疾病控制率达100%[28]。多组学分析表明,冷冻消融增加了肿瘤免疫原性和树突状细胞激活,触发外周血CD8⁺PD-1⁺效应T细胞在肿瘤内持续补充,这为冷冻消融联合免疫检查点抑制剂及抗血管生成治疗提供了重要理论基础[14]。

(三). 不可逆电穿孔(irreversible electroporation,IRE)

IRE是一项针对热消融禁区(大血管、胆管旁病灶)的“冷”消融技术。该技术利用高压电脉冲在细胞膜上形成不可逆的纳米级穿孔,精准诱导肿瘤凋亡,同时完好保留周围的血管、胆管等含胶原的关键结构[29]。其优势在处理中央型、紧邻肝门部大血管及胆管的“热消融禁区”病灶时尤为突出。但仅为中等水平的生存数据决定了IRE目前尚不应作为可切除或可安全热消融病灶的常规首选治疗方法[30],其适应证应高度聚焦于存在明确手术和热消融禁忌的特定情况。在CRLM切除术后肝内复发的挽救治疗中,IRE的局部控制率在12个月、36个月分别可达64%和57.4%[31]。COLDFIRE-2研究纳入51例≤5 cm毗邻大血管或胆管等关键结构的不可手术/热消融CRLM患者,1年无局部进展生存率为68%,中位OS为32.4个月[32]。IRE最常见的不良事件为各类心律失常(约52.6%),多数可通过心电图门控等技术有效预防[33]。

(四). 组织碎裂术

组织碎裂术(histotripsy)的出现为肝肿瘤局部治疗开辟了一条全新的技术路径[34-35]。该技术利用高强度聚焦超声脉冲产生声空化效应,在焦点区域形成微气泡云,通过气泡的剧烈膨胀与塌缩产生机械应力,将靶向组织液化为无结构的碎片[36]。其核心特点在于:非侵入性(经体表治疗)、非热效应(不依赖温度)、非电离辐射(无放射暴露)和实时影像引导(与治疗同轴),并在治疗过程中保留富含胶原的关键结构(血管、胆管),从而降低邻近正常结构损伤的风险。HOPE4LIVER试验1年更新数据证实(共纳入47例患者,其中19例为肝细胞癌,28例为转移性肝癌):组织碎裂术在1年内可实现90%的局部肿瘤控制率和可接受的生存数据(转移性肝癌组48.6%生存),安全性良好(6.8%发生设备相关主要并发症),已达到现有局部治疗标准水平[37]。

组织碎裂术无热沉降效应,在处理邻近大血管、肝门部肝管等部位的病灶时可能较热消融更具优势。该技术无需穿刺,为肝硬化严重、凝血功能障碍及穿刺困难的患者提供了新的治疗选择和补充方案。其缺点在于对超声声窗要求较高,肋骨遮挡、结肠内气体等可能影响治疗精度。

二、. 血管介入治疗

转移性肝癌以肝动脉供血为主,目前主要的经动脉治疗技术包括TAE、TACE、HAIC及TARE等[38-40]。TACE被提出作为“局部强化化疗药物作用+肿瘤供血阻断”的组合策略,旨在延长肿瘤局部化疗药物停留时间、降低全身药物毒性并保护肝功能。尽管总体上血管介入治疗能否作为转移性肝癌的根治性手段尚存争议,但多数学者认可患者治疗后可获得长期缓解与生活质量获益[4]。

在循证医学证据方面,一项Ⅲ期临床试验结果显示,采用伊立替康载药微球行TACE的CRLM患者中位OS达22个月,显著优于FOLFIRI全身化疗组的15个月;ORR分别为70%和20%,生活质量维持时间也更长(8个月比3个月)[41]。CIREL研究是一项由欧洲心血管与介入放射学会支持的前瞻性、多中心观察性研究,纳入11个欧洲国家152例接受伊立替康载药微球治疗不可切除CRLM患者,总体中位OS为14.5个月。其中,挽救治疗组(占57.2%,针对至少一线系统治疗后进展的患者)中位OS为9.9个月,表明TACE对难治性患者具有重要治疗价值;诱导后/巩固治疗组(占42.8%,指在一线治疗、巩固治疗阶段联合TACE,或与根治性消融联用)中位OS达19.1个月,中位肝脏无进展生存期为8.7个月。该研究支持TACE在多学科综合治疗中的更早期应用[42]。2024年发表的一篇系统综述提示,HAIC联合全身治疗可使不可切除的CRLM患者缓解率达85%~90%,其中高达50%的患者可成功转化并获得手术机会[43]。EPOCH研究是一项随机、开放标签、国际多中心Ⅲ期临床试验,纳入428例一线奥沙利铂或伊立替康化疗后进展的CRLM患者,结果显示,TARE联合二线化疗组(215例)较单纯二线化疗组(213例)的中位PFS和中位肝脏无进展生存期均显著改善(8.0个月比7.2个月,P=0.001 3;9.1个月比7.2个月,P=0.001 9),但两组中位OS差异无统计学意义(14.0个月比14.4个月,P=0.722 9)。该研究结果证实,放射栓塞在CRLM中具有临床获益。2024年进行的亚组分析进一步显示,在基线癌胚抗原水平较低、体能状态良好且KRAS基因野生型的CRLM患者中,TARE联合化疗的获益最为明显[44]。我国《结直肠癌肝转移诊断和综合治疗指南(2025版)》中推荐,对于以肝转移为主、肝肿瘤负荷较大且药物治疗效果不明显的患者,或难治性、不能耐受系统治疗的患者,在适当时机联合应用HAI、TACE、DEB-TACE、TARE等经动脉治疗,有助于延长PFS和OS[45]。

在神经内分泌肿瘤肝转移治疗领域,血管介入治疗也越来越受到关注。神经内分泌肿瘤肝转移常伴激素相关症状与肝内高负荷,系统化疗效果有限,生长抑素类似物可控制部分症状但常出现耐药。TAE/TACE/TARE均可用于难治、不可切除或复发的神经内分泌肿瘤肝转移,并被证实可改善激素相关症状并获得肿瘤客观缓解[46]。RETNET试验结果显示,TAE(空白微球栓塞)和TACE在治疗神经内分泌肿瘤肝转移在肝脏无进展生存期和总体PFS方面差异无统计学意义,TAE可以实现短期快速肿瘤缓解,而TACE可以实现长期肿瘤控制,各有优势[47]。一项正在进行的随机对照研究初步结果显示,索凡替尼联合TAE方案在ORR和12个月无进展生存率方面均优于单纯索凡替尼组[48]。基于循证医学证据,多项国内外神经内分泌肿瘤诊疗指南均推荐将介入治疗用于神经内分泌肿瘤肝转移的治疗[49-50]。

三、. 介入治疗定位与治疗目标的重构

目前,介入技术在转移性肝癌治疗中的定位已从末线姑息转向多学科体系的结构性成分,研究的主线从“追求更强单项技术”转向“构建更优整体策略”:系统治疗延长患者生存,更需高质量肝内局部肿瘤控制。同时,局部介入治疗反向调整系统治疗节奏,如争取换药时间、降低肝脏负荷等。临床决策应强调“意图分层”:同一技术既可追求治愈,如小体积寡转移的消融,也可用于桥接、减瘤或挽救性治疗。适应证评估也不再仅以技术可行性为标准,而是综合考虑肿瘤负荷、肝功能、肝外病灶情况、既往治疗方案及技术风险-获益比,从而制定个体化治疗方案。最终,在多学科协作的前提下,将局部介入治疗嵌入患者的综合治疗和全程管理。

利益冲突

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

引用本文:

孙学栋, 金龙. 转移性肝癌介入治疗策略[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2026, 34(9):845-850. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20260527-00209.

Funding Statement

工信部-高端医疗装备推广应用项目(ZX0224001)

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology-High-end Medical Equipment Promotion and Application Program (ZX0224001)

参考文献

  • 1.Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2024, 74(3):229-263. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21834. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Vibert E, Canedo L, Adam R. Strategies to treat primary unresectable colorectal liver metastases[J]. Semin Oncol, 2005, 32(6 Suppl 8):33-39. DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.07.015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.O’Leary C, Soulen MC, Shamimi-Noori S. Interventional oncology approach to hepatic metastases[J]. Semin Intervent Radiol, 2020, 37(5):484-491. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719189. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Helmberger T. Interventional procedures for hepatic metastases[J]. Chirurg, 2010, 81(6):542-550. DOI: 10.1007/s00104-010-1888-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Guenette JP, Dupuy DE. Radiofrequency ablation of colorectal hepatic metastases[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2010, 102(8):978-987. DOI: 10.1002/jso.21658. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Vogl TJ, Naguib NN, Zangos S, et al. Liver metastases of neuroendocrine carcinomas:interventional treatment via transarterial embolization, chemoembolization and thermal ablation[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2009, 72(3):517-528. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.08.008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Fraker DL, Soulen M. Regional therapy of hepatic metastases[J]. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 2002, 16(4):947-967. DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(02)00039-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Lubner MG, Brace CL, Hinshaw JL, et al. Microwave tumor ablation:mechanism of action, clinical results, and devices[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2010, 21(8 Suppl):S192-203. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.04.007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Laimer G, Johnston EW, Overduin CG, et al. International multisociety Delphi consensus for liver tumour thermal ablation:procedural and practice standards[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2026, 27(5):e259-e270. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(26)00114-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Shady W, Petre EN, Gonen M, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of colorectal cancer liver metastases:factors affecting outcomes--A 10-year experience at a single center[J]. Radiology, 2016, 278(2):601-611. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015142489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.van der Lei S, Puijk RS, Dijkstra M, et al. Thermal ablation versus surgical resection of small-size colorectal liver metastases (COLLISION):an international, randomised, controlled, phase 3 non-inferiority trial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2025, 26(2):187-199. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00660-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Tinguely P, Ruiter SJS, Engstrand J, et al. A prospective multicentre trial on survival after Microwave Ablation VErsus Resection for Resectable Colorectal liver metastases (MAVERRIC)[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2023, 187:65-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.03.038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Dijkstra M, van der Lei S, Puijk RS, et al. Efficacy of thermal ablation for small-size (0-3 cm) versus intermediate-size (3-5 cm) colorectal liver metastases:results from the Amsterdam Colorectal Liver Met Registry (AmCORE)[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2023, 15(17):4346. DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174346. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Sofocleous CT, Callstrom MR, Petre EN, et al. Real-time 3D confirmation of complete ablation with margins as a local cure for colorectal liver metastases:the ACCLAIM trial[J]. Trials, 2025, 26(1):360. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-025-09006-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Laimer G, Verdonschot KHM, Kopf L, et al. Multicenter and inter-software evaluation of ablative margins after thermal ablation of colorectal liver metastases[J]. Eur Radiol, 2025, 35(2):1046-1056. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-024-10956-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Paolucci I, Albuquerque Marques Silva J, Lin YM, et al. Identification of A0 minimum ablative margins for colorectal liver metastases:multicentre, retrospective study using deformable CT registration and artificial intelligence-based autosegmentation[J]. Br J Surg, 2024, 111(9):znae165. DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znae165. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Ausania F, Borin A, Melendez R, et al. Microwave ablation of colorectal liver metastases:impact of a 10-mm safety margin on local recurrence in a tertiary care hospital[J]. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, 2021, 25(3):366-370. DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.2021.25.3.366. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Shady W, Petre EN, Do KG, et al. Percutaneous microwave versus radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases:ablation with clear margins (A0) provides the best local tumor control[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2018, 29(2):268-275.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.08.021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Chlorogiannis DD, Sotirchos VS, Georgiades C, et al. The importance of optimal thermal ablation margins in colorectal liver metastases:a systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 studies[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2023, 15(24):5806. DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245806. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Paolucci I, Overduin CG, Johnston EW, et al. International multisociety Delphi consensus for liver tumour thermal ablation:margin assessment[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2026, 27(5):e248-e258. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(26)00143-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.van der Lei S, Kors N, Dijkstra M, et al. Exploring the upper limit:the added value of local treatment in patients with multiple colorectal liver metastases:an Amsterdam Colorectal Liver Met Registry (AmCORE)-based study[J]. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2026, 49(5):959-969. DOI: 10.1007/s00270-025-04260-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Vogl TJ, Stefan H, Gruber-Rouh T, et al. The combination of transarterial chemoembolization and microwave ablation is superior to microwave ablation alone for liver metastases from colorectal cancer[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2024, 150(10):440. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05951-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Vogl TJ, Freichel J, Gruber-Rouh T, et al. Interventional treatments of colorectal liver metastases using thermal ablation and transarterial chemoembolization:a single-center experience over 26 years[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2024, 16(9):1756. DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091756. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Zhu C, Liao JY, Liu YY, et al. Immune dynamics shaping pre-metastatic and metastatic niches in liver metastases:from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies[J]. Mol Cancer, 2024, 23(1):254. DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02171-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Vijay J, Namboodiri N. Cryoablation for atrial fibrillation: biophysics and a contemporary step-by-step approach[J]. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J, 2026, 26(1):5-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.ipej.2026.02.002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Xu JJ, Ni CX, Qin LD, et al. Cryoablation remodels the immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma:From mechanistic insights to clinical translation in combination immunotherapy[J]. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 2026, 18(6):118976. DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v18.i6.118976. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Khanmohammadi S, Behnoush AH, Akhlaghpoor S. Survival outcomes and quality of life after percutaneous cryoablation for liver metastasis:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. PLoS One, 2023, 18(8):e0289975. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Gu S, Luo Q, Zhang Y, et al. Cryoablation plus sintilimab and lenvatinib in advanced or metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma:a phase 2 trial[J]. Nat Cancer, 2026, 7(1):60-79. DOI: 10.1038/s43018-025-01058-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Zhang N, Li Z, Han X, et al. Irreversible electroporation: an emerging immunomodulatory therapy on solid tumors[J]. Front Immunol, 2022, 12:811726. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.811726. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Narayanan G, Koethe Y, Gentile N. Irreversible electroporation of the hepatobiliary system: current utilization and future avenues[J]. Medicina (Kaunas), 2024, 60(2):251. DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Spiers HVM, Lancellotti F, de Liguori Carino N, et al. Irreversible electroporation for liver metastases from colorectal cancer:a systematic review[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2023, 15(9):2428. DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092428. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Meijerink MR, Ruarus AH, Vroomen LGPH, et al. Irreversible electroporation to treat unresectable colorectal liver metastases (COLDFIRE-2):a phase II, two-center, single-arm clinical trial[J]. Radiology, 2021, 299(2):470-480. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021203089. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.O'Neill CH, Martin RCG. Cardiac synchronization and arrhythmia during irreversible electroporation[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2020, 122(3):407-411. DOI: 10.1002/jso.26041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Pallumeera M, Hong M, Giang JC, et al. Histotripsy: recent advances, clinical applications, and future prospects[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2025, 17(18):3072. DOI: 10.3390/cancers17183072. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Song B, Queen H, Ferris SF, et al. Histotripsy-focused ultrasound treatment abrogates tumor hypoxia responses and stimulates antitumor immune responses in melanoma[J]. Mol Cancer Ther, 2025, 24(7):1088-1098. DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-24-0715. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Xu Z, Khokhlova TD, Cho CS, et al. Histotripsy:a method for mechanical tissue ablation with ultrasound[J]. Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 2024, 26(1):141-167. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-073123-022334. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Ziemlewicz TJ, Critchfield JJ, Mendiratta-Lala M, et al. The #HOPE4LIVER single-arm pivotal trial for histotripsy of primary and metastatic liver tumors: one-year update of clinical outcomes[J]. Ann Surg, 2025, 282(6):908-916. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000006720. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Liu BJ, Gao S, Guo JH, et al. Efficacy and safety of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI plus drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization in unresectable colorectal liver metastases[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2026, 44(2_Suppl):53. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2026.44.2_suppl.53. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Schneider CCI, de Wit-van der Veen BJ, Jansen SMA, et al. High-dose transarterial radioembolization of hepatic metastases using yttrium-90 resin microspheres[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2025, 17(24):3889. DOI: 10.3390/cancers17243889. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Ou H, Li X, Chang S, et al. Advances in hepatic arterial perfusion chemotherapy for hepatic metastases[J]. Front Oncol, 2025, 15:1544061. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1544061. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Fiorentini G, Aliberti C, Tilli M, et al. Intra-arterial infusion of irinotecan-loaded drug-eluting beads (DEBIRI) versus intravenous therapy (FOLFIRI) for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: final results of a phase Ⅲ study[J]. Anticancer Res, 2012, 32(4):1387-1395. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Arnold D, Pereira PL, Iezzi R, et al. Transarterial chemoembolisation with irinotecan (irinotecan-TACE) as salvage or post-inductive therapy for colorectal cancer liver metastases: effectiveness results from the CIREL study[J]. ESMO Open, 2025, 10(3):104292. DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2025.104292. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Kuemmerli C, Hess V, Dutkowski P, et al. Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy for primary and secondary malignancies of the liver:state of the art and current high-level evidence[J]. Pharmacology, 2024, 109(2):86-97. DOI: 10.1159/000537887. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Mulcahy M , Salem R , Mahvash A ,et al. LBA21 Radioembolization with chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases:a randomized, open-label, international, multicenter, phase Ⅲ trial (EPOCH study)[J]. Ann Oncol, 2021, 32(Supplement 5):S1295. DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.2095. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.中国医师协会外科医师分会,中华医学会外科学分会胃肠外科学组,中华医学会外科学分会结直肠外科学组,et al. 结直肠癌肝转移诊断和综合治疗指南(2025版)[J]. 中华消化外科杂志,2025,24(8):943-968. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20250713-00468. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Gupta S. Intra-arterial liver-directed therapies for neuroendocrine hepatic metastases[J]. Semin Intervent Radiol, 2013, 30(1):28-38. DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1333651. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Soulen MC WE, Dey C. Randomized embolization trial for neuroendocrine tumors (RETNET)[C]//18th Annual Multidisciplinary NET Medical Symposium, North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (NANETS 2025. AbstractsEndocrine, 2025, 116: C12. DOI: 10.1530/endoabs.116.C12. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Li R, Li X, You X, et al. Surufatinib combined with transarterial embolization versus surufatinib monotherapy in patients with liver metastatic neuroendocrine tumors:study protocol for a prospective, randomized, controlled trial[J]. Cancer Med, 2024, 13(8):e7131. DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.中国抗癌协会神经内分泌肿瘤专业委员会, 陈洁, 聂勇战, et al. 中国抗癌协会神经内分泌肿瘤诊治指南(2025年版)[J]. 中国癌症杂志, 2025, 35(1):85-142. DOI: 10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2025.01.010. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Shah MH, Goldner WS, Benson AB, et al. Neuroendocrine and adrenal tumors, version 2.2021, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2021, 19(7):839-868. DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2021.0032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Chinese Journal of Hepatology are provided here courtesy of Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University

RESOURCES