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Chinese Journal of Hepatology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hepatology
editorial
. 2026 Sep 20;34(9):836–844. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20260531-00222

微环境共性驱动下的肝转移治疗新策略

Novel therapeutic strategies for liver metastases driven by the common microenvironment

Shen Linxi 1, Fang Weijia 1, Tong Zhou 1,✉
Editor: 金 生
PMCID: PMC13616987  PMID: 42802119

Abstract

The liver is one of the most common target organs for distant metastasis from various malignant tumors. Once liver metastases develop, they often indicate a poor prognosis and may be accompanied with reduced therapeutic responses.Whether cancer cells originating from different primary sites can further colonize, survive, and form metastatic lesions after entering the liver is closely related to the liver's unique immune-tolerant state and alterations in vascular structures and metabolic microenvironment. Although different tumors have distinct tissue origins and molecular characteristics, they are often influenced by similar microenvironmental factors during intrahepatic progression and exhibit certain functional convergence. Based on this characteristic, different diseases treated with the same method aimed at liver cancer metastases possess certain theoretical and practical significance. Herein, the main characteristics of the liver's immune microenvironment are organized and discussed, with a focus on immunotherapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, and convergent therapy strategies involving emerging targets such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and claudin-18.2, with the aim of providing a reference for the comprehensive treatment approaches for metastatic liver cancer.

Keywords: Liver metastases, Tumor microenvironment, Targeted therapy, Immunotherapy, Convergent systemic therapy


肝脏是肝外恶性肿瘤最常见的转移部位之一,肝转移的出现通常提示疾病已进入晚期,并与生存率下降和治疗抵抗增加密切相关。肝脏容易发生转移,主要有两方面原因。其一,肝脏由门静脉和肝动脉双重供血,肝窦内皮通透性较高,血流相对缓慢,循环肿瘤细胞进入肝脏后,可在肝窦低速流动和在内皮黏附分子作用下停留并外渗[1];其二,肝脏长期接触来自肠道的抗原、毒素和代谢产物,在生理上更倾向于维持免疫耐受[2]。这种免疫平衡状态恰为转移瘤细胞的定植与扩增提供了适宜的条件。肝转移性恶性肿瘤的出现并不仅仅是原发灶的癌细胞被动到达肝脏的结果,而是一个包括转移前生态位(pre-metastatic niche, PMN)形成、肿瘤细胞肝内黏附、微血管期存活、血管生成、免疫抑制网络建立和扩增的动态过程。

近年来,随着PMN、单细胞免疫图谱以及器官特异性转移机制等研究不断推进,人们对肝转移性恶性肿瘤的发生过程和治疗干预方式有了更深入的认识。免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)、过继细胞疗法、肿瘤疫苗等免疫治疗手段,以及针对人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)、紧密连接蛋白18.2(Claudin18.2,CLDN18.2)等泛癌种靶点的新型药物,正在逐步打破瘤种壁垒。基于此,本文拟从肝脏特殊的肿瘤微环境入手,梳理跨癌种免疫治疗、靶向治疗和抗血管生成治疗在肝转移性恶性肿瘤中的研究进展,并进一步讨论其可能的临床应用价值,以期为该领域的精准治疗探索提供参考。

一、. 肝脏独特的肿瘤微环境

肝脏不仅是人体重要的代谢和解毒器官,同时也是多种实体瘤(如结直肠癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌及肺癌)发生远处转移的主要靶器官之一。肝脏独特的解剖结构和免疫细胞组成,造就了其高度特异的肿瘤微环境。

肝脏微环境在肿瘤转移过程中并不是单一发挥抗肿瘤作用,而是具有一定的阶段性特征:在早期,它有助于清除外来的肿瘤细胞;但随着肿瘤不断适应肝内环境,这种防御状态又可能逐渐被改造为有利于转移灶形成的免疫抑制状态。转移发生初期,肝脏内的驻留细胞和多种免疫细胞通常仍以抗肿瘤作用为主。其中,库普弗细胞(Kupffer cell, KC)可通过Dectin-2受体识别并吞噬肿瘤细胞[3],同时分泌一氧化氮和肿瘤坏死因子-α,对肿瘤细胞产生直接杀伤作用;此外,KC还可促进自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK细胞)的活化,从而增强肝脏局部的免疫监视能力。

但在肿瘤进展过程中,肝脏微环境会逐渐发生重塑。

1. 持续抗原刺激和免疫抑制因子共同作用可导致T细胞耗竭,并伴随程序性死亡蛋白-1 (programmed death-1,PD-1)及其配体(PD-L1)、淋巴细胞活化基因-3(lymphocyte activation gene-3,LAG-3)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4,CTLA-4)等免疫检查点分子上调,这是肝转移灶对ICI原发耐药的核心原因之一[4]。LAG-3的主要配体纤维蛋白原样蛋白1(fibrinogen-like protein 1,FGL1)主要由肝脏分泌[5],这使得LAG-3/FGL1通路在肝转移微环境中尤为关键。因此,LAG-3可能成为肝转移中值得探索的免疫治疗靶点。

2. 原发肿瘤细胞通过分泌途径向肝脏传递信号,包括携带微小RNA(microRNA,miR)-21-5p、miR-151a-3p等外泌体,以及组织金属蛋白酶抑制物-1、脂多糖结合蛋白等可溶性因子。这些信号经门静脉入肝后,首先被肝脏驻留的KC摄取,激活KC并促使其大量分泌转化生长因子(transforming growth factor,TGF)-β和白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6。与此同时,进入肝窦的肿瘤细胞自身也可直接分泌TGF-β。这两部分TGF-β共同作用于肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cell, HSC),使其产生纤维连接蛋白,重塑细胞外基质,从而为循环肿瘤细胞在肝内黏附和定植提供条件[6]。TGF-β信号不仅参与基质重塑,还可抑制T细胞和NK细胞功能,并影响肿瘤细胞、基质细胞、血管和免疫细胞等多个环节,因此被认为是推动肝转移灶形成和扩增的重要枢纽[7]。

3. 免疫抑制性细胞的募集和功能改变同样发挥关键作用。原本具有细胞毒作用的中性粒细胞也可能在TGF-β和胰岛素样生长因子1等信号作用下发生表型转变,极化为N2表型,转而分泌促血管生成因子[如成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor,FGF)2]和基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP),促进肿瘤生长和转移[8]。此外,肿瘤通过分泌趋化因子(C-C基元)配体[chemokine (C-C motif) ligand,CCL]2、CCL5、集落刺激因子(colony-stimulating factor,CSF)-1等趋化因子,大量募集髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cell,MDSC)和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophage,TAM)进入肝脏。这些细胞不仅直接抑制CD8+ T细胞的抗肿瘤效应,还通过分泌IL-10等分子维持局部免疫抑制状态,最终有利于肿瘤细胞在肝内存活和扩增,削弱CD8+ T细胞的抗肿瘤效应,最终有利于肿瘤细胞在肝内存活和扩增[2]。上述机制为多种“靶向髓系细胞”的治疗策略提供了理论基础,包括:靶向CCL2/C-C趋化因子受体(C-C motif chemokine receptor,CCR)2轴、靶向CCR5、靶向双靶点CCR2/5以及靶向CSF-1/CSF-1受体。同时,利用CD40激动剂重塑TAM功能,使其从M2促肿瘤表型转向M1抗肿瘤表型,也是基于此机制的重要探索[9]。

4. 血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)驱动的异常血管生成也是促进肝转移灶形成和免疫逃逸的重要机制。VEGF不仅通过VEGF及其受体(VEGFR)信号促进肿瘤新生血管形成,为肝内转移灶提供氧气和营养,还会使肿瘤血管结构异常、通透性增加,从而加重局部缺氧和炎症反应,进一步促进肿瘤细胞黏附、外渗和扩增。在免疫调节方面,VEGF具有明显的免疫抑制作用,可抑制树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC)的分化和成熟,削弱抗原递呈能力;同时,VEGF还可抑制效应T细胞功能,减少CD8+ T细胞向肿瘤组织浸润,并促进调节性T细胞(Treg)、MDSC和TAM的募集和扩增,从而形成更有利于肿瘤免疫逃逸的微环境[10]。因此,抗VEGF/VEGFR治疗不仅具有抑制血管生成的作用,也可能通过血管正常化、改善T细胞浸润和降低免疫抑制细胞比例,增强ICI在肝转移患者中的治疗效果。

5. 肝转移灶的形成不仅依赖于微环境的支持,肿瘤细胞自身的分子特征也在这一过程中发挥关键作用,并与微环境成分发生密切的交互作用。例如,HER2不仅是部分乳腺癌和胃癌的关键驱动基因,也在结直肠癌、胆管癌等其他实体瘤的肝转移灶中过表达或扩增。HER2信号通路的激活可通过上调VEGF和IL-8等分子,一方面促进异常血管生成,另一方面诱导TAM向M2型极化,两者协同加剧肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制状态。此外,CLDN18.2作为紧密连接蛋白家族成员,在恶性转化过程中细胞极性丧失导致其表位暴露。虽然CLDN18.2本身不直接参与免疫调节,但其在肝转移灶中的表达使其成为一个理想的“泛癌种”靶向分子,而其定位于细胞膜的特性也为抗体药物偶联物和双特异性抗体的开发提供了便利。

由此可见,肝转移微环境的形成并非由单一因素驱动,而是肿瘤细胞、肝脏驻留免疫细胞、基质细胞、髓系抑制细胞和异常血管系统共同作用的结果(图1)。Inline graphic

图1. 肝转移的肿瘤免疫微环境与治疗机制示意图.

图1

注:CRC为结直肠癌;GC为胃癌;PDAC为胰腺导管腺癌;BC为乳腺癌;NSCLC为非小细胞肺癌;melanoma为黑色素瘤;VEGF为血管内皮生长因子;TGF为转化生长因子;IL为白细胞介素;HER2为人表皮生长因子受体2;Claudin18.2为紧密连接蛋白18.2;PD-1/PD-L1为程序性死亡蛋白1及其配体;CTLA-4为细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4;LAG-3为淋巴细胞活化基因-3;FGL1为纤维蛋白原样蛋白1;CCL为趋化因子(C-C基元)配体;CSF为集落刺激因子;FGF为成纤维细胞生长因子;MMP基质金属蛋白酶;cancer cell为肿瘤细胞;T cell为T细胞;kupffer为库普弗细胞;HSC为肝星状细胞;neutrophill为中性粒细胞;hepatocyte为肝细胞;MDSC为髓源性抑制细胞;TAM为肿瘤相关巨噬细胞;NK为自然杀伤细胞;DC为树突状细胞;Treg为调节性T细胞

TGF-β介导的基质重塑、髓系细胞募集与重编程、T细胞耗竭、免疫检查点分子上调、以及VEGF相关血管生成,分别为后文靶向TGF-β、髓系细胞、免疫检查点和抗血管生成治疗等提供了理论依据。另外,随着HER2、CLDN18.2等新靶点的出现,肝转移治疗正逐渐朝着“器官微环境共性联合分子靶点特异性”的双重框架发展,有望进一步提高抗肿瘤治疗的有效性。

二、. 基于微环境共性的治疗策略

免疫治疗是“异病同治”理念的最佳体现。尽管不同肿瘤的突变谱各异,但它们在肝内最终都需突破相似的免疫屏障。许多临床前和临床研究聚焦于肝转移的治疗,调控肝转移微环境。目前针对免疫系统治疗的潜在靶点及相应的临床试验药物见表1[11-30]。

表1.

肝转移肿瘤的潜在免疫治疗靶点

靶点 靶点机制 药物 临床试验分期 NCT/参考文献
LAG3 靶向T细胞耗竭 relatlimab Ⅱ/Ⅲ [11]
TGF-β 调控免疫抑制性细胞因子 galunisertib Ⅰb [12]
瑞拉芙普-α(SHR-1701) Ⅲ [13-14]
M7824 Ⅰ [15-17]
CSF-1 靶向TAM lacnotuzumab Ⅰb/Ⅱ [18]
CSF-1R 靶向TAM pexidartinib Ⅰ [19]
GM-CSF 激活抗原递呈 sargramostim Ⅱ NCT00003125
CCR2 阻断髓系细胞募集 CCX872 Ⅰb [20]
PF-04136309 Ⅰb [21]
CCR5 阻断髓系细胞募集 maraviroc Ⅰ [22]
vicriviroc Ⅱ [23]
CCR2/5 阻断髓系细胞募集 BMS-813160 Ⅰb/Ⅱ [24]
CCL2/5 阻断髓系细胞募集 BisCCL2/5i 临床前试验 [25]
CCR8 靶向免疫抑制性T细胞 BMS-986340 Ⅰ/Ⅱ NCT04895709
S-531011 Ⅰb/Ⅱ NCT05101070
CXCR2 调控中性粒细胞/MDSC AZ13381758 临床前试验 [26]
CD40 重塑抗原递呈细胞 sotigalimab Ⅰb/Ⅱ [27]
NG-350 A Ⅰ [28]
mitazalimab Ⅱ [29]
CDX-1140 Ⅰ NCT03329950
NM/PPcDG/D 临床前试验 [30]
Foxp3 靶向Treg AZD8701 Ⅰ NCT04504669

注:LAG-3为淋巴细胞活化基因-3;TGF-β为转化生长因子-β;CSF-1(R)为集落刺激因子-1(受体);GM-CSF为粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子;CCR为CC趋化因子受体;CCL为趋化因子(C-C基元)配体;CXCR2为CXC趋化因子受体2;Foxp3为叉头框蛋白P3;TAM为肿瘤相关巨噬细胞;MDSC为髓源性抑制细胞;Treg为调节性T细胞;NCT为美国国家癌症研究所注册号

1. 靶向淋巴细胞的免疫治疗:以PD-1/PD-L1和CTLA-4为靶点的ICI是当前免疫治疗的基石。但临床研究结果显示,在接受ICI治疗的多癌种患者中,肝转移的存在与更短的无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)和总生存期(overall survival,OS)独立相关[31]。CTLA-4抑制剂ipilimumab作为首个获批准的ICI,在转移性黑色素瘤中确立了免疫治疗的地位。然而,其在肝转移患者中的单药活性有限[32]。

除传统ICI外,LAG-3在肝转移肿瘤背景下也值得进一步关注。有研究结果显示,阻断LAG-3能够增强结直肠癌肝转移灶中肿瘤浸润T细胞的功能,因此,LAG-3可能成为结直肠癌肝转移中免疫治疗靶点[33]。此外,RELATIVITY-047研究中的肝转移亚组分析结果显示,与纳武利尤单克隆抗体(单抗)单药治疗相比,纳武利尤单抗联合靶向LAG-3的瑞拉利单抗(relatlimab)可给黑色素瘤患者带来更长的PFS和OS[11]。

除直接调控免疫抑制性通路外,基于肿瘤抗原激活特异性免疫应答的治疗策略也逐渐成为肝转移性恶性肿瘤免疫治疗的重要探索方向。肿瘤疫苗旨在主动激活宿主免疫系统,诱导肿瘤特异性T细胞反应。在肝转移背景下,寻找共同的肿瘤抗原或新抗原是关键。基于癌胚抗原的病毒疫苗是最早探索的方向之一。癌胚抗原在多种上皮来源肿瘤(如结直肠癌、胰腺癌、胃癌)中过表达,且在肝转移灶中常维持高表达,使其成为“异病同治”的理想靶点。早期临床试验结果显示,癌胚抗原疫苗联合标准治疗可能带来生存获益(NCT00081848)[34]。此外,随着mRNA癌症治疗的兴起,个性化mRNA疫苗的开发也在进行中,以产生比传统蛋白疫苗更强的抗肿瘤反应[35]。一项针对转移性胃肠道肿瘤患者的临床试验(NCT03480152)证实,个体化mRNA新抗原疫苗能够成功诱导持久的、新抗原特异性的T细胞免疫应答[36]。除主动免疫策略之外,过继性细胞治疗则通过体外改造和扩增免疫效应细胞,为肝转移性恶性肿瘤的精准免疫治疗提供了另一种重要路径[37-39]。

2. 靶向髓系细胞与基质微环境的免疫治疗:肿瘤免疫微环境中的可溶性因子同样参与了肿瘤细胞与免疫细胞之间的相互调节,其中TGF-β通路受到较多关注。TAM和MDSC可维持肝转移性恶性肿瘤的免疫耐受环境,与患者不良预后密切相关,因此成为极具潜力的治疗靶点[40]。

在可溶性因子通路研究中,一项Ⅰ期研究(NCT02734160)将TGF-β受体抑制剂galunisertib与抗PD-L1抗体度伐利尤单抗(durvalumab)联合用于转移性胰腺癌患者,结果显示该联合方案具有一定抗肿瘤活性,也为后续联合治疗研究提供了参考[12]。此外,靶向TGF-β和PD-L1的双功能融合蛋白瑞拉芙普-α(SHR-1701)也取得了值得关注的效果。2025年欧洲肿瘤内科学会亚洲会议更新的PD-L1综合阳性评分≥1人群分析数据显示,瑞拉芙普-α联合化疗较对照组延长了OS,两组OS分别为16.7个月和10.3个月,差异为6.4个月;同时,研究结果提示肝转移亚组可能获得更明显的治疗获益[13-14]。另外,M7824作为另一种同时靶向TGF-β和PD-L1通路的药物,也在早期临床试验中表现出较好的耐受性和一定的抗肿瘤活性[15-17]。

巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(macrophage colony-stimulating factor,M-CSF/CSF-1)及其受体CSF-1R对于单核细胞和巨噬细胞的增殖、分化和成熟至关重要[41]。靶向CSF-1的单抗lacnotuzumab与PD-1抑制剂斯巴达利珠单抗联合应用时,在晚期胰腺癌患者中表现出良好的耐受性和初步抗肿瘤活性(NCT02807844)[18]。在临床前模型中,抑制CSF-1R可减少肝内TAM浸润,并恢复T细胞功能。一项Ⅰ期临床试验(NCT02777710)评估了CSF-1R抑制剂pexidartinib联合PD-L1抗体度伐利尤单抗(durvalumab)在晚期胰腺癌和结直肠癌患者中的效果,结果显示21%的患者疾病稳定超过2个月,提示联合治疗的潜力[19]。

趋化因子介导的免疫细胞募集,也是肝内免疫抑制形成和维持的重要机制之一。其中,CCL2/CCR2和CCL5/CCR5轴可促进单核细胞及MDSC向肝脏募集,并进一步参与免疫抑制微环境的形成[42]。在临床研究方面,CCR2拮抗剂CCX872联合 FOLFIRINOX用于转移性胰腺癌治疗时,显示出改善患者生存的可能[20]。CCR2和CCR5的双重抑制剂(如BMS-813160)提供了一种有效的双特异性靶向策略,在Ib/Ⅱ期临床试验中,其联合化疗或免疫治疗在转移性胰腺癌中展现出令人鼓舞的疗效,BMS-813160联合化疗及纳武利尤单抗在一线治疗的胰腺癌患者中的客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)达37%,24周无进展生存率为56%[24]。在临床前研究中,能够同时中和CCL2和CCL5的双特异性单域抗体BisCCL2/5i,已在肝转移小鼠模型中显示出一定治疗效果[25]。目前,靶向CCR8的单抗BMS-986340、S-531011的疗效也在相关临床试验中继续探索(NCT04895709、NCT05101070)。另外,临床前研究还提示,抑制CXCR2可能增强胰腺癌对免疫治疗的应答[26]。

TAM进行功能重塑,使其由偏免疫抑制、促肿瘤的状态(M2)转向更具抗肿瘤活性的表型(M1),也是调节肝转移免疫微环境的重要思路之一。CD40激动剂单抗sotigalimab与纳武利尤单抗联合治疗,在既往对PD-1抑制剂应答不佳的转移性黑色素瘤患者中,实现了15.2%的ORR[27]。除sotigalimab外,其他抗CD40治疗药物,如NG-350A[28]、mitazalimab[29]、CDX-1140(NCT03329950)、NM/PPcDG/D[30]目前也仍处于进一步研究和探索阶段。

另外,靶向趋化因子轴(CXCL12/CXCR4)[43]及巨噬细胞吞噬检查点(CD47-SIRPα)[44]也可减少肝脏中免疫抑制细胞(MDSC、TAM)的招募与积累,或将其重编程为抗肿瘤表型,从而增强PD-1/PD-L1阻断疗效,相关策略已在结直肠癌、胰腺癌等肝转移的临床前模型和早期临床试验中展现出初步的治疗潜力。此外,AZD8701是一种反义寡核苷酸,可降解Foxp3 mRNA,在临床前模型中显示出有前景的抗肿瘤活性,转移性实体肿瘤的临床试验正在进行中(NCT04504669)。

3. 抗血管生成治疗:目前针对免疫细胞功能的主要治疗策略是应用ICI,但无论是单用还是联合传统治疗,ICI仅能使部分肝转移患者获益,而联合抗血管生成药物以实现协同效应也受到越来越多的关注。使用抗血管生成药物可能改善树突状细胞对抗原的递呈,增加T细胞启动,使肿瘤血管系统正常化,并通过抑制肿瘤部位的Treg、TAM和MDSC,调控TGF-β和IL-10,促进肿瘤内部的炎症型免疫微环境[45]。在小鼠结直肠癌肝转移模型中,选择性VEGFR-3酪氨酸激酶抑制剂SAR11675减少了单核源性巨噬细胞数量[46],而瑞戈非尼通过显著减少调节性T细胞等免疫抑制细胞的浸润,增强PD-1治疗的疗效[47]。IMpower150研究的肝转移亚组分析证实,相较于贝伐珠单抗、卡铂联合紫杉醇方案,在化疗基础上联合抗血管生成药物(贝伐珠单抗)和ICI(阿替利珠单抗)的四药方案,可显著改善非鳞非小细胞肺癌肝转移患者的生存预后(中位OS:13.3个月比9.4个月, HR=0.52),该研究为抗血管治疗联合免疫治疗在肝转移中的协同机制提供了临床证据[48]。

4. 靶向分子靶点与联合治疗:靶向治疗是“异病同治”的另一重要实践领域。某些驱动基因突变或蛋白过表达可在多种肿瘤类型中发生,并成为共性的治疗靶点。

HER2是经典的泛癌种靶点。HER2扩增/过表达不仅是乳腺癌和胃癌的关键驱动因素,也可见于结直肠癌、胆囊癌、胆管癌等其他实体瘤的肝转移灶中。单抗是HER2靶向治疗的基础[49],抗体药物偶联物的出现进一步突破了传统治疗的瓶颈。针对HER2的抗体偶联药物,如DS-8201(T-DXd)凭借高药物抗体比和旁观者效应,能够有效杀伤HER2异质性表达的肿瘤细胞,而这一特性对肝转移灶尤为关键,因为转移灶常出现与原发灶的HER2表达异质性[50]。临床研究显示,DS-8201在HER2阳性及HER2低表达乳腺癌后线治疗中均取得突破性进展(DESTINYBreast04),显著延长了生存期。双特异性抗体通过更高效的受体交联和内化,在肝脏这一免疫耐受器官中仍能维持较强的抗肿瘤活性[51]。“有靶打靶”的临床实践也正在从单一靶向向联合策略演进,HER2靶向与免疫治疗可能存在协同效应,抗HER2治疗可诱导免疫原性细胞死亡,重塑肝转移灶内的免疫微环境,为ICI的介入创造了条件。

CLDN18.2则是近年发现的另一个热门的泛癌种靶点。正常生理状态下,CLDN18.2仅在胃黏膜分化上皮细胞中表达,但在恶性转化过程中,细胞极性丧失导致其表位暴露,并在多种肿瘤中异常高表达,包括胃癌、胰腺癌、食管癌及胆管癌。有研究结果表明,在胰腺癌患者中原发灶与肝转移灶之间CLDN18.2表达存在高度一致性[52],因此,针对CLDN18.2的靶向治疗策略有望突破肿瘤起源的限制,实现“异病同治”,即不仅可用于CLDN18.2阳性的胃癌,也可拓展至胰腺癌及其肝转移患者,为这部分预后极差的人群提供新的精准治疗选择。佐妥昔单抗(zolbetuximab)是全球首个针对CLDN18.2的嵌合单克隆抗体。Ⅲ期SPOTLIGHT和GLOW研究证实,在CLDN18.2阳性及HER2阴性的晚期胃癌或胃食管交界处癌(GC/GEJ)患者中,佐妥昔单抗联合化疗显著延长了PFS和OS[53-54]。除单抗外,针对CLDN18.2的多种偶联药物也在研究中,例如 RC-118、LM-302、CMG901等,目前主要在晚期胃癌/胃食管结合部腺癌患者中开展探索。此外,抗CLDN18.2治疗与免疫治疗的联合应用也可能成为后续研究方向。ASKB589联合CAPOX和PD-1抑制剂,正在转移性胃癌/胃食管结合部腺癌患者中进行临床探索(NCT06206733)。

这些经典靶点的临床研究,为肝转移性恶性肿瘤的靶点驱动、异病同治策略提供了又一个富有前景的方向。除HER2和CLDN18.2外,NTRK融合、FGFR2融合/扩增及KRAS G12C变异等跨癌种分子事件,也为肝转移性恶性肿瘤的靶点驱动治疗提供了新的可能。

三、. 挑战与展望

(一). 挑战

当前肝转移性恶性肿瘤“异病同治”策略仍面临若干关键挑战。

1. 跨癌种临床试验设计本身存在较大难度。虽然不同原发肿瘤转移至肝脏后可能共享部分微环境特征,如免疫抑制、血管生成和基质重塑等,但不同癌种在驱动基因、治疗敏感性、既往治疗背景和疾病进展速度方面仍存在明显差异。因此,若仅依据“肝转移”这一共同器官部位纳入患者,可能会掩盖不同原发癌种之间的疗效差异;而若按原发癌种、分子分型、肝转移负荷及免疫微环境特征进一步分层,又会增加临床试验设计和样本量招募的复杂性。

2. 肝转移灶取样不足和空间异质性问题也限制了相关研究的深入开展。临床实践中,对肝转移灶进行重复活检并不容易,部分患者因病灶位置、出血风险或整体身体状况限制而难以获得足够组织样本。同时,肝转移灶内部不同区域之间,以及肝内病灶与原发灶、肝外转移灶之间,均可能存在肿瘤细胞克隆组成、免疫细胞浸润程度和基质成分的差异,单次或单点取样难以全面反映真实的肿瘤微环境状态。

3. 目前针对肝转移微环境的预测性标志物仍缺乏标准化体系。虽然TGF-β信号、VEGF通路、细胞外基质沉积、免疫检查点表达、MDSC/TAM浸润以及肠道微生态等均被认为与肝转移免疫抑制和治疗反应相关,但不同研究在检测平台、评分标准、样本类型和阈值设定方面尚不统一,导致结果之间可比性不足,也限制了其向临床决策工具的转化。此外,许多新兴治疗策略仍处于临床前或早期临床研究阶段,其长期生存获益、安全性、联合治疗顺序以及最适合的患者群体仍需更多高质量、多中心和前瞻性研究进一步验证。

(二). 展望

未来肝转移性恶性肿瘤治疗应在原发肿瘤分型的基础上,进一步整合肝脏器官微环境特征、分子分型和动态监测结果。(1)基于T细胞浸润、TAM/MDSC比例、TGF-β信号、VEGF通路、细胞外基质沉积及免疫检查点表达等指标进行微环境分型,有助于更精准地选择免疫治疗、抗血管生成治疗、基质重塑治疗或联合方案;(2)多组学、空间组学和单细胞技术的发展,将进一步揭示肝转移灶中肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞和基质细胞之间的相互作用,为发现新靶点和优化“异病同治”策略提供依据;(3)ctDNA、影像组学和动态随访有望用于实时评估肿瘤负荷、耐药变化和治疗反应,从而帮助临床及时调整治疗方案。患者来源类器官、人源化动物模型及免疫细胞共培养体系,也可用于预测不同药物或联合治疗的疗效。未来,器官特异性精准治疗、跨癌种篮子试验以及联合治疗时机和顺序的优化,或将成为肝转移性恶性肿瘤研究的重要方向。

(三). 小结

肝转移性恶性肿瘤的治疗正在从单纯依据原发肿瘤组织来源的模式,逐渐转向整合原发癌种特征、肝脏微环境共性和肿瘤分子标志物的精准治疗模式。不同原发肿瘤转移至肝脏后,虽然仍保留各自的生物学差异,但在免疫抑制、血管生成、基质重塑和免疫逃逸等方面存在一定共同机制,这为“异病同治”提供了重要生物学基础。当前,免疫检查点阻断、TGF-β/PD-L1双靶向治疗、LAG-3抑制、肿瘤疫苗、嵌合抗原受体T细胞/自然杀伤细胞、髓系细胞重塑、抗血管生成治疗、泛癌种分子靶向治疗以及局部治疗联合系统治疗等策略,正在不断丰富肝转移性恶性肿瘤的综合治疗框架。然而,“异病同治”并不意味着完全取代原发癌种导向治疗,而是在尊重原发灶生物学特征的基础上,进一步利用肝脏微环境共性和可操作分子靶点。未来,随着微环境分型、动态监测和跨癌种临床试验的完善,肝转移性恶性肿瘤治疗有望逐步向器官特异性精准治疗方向发展。

利益冲突

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

引用本文:

沈林希, 方维佳, 童舟. 微环境共性驱动下的肝转移治疗新策略[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2026, 34(9):836-844. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20260531-00222.

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Hepatology are provided here courtesy of Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University

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