Skip to main content
Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2026 Sep 20;46(9):2056–2068. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.09.06

肝细胞癌源性乳酸介导组蛋白H3K18乳酸化修饰调控S100A2转录促进肝癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭及上皮间质转化

Hepatocellular carcinoma-derived lactate-mediated histone H3K18 lactylation modifies S100A2 transcription to promote proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells

HUANG Liping 1,2, SHAO Yu 3, ZHOU Wanbing 3, HE Jingping 2,✉
Editor: 林 萍
PMCID: PMC13624975  PMID: 42812052

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the role of histone H3 lysine 18 lactylation (H3K18la) regulating the transcription of S100 calcium-binding protein A2 (S100A2) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its molecular mechanism.

Methods

HCC single-cell transcriptome sequencing data were used to screen the differentially expressed genes and pathways. Intracellular lactate and histone lactylation were measured in HCC and normal hepatocyte cell lines. The effects of glycolysis inhibitors (2-DG/Oxamate) on proliferation, migration, and invasion of the cells were evaluated, and ChIP-qPCR was used to detect the enrichment of H3K18la at the S100A2 promoter. TCGA database was used to analyze the association of S100A2 expression with the prognosis of HCC patients. S100A2 overexpression and knockdown cell models were established, and rescue experiments using 2-DG or lactate were performed to validate the role of H3K18la in mediating the effects of S100A2. The interaction between S100A2 and KRT6A proteins was validated by STRING, molecular docking, and Co-IP. Western blotting was performed to determine the nuclear expression of β‑catenin and the EMT markers (vimentin and E‑cadherin) in HCC cells, and to elucidate the regulatory effect of H3K18la on the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway.

Results

Glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism pathways were upregulated in HCC, and lactate levels was elevated in HCC cells. Pan-Kla and H3K18la were significantly overexpressed in HCC cell lines, especially under hypoxia. Glycolysis inhibitors dose-dependently reduced H3K18la and suppressed malignant phenotypes of HCC cells. S100A2 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in HCC, and its high expression was correlated with poor prognosis. S100A2 promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, which were reversed by 2‑DG. S100A2 directly interacted with KRT6A, the expression of nuclear β‑catenin was reduced after KRT6A knockdown and increased after KRT6A overexpression; exogenous lactate reversed KRT6A overexpression‑induced inhibition of β‑catenin, which was blocked by XAV939. Treatment with 2‑DG lowered the expressions of β‑catenin and EMT markers, which were reversed by S100A2 or KRT6A overexpression.

Conclusion

HCC-derived lactate enhances H3K18la modification, which activates S100A2 transcription to positively regulate the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway, ultimately promoting the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of HCC cells.

Keywords: histone lactylation, S100A2, hepatocellular carcinoma, Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway, epithelial-mesenchymal transition


肝细胞癌(HCC)是全球第6大常见癌症,也是癌症相关死亡的第3主要原因。中国是HCC发病人数最多的国家,每年新发和死亡病例均占全球近一半[1]。手术、化疗和放疗是目前HCC的主要治疗手段,但术后复发率高、早诊率低、可治愈人群比例有限,使得肝癌患者的长期生存率仍然较低[2]。因此,深入解析HCC的分子机制,对开发精准有效的HCC诊断及治疗方案至关重要。

翻译后修饰(PTM)是蛋白质合成后修饰的重要生化过程,可参与影响蛋白质的功能、稳定性和相互作用[3]。各种类型的PTMs已被证实能够调节肿瘤微环境中的多种生物学过程,如恶性细胞增殖、免疫细胞激活和代谢重编程,靶向PTM在癌症治疗中具有巨大的潜力。此外,癌细胞中糖酵解激活和乳酸积累是各种类型癌症的常见特征[4]。研究表明,乳酸可以驱动一种新型的蛋白质PTM——组蛋白赖氨酸乳酸化(Kla)的形成[5]。这种新型的蛋白质PTM在基因转录调控中至关重要,尤其是组蛋白H3赖氨酸18位点的乳酸化修饰(H3K18la),已被报道参与调控多种生物学过程,如肿瘤发生[6]、肿瘤进展[7]、肿瘤免疫逃逸[8]和癌细胞代谢重编程[4]等,然而其在HCC的生物学过程中的影响尚不明确。研究发现,在HCC细胞系中组蛋白乳酸化水平高于肝正常细胞系,且H3组蛋白的乳酸化上调可有效促进HCC进展[9, 10]。有研究通过组蛋白乳酸化ChIP-seq鉴定出7个在肿瘤组织中高表达且其启动子区域存在H3K18la富集的候选基因,包括KLK10、LEMD1、MMP7、RUBCNL、S100A2、VEGFA、VSNL1 [11]。S100钙结合蛋白A2(S100A2)作为人类S100钙结合蛋白家族成员之一,主要位于上皮细胞[12]并广泛表达于细胞核中,在细胞质中也有适度表达[13]。研究表明,S100A2具有干细胞功能和上皮-间质转化(EMT)调节作用,S100A2沉默可通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路缓解肺纤维化的EMT[14],同时,S100A2还可通过协调TGF-β/Smad2/3信号通路诱导胰腺癌的EMT和转移[15],且S100A2在乳腺癌中被视为上皮-间质可塑性特征基因之一[16],其表达上调与乳腺癌的转移及不良预后相关。新近研究亦发现S100A2在HCC患者体内的高表达并与其临床晚期特征[17]和较差的总生存期[18]相关。

然而,现有研究主要集中于H3K18la通过调控代谢相关基因或信号通路影响HCC细胞增殖和代谢重编程,对于H3K18la是否通过调控特定靶基因进而影响HCC EMT过程尚未见报道。S100A2在EMT中的具体作用分子机制尚未完全阐明。因此,本研究旨在阐明糖酵解-H3K18la-S100A2-KRT6A-Wnt/β-catenin信号轴在HCC EMT中的调控机制。在HCC中糖酵解代谢激活会导致乳酸积累,驱动组蛋白H3K18la修饰上调,该修饰直接促进S100A2转录激活;进一步证实S100A2与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路核心因子KRT6A存在蛋白相互作用,正向调控Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,最终驱动HCC细胞EMT过程。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 生物信息学分析

利用GEO公共数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/)中的公开数据集(数据集编号GSE242889),从该数据集中选取并分析中国HCC患者的肿瘤与配对正常肝组织(各3例)的单细胞转录组测序(scRNA-seq)数据。根据唯一分子标识符、基因数量和线粒体基因百分比等标准筛选高质量细胞。经质量控制后,将筛选后的全细胞降维聚类,对聚类后的细胞簇标记已知的标记基因以识别细胞类型。标记基因注释完成后提取肝上皮细胞,比较HCC与正常肝组织样本间的基因表达差异,以筛查差异表达基因(DEGs)供进一步的功能富集分析,包括基因集富集分析(GSEA)和基因本体论(GO)分析。使用GSEA软件,基于HCC组和正常肝组织组的基因表达变化排序列表,对MSigDB中的Hallmark基因集行富集分析。使用clusterProfilerR包,对筛选出的HCC上皮细胞中上调的差异基因行GO富集分析,从生物过程(BP)、细胞组分(CC)和分子功能(MF)3个维度,确定DEGs富集的生物学功能条目,以具体阐释在HCC中发生改变的细胞活动、定位和分子机制。上述数据使用R(版本4.3.2)进行分析。

通过UALCAN平台(https://ualcan.path.uab.edu/analysis.html)对TCGA数据库进行分析,检测了S100A2在肝细胞癌(Liver hepatocellular carcinoma, LIHC)中的表达水平。随后,使用UALCAN平台对TCGA数据库进行分析,检测了S100A2表达水平与肝细胞癌患者总生存期的关系,该工具直接提供了基于TCGA等数据库的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线及P值统计结果。所有图表与分析结果均直接从上述网站获取并导出。

1.2. 细胞培养

人源肝癌细胞系(HepG2、Hep3B、Huh-7、SMMC-7721、Bel-7402)和人源肝正常细胞系(L-O2)购自中国科学院细胞库,细胞株均用含10 %胎牛血清(Vazyme,F101-01)的DMEM高糖(普诺赛,PM150210)培养液培养。常氧条件下,细胞于37 ℃、5% CO2气体环境培养箱中培养。为模拟缺氧条件,细胞于37 ℃、1% O₂、5% CO₂、94% N₂气体环境培养箱中培养。为检测乳酸及糖酵解抑制剂的作用,分别将不同浓度乳酸(0、5、10、15 mmol/L)或2-DG、oxamate(0、1、2、4 mmol/L)加入培养液,随后置于低氧条件(1% O₂、5% CO2、94% N₂)下培养24 h,以0 mmol/L作为相应对照。

1.3. 细胞转染

S100A2及KRT6A的siRNA及过表达质粒由Gene Create(中国武汉)设计(表1)。分别筛选HCC细胞系中S100A2蛋白表达最高与最低的细胞系进行siRNA或过表达质粒的转染,使用Lipofectamine 3000(Invitrogen)转染siRNA或质粒,具体操作步骤参照说明书,转染后分别通过Western blotting和RT- qPCR方法验证转染效果,转染株构建成功后用于后续实验。

表1.

siRNA靶向序列

Tab.1 Targeted sequences of siRNA

1.3.

1.4. 逆转录实时定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)

将不同处理组的细胞分别接种于6孔培养板内培养,收集细胞样品,Trizol法提取总RNA,参照试剂盒说明书逆转录为cDNA。使用SYBR Green PCR预混液(Vazyme)和实时荧光定量 PCR 系统7500(Thermo Scientific,)进行RT-qPCR。以β-actin为内参,采用2-△△Ct法计算S100A2的mRNA相对表达量。引物序列来自美国国立生物技术信息中心 NCBI数据库,由擎科生物(中国北京)合成,引物序列见表2。

表2.

RT-qPCR引物序列

Tab.2 Primers for RT-qPCR

1.4.

1.5. Western blotting检测

用PBS清洗HCC细胞3次后,于冰上用RIPA强裂解液(含1%蛋白酶抑制剂、磷酸酶抑制剂及PMSF)裂解细胞,超声处理后4 ℃、12 000 g离心30 min取上清。BCA法测定蛋白浓度。取蛋白与5×上样缓冲液按4∶1混合,100 ℃变性10 min。经SDS-PAGE分离后转至PVDF膜,5%脱脂牛奶封闭1 h,一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,PBST洗涤后与HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG二抗(1∶10 000,BA1050)或HRP标记的山羊抗兔IgG二抗(1∶10 000, BA1054,BOSTER)室温孵育1 h,最后采用ECL化学发光法检测。使用的一抗为:anti-L-Lactyl Lysine(PTM-1425RM)、anti- L-Lactyl-Histone H3 (Lys18)(PTM-1427RM)、anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H3 (Lys9)(PTM-1419RM)、anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H4 (Lys8)(PTM-1415RM,PTM BIO),anti-Histone H3(Abmart,P30266),anti-S100A2(15454-1-AP)、anti-KRT6A(10590-1-AP)、anti-β‑catenin(51067-2-AP)、anti-Vimentin(10366-1-AP)、anti-E-cadherin(20874-1-AP)、anti-β-actin(66009-1-Ig, Proteintech)。 以上一抗稀释比例均为1︰1000。

1.6. 免疫共沉淀(Co-IP) 实验

使用含有1% PMSF、1%蛋白酶抑制剂及磷酸酶抑制剂的IP级裂解液(KeyGEN BioTECH, KGB5202-100)于冰上裂解样品30 min。裂解后,将样品于4 ℃,12 000 r/min离心30 min并收集上清液。上清液分为Input、IP和IgG组,Input组作为对照,IP组中加入3 μg S100A2抗体,IgG组中加入3 μg IgG抗体,4 ℃ 翻转孵育过夜。第2天,加入30 μL/管 Protein A/G免疫沉淀磁珠,继续4 ℃翻转孵育过夜。第3天,用预冷的PBST与PBS缓冲液交替洗涤磁珠复合物各3次。最后,向磁珠中加入1×IP级上样缓冲液,煮沸变性,样品保存于-80 ℃。第4天,取样品进行Western blotting检测。

1.7. 细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭实验

采用CCK-8和克隆形成实验检测HCC细胞增殖能力。采用Transwell小室迁移和侵袭实验分别检测HCC细胞的迁移和侵袭能力。

1.7.1. CCK-8法

将处于对数生长期、经不同处理的HCC细胞以1×10³/孔的密度接种于96孔板(5复孔)。培养24 h后,每天同一时间加入CCK-8溶液(10 μL/孔),孵育2 h,酶标仪测定吸光度A 450 nm,连续检测5 d。

1.7.2. 克隆形成实验

将处于对数生长期、经不同处理的HCC细胞以1×10³/孔的密度接种于6孔板中,培养7 d(定期更换培养液)。PBS洗涤后,苏木素染色过夜,流水漂洗、干燥,拍照并计数克隆。

1.7.3. Transwell迁移实验

将处于对数生长期、经不同处理的Huh-7和HepG2细胞,用无血清培养液重悬,调整细胞密度。取2×10⁵细胞(无血清培养基,300 μL)接种于上室(孔径8 μm),下室加600 μL含20% FBS的培养基。培养24 h后,擦去上室面细胞,下室面细胞用4%多聚甲醛固定、结晶紫染色,显微镜下随机选5个视野拍照计数。

1.7.4. Transwell侵袭实验

实验步骤同1.6.3迁移实验,但上室预包被Matrigel胶(康宁,354277),细胞密度为2×10⁵/300 μL,其余条件一致。孵育48 h后擦去未侵袭细胞及Matrigel,固定、染色、拍照并计数。

1.8. 染色质免疫沉淀-实时荧光定量 PCR(ChIP-qPCR)实验

利用EZ-Magna ChIP™试剂盒(Merck Millipore, 56383)进行染色质免疫沉淀(ChIP)实验。细胞经1%甲醛室温交联10 min,甘氨酸终止后裂解,超声剪切染色质。取上清与抗H3K18la抗体(10 µL/IP)于4 ℃孵育过夜,再与Protein G磁珠结合2 h。磁珠洗涤后,洗脱免疫复合物,并用NaCl/蛋白酶K于65 ℃过夜解交联。纯化DNA进行RT-qPCR分析,引物序列见表3。

表3.

ChIP-qPCR引物序列

Tab 3 Primers for ChIP-qPCR

1.8.

1.9. 分子对接分析

利用GRAMM-X (http://gramm. compbio. ku. edu /)软件对S100A2和KRT6A进行蛋白-蛋白刚性对接,分析S100A2和KRT6A之间的关系。S100A2和KRT6A的蛋白结构域从Protein Data Bank PDB数据库(http://www. rcsb. org/)中获得。Pymol (版本3.0.3)和PDBePISA (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pisa/) 用于研究蛋白质之间的相互作用,并进一步进行可视化分析。

1.10. 统计学分析

采用GraphPadPrism8.0版和SPSS26.0进行统计分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,使用单因素方差分析,两组比较采用Student's test检验多组比较。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. HCC中糖酵解代谢激活且乳酸水平升高

GEO数据库分析显示,对该数据集进行降维聚类分析,基于UMAP的细胞分群鉴定出T/NK细胞、肝上皮细胞、髓系细胞、B细胞等5类细胞亚群(图1A~C)。进一步筛选了正常组与肿瘤组上皮细胞之间的DEGs,发现糖酵解关键基因LDHA、ALDOB在肿瘤组中表达上调(图1 D)。ALDOB是糖酵解途径中催化果糖-1,6-二磷酸转化为3-磷酸甘油醛的催化酶,而LDHA则是催化丙酮酸转变为乳酸的关键酶(图1E)。GSEA和GO富集分析结果显示HCC中丙酮酸代谢活性通路富集(图1F、G)。HCC细胞系中的乳酸水平高于肝正常细胞系(图1H)。

图1.

图1

HCC中糖酵解代谢途径及乳酸水平变化情况

Fig.1 Changes in pyruvate metabolic process and lactate levels in HCC. A-C: ScRNA-seq analysis of HCC tissues and paired adjacent normal liver tissues from 3 patients with primary HCC. D: Scatter plot of DEGs between normal and tumor samples. Red dots, upregulated genes in tumors; blue dots, downregulated genes; gray dots, genes without significant changes. Selection criteria: adjusted P value (Padj)<0.05 and |log2(fold change)|≥1. E: Schematic illustration of the glycolytic pathway. F: GSEA showing enrichment of pyruvate metabolism in HCC. G: GO enrichment analysis of upregulated DEGs in epithelial cells from tumor samples. H: Lactate levels in HCC and normal hepatic cell lines. Data are presented as Mean±SD (n=3). **P<0.01 vs L-O2 group.

2.2. 糖酵解驱动的组蛋白H3K18la修饰促进HCC进展

检测HCC细胞系及肝正常细胞系Pan Kla、H3K18la蛋白水平发现,在HCC细胞系中Pan Kla及H3K18la表达水平升高(P<0.01,图2A、B)。缺氧条件下,HepG2细胞中H3K9la、H3K18la及H4K8la水平均升高(P<0.05,图2B、C),H3K18la水平升高最为显著(P<0.001)。2-DG与Oxamate均可浓度依赖性地降低HepG2细胞中H3K18la水平(P<0.05,图2E、F)。CCK-8实验结果显示,糖酵解抑制剂组(2-DG/Oxamate)细胞的增殖速率减慢(P<0.001,图2G)。克隆形成实验显示,糖酵解抑制剂组形成的细胞克隆数量明显少于对照组,且克隆体积更小(图2 H、I)。Transwell迁移和侵袭实验结果显示,2-DG或Oxamate处理后,迁移和侵袭的细胞数量较对照组减少(P<0.05,图2 J、K)。

图2.

图2

糖酵解驱动的组蛋白H3K18la修饰促进HCC进展

Fig.2 Glycolysis-driven H3K18la promotes HCC progression. A: Western blotting of Pan Kla and H3K18la levels in HCC and normal hepatic cell lines. B, C: Western blotting of H3K9la, H3K18la, and H4K8la levels in HepG2 cells under normoxia and hypoxia. D: Schematic of glycolytic pathway and its inhibitors. E, F: Western blotting and of H3K18la levels following treatment with graded concentrations of 2-DG and oxamate for 24 h in hypoxia (1% oxygen). G: CCK-8 assay for the effect of 2-DG and oxamate for 24 h in hypoxia (1% oxygen) on the proliferation of HepG2 cells. H-I: Colony formation assay of HepG2 cells in different treatment groups with hematoxylin staining. J-K: Transwell migration and invasion assays of HepG2 cells in different treatment groups with crystal violet staining (Scale bar=100 μm). Data are presented as Mean±SD (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs Normal, Normoxia or Ctrl group; ^P<0.05, ^^^P<0.001 vs 2-DG (1 mmol/L) or oxamate (1 mmol/L) group; && P<0.01 vs 2-DG (2 mmol/L) or oxamate (2 mmol/L) group.

2.3. H3K18la介导S100A2转录激活并与HCC不良预后相关

ChIP-qPCR实验结果显示,H3K18la在S100A2启动子区域的富集水平高于IgG对照组(P<0.001,图3A)。缺氧条件下HepG2细胞中S100A2蛋白表达水平随时间延长而逐渐升高(P<0.05,图3B、C)。乳酸处理可浓度依赖性上调S100A2蛋白表达(P<0.05,图3D、E)。Western blotting检测结果显示,2-DG处理可降低H3K18la与S100A2蛋白水平;而乳酸处理可逆转2-DG对S100A2的下调作用(P<0.05,图3F~H)。TCGA数据库分析结果显示,S100A2在LIHC中表达上调(P<0.001,图3I)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,高表达S100A2的患者组总生存期低于中/低表达组(P<0.05,图3J)。Western blotting检测结果显示,HCC细胞系中S100A2蛋白水平高于肝正常细胞系(P<0.01,图3K、L)。

图3.

图3

H3K18la介导S100A2转录激活并与HCC不良预后相关

Fig.3 H3K18la-mediated transcriptional activation of S100A2 is associated with poor prognosis in HCC. A: ChIP-qPCR analysis of H3K18la enrichment at the S100A2 promoter. B, C: Western blotting of S100A2 expression in HepG2 cells under hypoxia at indicated time points. D, E: Western blotting of S100A2 expression in HepG2 cells treated with lactate at indicated time points. F-H: Western blotting of H3K18la and S100A2 expression in HepG2 cells treated with 2-DG, lactate or 2-DG with lactate. I: Analysis of S100A2 expression in LIHC using TCGA database. J: Kaplan-Meier analysis of the association between S100A2 expression and prognosis in LIHC patients. K, L: Western blotting of S100A2 expression in HCC and normal hepatic cell lines. Data are presented as Mean±SD (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs IgG, Hypoxia (0 h), Lactate (0 mmol/L), Ctrl or L-O2 group; ^^P<0.01, ^^^P<0.001 vs Hypoxia (6 h), Lactate (5 mmol/L) group or Lactate group; && P<0.01, &&& P<0.001 vs Hypoxia (12 h) or Lactate (10 mmol/L) group.

2.4. S100A2促进HCC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力

RT-qPCR及Western blotting检测结果显示,S100A2在5种HCC细胞系中存在mRNA及蛋白表达差异(图4A~C)。Huh-7细胞中敲低S100A2后,S100A2蛋白及mRNA水平降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),HepG2细胞中过表达S100A2后,S100A2蛋白及mRNA水平升高(P<0.001,图4D~G)。CCK-8实验结果显示,敲低S100A2可抑制Huh-7细胞增殖,过表达S100A2促进HepG2细胞增殖(P<0.05,图4H、I)。克隆形成实验结果显示,S100A2敲低组细胞克隆数量少于对照组,克隆体积更小(P<0.01,图4J)。S100A2过表达组细胞克隆形成能力增强(P<0.001,图4K)。Transwell迁移及侵袭实验结果显示,S100A2敲低组迁移和侵袭的细胞相对数量较对照组降低(P<0.01,P<0.05),S100A2过表达组迁移和侵袭的细胞相对数量较对照组增加(P<0.01,图4 L、M)。

图4.

图4

S100A2促进HCC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力

Fig.4 S100A2 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells. A-C: RT-qPCR and Western blotting of S100A2 mRNA and protein expression in 5 HCC cell lines. D-G: Western blotting and RT-qPCR analysis of S100A2 expression in HCC cells following overexpression or knockdown. H-I: CCK-8 assay for cell proliferation in different treatment groups. J, K: Colony formation assay of the cells with hematoxylin staining. L, M: Transwell migration and invasion assays with crystal violet staining (Scale bar=100 μm). Data are presented as Mean±SD (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs si-Ctrl or Ctrl group.

2.5. H3K18la修饰通过调控S100A2表达促进HCC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力

Western blotting检测结果显示,在S100A2敲低细胞中补充乳酸可升高H3K18la及S100A2蛋白水平(P<0.01,图5A)。功能实验表明,S100A2敲低组细胞克隆形成数量、迁移及侵袭细胞相对数量均减少(P<0.05),而乳酸处理可促进上述指标(P<0.001),部分逆转了S100A2敲低的作用(图5B~D)。反之,在S100A2过表达的HepG2细胞中,糖酵解抑制剂2-DG处理可下调H3K18la及S100A2蛋白水平(P<0.001,图5E)。功能实验显示,S100A2过表达组细胞克隆形成数量、迁移及侵袭细胞相对数量均增加(P<0.01),而2-DG处理可降低上述指标(P<0.01),部分逆转了S100A2过表达的作用(图5 F~H)。

图5.

图5

H3K18la修饰通过调控S100A2表达促进HCC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力

Fig.5 H3K18la modification promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells by regulating S100A2 expression. A: Western blotting of H3K18la and S100A2 expression in HepG2 cells in different treatment groups. B, C: Colony formation assay with hematoxylin staining. D: Transwell migration and invasion assays with crystal violet staining(Scale bar=100 μm). E: Western blotting of H3K18la and S100A2 expression in Huh-7 cells in different treatment groups. F, G: Colony formation assay with hematoxylin staining. H: Transwell migration and invasion assays with crystal violet staining (Scale bar=100 μm). Data are presented as Mean±SD (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs si-Ctrl or Ctrl group; ^^P<0.01, ^^^P<0.001 vs si-S100A2 or S100A2 group.

2.6. S100A2与KRT6A存在相互作用

STRING在线工具预测结果显示,S100A2蛋白与KRT6A蛋白可能存在相互作用(图6A)。分子对接结果显示,S100A2与KRT6A可通过氨基酸残基位点成键(图6B)。Co-IP实验结果显示,S100A2与KRT6A存在蛋白相互作用(图6 C、D)。

图6.

图6

S100A2与KRT6A存在相互作用

Fig.6 Protein-protein interaction between S100A2 and KRT6A. A: Protein-protein interaction network of S100A2. B: Surface representation of protein docking model between S100A2 (pink) and KRT6A (blue) with docking residues. C, D: Co-IP assay for detecting the interaction between S100A2 and KRT6A.

2.7. KRT6A调控Wnt/β-catenin信号通路与EMT促进HCC进展

Western blotting实验结果显示,敲低KRT6A降低了细胞核内β-catenin蛋白水平(P<0.001,图7A)。过表达KRT6A提高了细胞核内β-catenin蛋白水平(P<0.001,图7B)。外源乳酸可促进核内β-catenin蛋白表达,该效应可被XAV939阻断;此外,外源乳酸能够部分逆转敲低KRT6A所引起的β-catenin下调(图7C)。糖酵解抑制剂2-DG处理可下调核内β-catenin及Vimentin、上调E-cadherin的蛋白表达水平,而在2-DG处理基础上过表达S100A2或KRT6A,可部分逆转上述分子变化(P<0.01,图7D、E)。敲低KRT6A下调Vimentin、上调E-cadherin表达,过表达KRT6A上调Vimentin、下调E-cadherin表达(P<0.05,图7F、G,图8)。

图7.

图7

KRT6A调控Wnt/β-catenin信号通路与EMT促进HCC进展

Fig.7 KRT6A promotes HCC progression by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and EMT. A,B: Western blotting of nuclear β‑catenin protein levels following KRT6A knockdown and overexpression; C: Western blotting of nuclear β-catenin in different treatment groups. D: Western blotting analysis of nuclear β-catenin in different treatment groups. E: Western blotting of vimentin and E-cadherin expression in different treatment groups. F-G: Western blotting analysis of Vimentin and E-cadherin expression following KRT6A knockdown and overexpression. Data are presented as Mean±SD (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs si-Ctrl or Ctrl group; ^^^P<0.001 vs Lactate or 2-DG group.

图8.

图8

H3K18la激活 S100A2/KRT6A/β-catenin信号轴促进肝细胞癌上皮间质转化过程的机制示意图

Fig.8 Mechanism of H3K18la for activating the S100A2/KRT6A/β-catenin signaling axis to promote the EMT process in HCC.

3. 讨论

代谢重编程已成为恶性肿瘤的核心标志之一[19],癌细胞会通过重塑自身代谢过程来维持其快速增殖、迁移及侵袭等恶性生物学行为。癌细胞中糖酵解代谢激活和代谢产物乳酸积累是各种类型癌症的常见特征[4]。研究发现,乳酸可作为一种新型的表观遗传修饰直接刺激基因转录[20],促进组蛋白赖氨酸的乳酸化修饰,这一新型修饰过程已被证明与肿瘤细胞的糖酵解代谢激活密切相关,尤其是H3K18la修饰,被报道参与调控多种生物学过程[11]。然而,既往研究多聚焦H3K18la在肿瘤中的广谱调控作用,较少系统阐明其在HCC中特异性调控的靶基因及完整信号轴。本研究通过HCC单细胞转录组数据分析发现,糖酵解关键基因显著上调,丙酮酸代谢通路明显富集;细胞实验亦证实,HCC细胞中乳酸水平显著高于正常肝细胞,且Pan Kla及H3K18la修饰水平均明显上调,缺氧可通过增强糖酵解进一步加剧该修饰。使用糖酵解抑制剂处理后,H3K18la 水平降低,HCC细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭能力均被抑制。上述结果提示,H3K18la 异常升高是介导 HCC代谢紊乱与恶性表型的关键上游事件,为靶向乳酸化干预 HCC 提供了实验依据。

S100A2是人类S100钙结合蛋白家族的重要成员之一。现有研究发现,S100A2在炎症条件如氧化应激环境下,在药物性皮疹、过敏性皮炎及银屑病等炎症性皮肤病[21]的表皮及哮喘[22]等肺炎症性疾病的肺上皮细胞[23]中上调。S100A2还是调控肿瘤细胞干性与EMT过程的关键分子,与促进乳腺癌转移的上皮-间质可塑性特征相关[15],S100A2沉默可通过抑制 Wnt/β-catenin 信号通路缓解肺纤维化的EMT过程[13],同时,S100A2还可通过协调TGF-β/Smad2/3信号通路诱导胰腺癌的EMT和转移[14]。尽管S100A2在肿瘤中的作用已被广泛报道,但尚无研究将其与组蛋白乳酸化相关联,其在HCC中受代谢-表观遗传调控的上游机制仍不明确。本研究证实,S100A2是H3K18la的关键靶基因,HCC中S100A2启动子区域存在显著H3K18la富集,且缺氧、乳酸堆积可进一步上调S100A2表达。TCGA数据库分析及细胞实验显示,S100A2在HCC中高表达并与患者不良预后相关。与既往研究仅揭示S100A2促癌表型不同,本研究在HCC中从代谢-表观遗传层面解释S100A2在HCC中高表达的分子基础。体外功能实验进一步证实,敲低S100A2可显著抑制HCC细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭,而过表达S100A2则可增强上述恶性表型。

为进一步探索S100A2影响HCC进展的下游作用机制,本研究通过STRING在线工具预测S100A2可能存在的相互作用蛋白,发现S100A2蛋白与KRT6A蛋白存在相互作用,分子对接和Co-IP实验也进一步验证了二者的相互作用。KRT6A是II 型角蛋白家族成员之一。有研究发现,KRT6A可通过EMT和肿瘤干细胞转化促进肺癌增殖和转移[24]。亦有研究揭示KRT6A在鼻咽癌细胞中表达上调,其沉默可抑制鼻咽癌细胞活力、转移和侵袭以及Wnt/β-catenin通路的激活[25]。已知Wnt/β-catenin通路的异常激活可导致β-catenin的积累和核转位[26, 27],与多种生物学过程相关,包括增殖、分化、器官发生、细胞迁移和细胞自噬[28]等,可参与多种癌症进展,且多项研究表明,HCC中β-catenin的核积累以及关键基因的异常表达增强了Wnt/β-catenin信号通路活性,诱导β-catenin 核转位并激活其靶基因的转录可驱动HCC肿瘤干细胞的自我更新、肿瘤发生和转移[29, 30]。本研究检测了敲低与过表达KRT6A处理对HCC细胞核内β-catenin表达水平的影响,发现KRT6A可正向调控 Wnt/β-catenin信号,其敲低可下调胞核内β-catenin的表达。此外,外源性补充乳酸亦可促进核内β-catenin蛋白的表达并逆转敲低KRT6A引起的β-catenin下调,而该效应可被Wnt/β-catenin通路抑制剂阻断,提示KRT6A可与乳酸协同调控Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,恢复β-catenin的稳定性并上调其核内表达水平。上述结果提示,KRT6A可作为乳酸下游关键分子,与乳酸协同调控 Wnt/β-catenin通路活性,这是对既往 KRT6A仅作为结构蛋白认知的重要补充。

EMT是一种使肿瘤细胞获得间质细胞特征从而增强其扩散到远处器官的能力的一种复杂表型改变,在肿瘤的侵袭转移中起着关键作用[31]。钙粘蛋白是EMT的重要标志物,E-cadherin/β-catenin复合物在维持正常上皮形态和细胞间粘附方面发挥着重要作用。多项研究表明Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的激活可促进各类癌症的EMT进程[28, 32-34],与肿瘤细胞的侵袭转移密切相关。但尚未有研究将代谢重编程、组蛋白乳酸化、S100A2/KRT6A 复合物与HCC的EMT串联为完整机制。因此,本研究进一步检测了敲低与过表达KRT6A对HCC细胞EMT过程相关蛋白表达的影响,发现敲低KRT6A降低Vimentin蛋白表达并增加了E-cadherin蛋白表达,过表达KRT6A则逆转了这一效应,提示KRT6A参与促进了HCC细胞的EMT进程。本研究主要基于体外细胞实验及生物信息学分析,揭示了H3K18la-S100A2-KRT6A轴在HCC中的促癌机制。尽管TCGA数据提供了初步的临床相关性支持,但仍需在更大规模临床队列及体内动物模型中进一步验证该通路的临床意义与治疗靶向价值,这将是后续研究的重点方向。

综上所述,本研究揭示了HCC中糖酵解代谢激活、缺氧及乳酸堆积促进H3K18la增加,激活S100A2基因转录,蛋白表达上调,与KRT6A蛋白相互作用增强,进一步通过调控Wnt/β-catenin信号通路促进β-catenin核转位及EMT进程,驱动HCC细胞向上皮特性减弱、间质特性增强的侵袭性表型转变,最终促进HCC细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭及EMT的作用机制,证实了组蛋白乳酸化修饰可驱动HCC进展。与既往研究多单独关注代谢重编程、表观遗传修饰或单一信号分子不同,本研究将代谢紊乱、乳酸化修饰、S100A2/KRT6A 复合物及 Wnt/β-catenin通路整合为统一的调控网络,系统阐明了HCC恶性进展的新机制,为深入理解肿瘤代谢重编程与表观遗传调控的调控网络提供了新见解,同时为临床靶向组蛋白乳酸化治疗HCC提供了潜在靶点与理论依据。

基金资助

东莞职业技术学院质量工程资助项目(KCSZ2021262163)

参考文献

  • 1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2024, 74(3): 229-63. doi: 10.3322/caac.21834 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2. Yilma M, Houhong Xu R, Saxena V, et al. Survival outcomes among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a large integrated US health system[J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2024, 7(9): e2435066. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.35066 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Wang J, Wang F, Wang N, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of protein post-translational modifications in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 2023, 11(5): 1192-200. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Yang ZJ, Yan C, Ma JQ, et al. Lactylome analysis suggests lactylation-dependent mechanisms of metabolic adaptation in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Nat Metab, 2023, 5(1): 61-79. doi: 10.1038/s42255-022-00710-w [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Chen LH, Huang LX, Gu Y, et al. Lactate-lactylation hands between metabolic reprogramming and immunosuppression[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(19): 11943. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911943 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6. Yu J, Chai PW, Xie MY, et al. Histone lactylation drives oncogenesis by facilitating m6A reader protein YTHDF2 expression in ocular melanoma[J]. Genome Biol, 2021, 22(1): 85. doi: 10.1186/s13059-021-02308-z [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Yang JF, Luo L, Zhao CY, et al. A positive feedback loop between inactive VHL-triggered histone lactylation and PDGFRβ signaling drives clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression[J]. Int J Biol Sci, 2022, 18(8): 3470-83. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.73398 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8. Li T, Hu PS, Zuo ZX, et al. METTL3 facilitates tumor progression via an m6A-IGF2BP2-dependent mechanism in colorectal carcinoma[J]. Mol Cancer, 2019, 18(1): 112. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-1038-7 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9. Xu HY, Li LQ, Wang SS, et al. Royal jelly acid suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenicity by inhibiting H3 histone lactylation at H3K9la and H3K14la sites[J]. Phytomedicine, 2023, 118: 154940. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154940 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10. Pan LH, Feng F, Wu JQ, et al. Demethylzeylasteral targets lactate by inhibiting histone lactylation to suppress the tumorigenicity of liver cancer stem cells[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2022, 181: 106270. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106270 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11. Li WH, Zhou C, Yu L, et al. Tumor-derived lactate promotes resistance to bevacizumab treatment by facilitating autophagy enhancer protein RUBCNL expression through histone H3 lysine 18 lactylation (H3K18la) in colorectal cancer[J]. Autophagy, 2024, 20(1): 114-30. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2249762 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. Hountis P, Matthaios D, Froudarakis M, et al. S100A2 protein and non-small cell lung cancer. The dual role concept[J]. Tumor Biol, 2014, 35(8): 7327-33. doi: 10.1007/s13277-014-2117-4 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13. Zhang T, Woods TL, Elder JT. Differential responses of S100A2 to oxidative stress and increased intracellular calcium in normal, immortalized, and malignant human keratinocytes[J]. J Investig Dermatol, 2002, 119(5): 1196-201. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19520.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14. Huang GC, Zhang J, Qing G, et al. S100A2Silencing relieves epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway[J]. DNA Cell Biol, 2021, 40(1): 18-25. doi: 10.1089/dna.2020.6030 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. Chen QB, Guo HC, Jiang HJ, et al. S100A2 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in pancreatic cancer by coordinating transforming growth factor β signaling in SMAD4-dependent manner[J]. Cell Death Discov, 2023, 9: 356. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01661-1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16. Winkler J, Tan WL, Diadhiou CMM, et al. Single-cell analysis of breast cancer metastasis reveals epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity signatures associated with poor outcomes[J]. J Clin Investig, 2024, 134(17): e164227. doi: 10.1172/jci164227 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. Zheng SS, Liu LX, Xue TC, et al. Comprehensive analysis of the prognosis and correlations with immune infiltration of S100 protein family members in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Front Genet, 2021, 12: 648156. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.648156 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18. Zhang C, Yao RC, Chen J, et al. S100 family members: potential therapeutic target in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a STROBE study[J]. Medicine, 2021, 100(3): e24135. doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000024135 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. Faubert B, Solmonson A, DeBerardinis RJ. Metabolic repro-gramming and cancer progression[J]. Science, 2020, 368(6487): eaaw5473. doi: 10.1126/science.aaw5473 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20. Zhang D, Tang ZY, Huang H, et al. Metabolic regulation of gene expression by histone lactylation[J]. Nature, 2019, 574(7779): 575-80. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1678-1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. Yoshioka M, Sawada Y, Saito-Sasaki N, et al. High S100A2 expression in keratinocytes in patients with drug eruption[J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11: 5493. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85009-8 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. Poachanukoon O, Roytrakul S, et al. A shotgun proteomic approach reveals novel potential salivary protein biomarkers for asthma[J]. J Asthma, 2022, 59(2): 243-54. doi: 10.1080/02770903.2020.1850773 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. Gliga AR, Di Bucchianico S, Åkerlund E, et al. Transcriptome profiling and toxicity following long-term, low dose exposure of human lung cells to Ni and NiO nanoparticles: comparison with NiCl2 [J]. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(4): 649. doi: 10.3390/nano10040649 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24. Yang B, Zhang W, Zhang MM, et al. KRT6A promotes EMT and cancer stem cell transformation in lung adenocarcinoma[J]. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2020, 19: 1533033820921248. doi: 10.1177/1533033820921248 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25. Chen CJ, Shan HG. Keratin 6A gene silencing suppresses cell invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma via the β-catenin cascade[J]. Mol Med Report, 2019, 19(5): 3477-84. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26. Chen HJ, Hsu LS, Shia YT, et al. The β-catenin/TCF complex as a novel target of resveratrol in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway[J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 2012, 84(9): 1143-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.08.011 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27. Thrasivoulou C, Millar M, Ahmed A. Activation of intracellular calcium by multiple Wnt ligands and translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus[J]. J Biol Chem, 2013, 288(50): 35651-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m112.437913 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28. Tang Q, Chen JH, Di ZY, et al. TM4SF1 promotes EMT and cancer stemness via the Wnt/β-catenin/SOX2 pathway in colorectal cancer[J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 39(1): 232. doi: 10.1186/s13046-020-01690-z [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29. Monga SP. β-catenin signaling and roles in liver homeostasis, injury, and tumorigenesis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2015, 148(7): 1294-310. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.056 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30. Wang JH, Yu HM, Dong W, et al. N6-methyladenosine-mediated up-regulation of FZD10 regulates liver cancer stem cells' properties and lenvatinib resistance through WNT/β-catenin and hippo signaling pathways[J]. Gastroenterology, 2023, 164(6): 990-1005. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.01.041 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31. Tsai JH, Yang J. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in carcinoma metastasis[J]. Genes Dev, 2013, 27(20): 2192-206. doi: 10.1101/gad.225334.113 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32. Huang JQ, Wei FK, Xu XL, et al. SOX9 drives the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small-cell lung cancer through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway[J]. J Transl Med, 2019, 17(1): 143. doi: 10.1186/s12967-019-1895-2 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33. Yu P, Xu TT, Ma WM, et al. PRMT6-mediated transcriptional activation of ythdf2 promotes glioblastoma migration, invasion, and emt via the wnt-β-catenin pathway[J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2024, 43(1): 116. doi: 10.1186/s13046-024-03038-3 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34. Li Y, Liu CY, Zhang X, et al. CCT5 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition to promote gastric cancer lymph node metastasis by activating the Wnt/β‑catenin signalling pathway[J]. Br J Cancer, 2022, 126(12): 1684-94. doi: 10.1038/s41416-022-01747-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Southern Medical University are provided here courtesy of Editorial Department of Journal of Southern Medical University

RESOURCES