Abstract
目的
探索circUSP25编码蛋白的生物学功能及其潜在机制。
方法
通过circRNADb和circBank数据库预测circUSP25的编码潜能;采用Sanger测序验证circUSP25的剪接位点;构建circUSP25-Flag野生型及起始密码子ATG突变载体,转染结肠癌细胞SW620和HCT116,应用Western blotting、免疫沉淀、质谱及免疫荧光鉴定circUSP25编码的蛋白及其亚细胞定位;运用TargetP-2.0数据库预测蛋白的信号肽;采用CCK-8和Transwell小室迁移实验评估该蛋白对结肠癌细胞增殖及迁移的影响;通过免疫共沉淀及质谱筛选其相互作用蛋白,免疫荧光验证其与候选蛋白PHB2的共定位关系;应用CCK-8和Transwell小室迁移实验检测敲低PHB2对circUSP25编码蛋白促进增殖及迁移作用的回复。
结果
circUSP25由USP25基因第2、3外显子背向剪接形成,含有编码121个氨基酸的开放阅读框。Western blotting及质谱鉴定证实circUSP25可编码蛋白,该蛋白定位于结肠癌细胞的线粒体。TargetP-2.0预测显示其氨基端1-32aa内含有线粒体转运肽。过表达circUSP25编码蛋白可显著促进结肠癌细胞增殖及迁移(P<0.05)。免疫共沉淀联合质谱鉴定发现该蛋白可与线粒体蛋白PHB2等结合,免疫荧光证实二者在线粒体存在共定位,功能挽救实验表明敲低PHB2可以回复circUSP25编码蛋白对结肠癌细胞增殖及迁移的作用。
结论
circUSP25编码的蛋白定位于线粒体,可能通过与线粒体蛋白相互作用促进结肠癌细胞增殖与迁移。
Keywords: 结肠癌, 环状RNA, circUSP25, hsa_circ_0001178, 线粒体蛋白
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the regulatory role of the protein encoded by circUSP25 in proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells.
Methods
The coding potential of circUSP25 was predicted using circRNADb and circBank databases, and the splice junction was validated by Sanger sequencing. circUSP25-Flag wild-type vector and mutant vector with start codon ATG mutation were constructed and transfected into SW620 and HCT116 colon cancer cells, and the expression of the encoded protein and its subcellular localization were analyzed using Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and immunofluorescence staining. The signal peptide was predicted using TargetP-2.0. The effects of this protein on proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells were evaluated using CCK8 and Transwell migration assays. The interacting proteins were screened by co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, and its co-localization with the candidate protein PHB was verified by immunofluorescence staining. The rescue effect of PHB2 knockdown on the activity of circUSP25-encoded protein for promoting colon cancer cell proliferation and migration were observed.
Results
circUSP25 was formed by back-splicing of exons 2 and 3 of the parental gene USP25 and contained an open reading frame encoding 121 amino acids. circUSP25 encodes a protein localizing to the mitochondria of colon cancer cells, and its N-terminal 1-32 amino acids contain a mitochondrial transit peptide. Overexpression of the circUSP25-encoded protein significantly promoted colon cancer cell proliferation and migration. Co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry revealed that this protein binds to the mitochondrial proteins such as PHB2, and they co-localize in the mitochondria. Functional rescue experiments showed that PHB2 knockdown reversed the pro-proliferative and pro-migratory effects of this circUSP25-encoded protein.
Conclusion
The circUSP25-encoded protein localizes to the mitochondria, and its overexpression promotes colon cancer cell proliferation and migration possibly by interacting with mitochondrial proteins.
Keywords: colon cancer, circular RNA, circUSP25, hsa_circ_0001178, mitochondrial proteins
结直肠癌是全球常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率和死亡率分别位于第3位和第2位[1]。尽管诊疗技术不断进步,但部分患者仍面临复发和转移的风险,其潜在的分子机制尚未完全阐明。深入探索结直肠癌发生发展的调控网络,对于发现新的诊断标志物和治疗靶点具有重要意义。
传统观点认为,蛋白主要来源于mRNA的翻译。然而,随着高通量测序和核糖体印记分析技术的发展,越来越多的研究发现,被注释为非编码RNA的转录本同样具备编码潜能,其翻译产生的多肽或蛋白质在肿瘤演进中扮演着重要角色[2-6]。环状RNA是一类具有共价闭合环状结构的非编码RNA,具有稳定性高的特征,大量研究表明环状RNA在多种肿瘤恶性进展中发挥关键作用[7-9]。机制上,早期研究主要集中于环状RNA作为微小RNA(miRNA)“海绵”或与蛋白结合而发挥功能[7, 8]。近年来,环状RNA的编码能力被逐渐揭示,为理解肿瘤调控机制提供了新视角[10-18]。环状RNA由于缺乏5’端帽子结构,其翻译起始依赖于内部核糖体进入位点或m6A修饰介导的非经典途径[19, 20]。
环状RNA hsa_circ_0001178源自亲本基因USP25的第2、3外显子,根据环状RNA命名规范[21],我们将其命名为circUSP25(2,3),简称circUSP25。已有研究表明,circUSP25在结直肠癌组织中表达上调,并可通过吸附miR-382/587/616上调EZB1表达,进而促进肿瘤细胞转移[22]。值得注意的是,Van等[23]通过核糖体印记测序发现circUSP25能与核糖体结合,这提示circUSP25可能具有编码蛋白的潜力,但目前尚无相关实验报道。本研究旨在验证circUSP25的编码能力,鉴定其翻译产物的亚细胞定位及生物学功能,并初步探索其分子机制,以期为揭示结直肠癌恶性进展的机制提供新思路。
1. 材料和方法
1.1. 人结肠癌细胞株及培养条件
本研究所用人源结肠腺癌细胞系SW620与HCT116均购自森贝伽生物科技有限公司,分别采用DMEM(生航)和McCoy's 5A培养基(森贝伽),并添加10%胎牛血清(森贝伽)。所有细胞均在恒温37℃、含5% CO2的培养箱中常规培养与传代,选取处于对数生长期的细胞进行实验。
1.2. 小干扰RNA(siRNA)、载体构建与细胞转染
针对PHB2的siRNA由苏州吉玛基因股份有限公司设计并合成,siRNA序列:GGUUCCAGUACCCCA UUAUTT。circUSP25-Flag及其突变体circUSP25-Flag-Mut过表达载体均由广州睿博生物科技有限公司完成构建。首先采用基因合成技术获得circUSP25目的片段,并通过定点突变方法将其翻译起始密码子ATG突变为TAA。进一步将获得的野生型与突变型circUSP25序列分别克隆至环状RNA真核表达载体pCD5-ciR(吉赛)中,从而成功构建相应的过表达质粒。所有构建的载体均经Sanger测序鉴定,结果证实插入序列及突变位点完全正确。细胞转染操作使用Lipofectamine 3000转染试剂(Thermo Fisher),按照试剂说明进行siRNA及质粒的转染。
1.3. Western blotting
circUSP25-Flag、circUSP25-Flag-Mut及对照载体分别转染SW620和HCT116细胞。转染后48 h,应用RIPA裂解液(弗德)裂解细胞,离心后收集总蛋白,取等量蛋白进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离,应用湿转系统将蛋白转移至PVDF膜(Millipore),并置于快速封闭液(新赛美)中室温孵育封闭。封闭结束后,分别与以下一抗在4 ℃条件下孵育过夜:anti-Flag(1∶1000,ImmunoWay)和anti-β-Tubulin(1∶2000,Proteintech)。次日,膜经充分洗涤后,加入辣根过氧化物酶标记的山羊抗兔/小鼠二抗(1∶5000,弗德),室温继续孵育1h。ECL超敏发光液(弗德)进行化学发光,应用化学发光成像系统采集并记录蛋白信号图像。
1.4. 免疫共沉淀与质谱鉴定
参照之前发表文章中的方法进行[8]。应用裂解缓冲液提取细胞总蛋白,将细胞裂解液与Flag抗体(ImmunoWay)或对照IgG(ABclonal)混合,于4 ℃翻转孵育2 h。随后向混合物中加入约20 μL琼脂糖珠(Santa Cruz),置于4 ℃继续孵育过夜。充分洗涤并收集琼脂糖珠后,洗脱结合蛋白。洗脱产物经SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离,并采用快速银染试剂盒(碧云天)进行染色。最后,将差异蛋白条带切下,由微纳菲生物技术有限公司(深圳)进行质谱分析。
1.5. 细胞免疫荧光检测
SW620及HCT116细胞接种于共聚焦培养小皿,培养24 h,根据实验需要可进行线粒体染色,细胞经预热的Mito-Tracker探针(200 nmol/L,碧云天)于37 ℃孵育20 min,随后以4%多聚甲醛固定10 min,0.2% Triton X-100处理15 min增强通透性,并用山羊血清封闭30 min,之后加入一抗anti-Flag(1∶200,ImmunoWay)与anti-PHB2(1∶200,Proteintech),4 ℃孵育过夜,次日加入DyLight488/DyLight647标记的羊抗鼠/兔二抗(1∶200,ImmunoWay),室温避光孵育1 h,DAPI染色细胞核,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察并采集图像。
1.6. CCK-8检测
细胞转染质粒24 h后收集,调整细胞密度后以1×10³/孔、100 μL培养基接种于96孔板,边缘孔加无菌PBS。培养至相应时间点,加入10 μL/孔 CCK-8溶液(恩晶),置于细胞培养箱中继续孵育2 h,应用酶标仪检测吸光度A 450 nm,分别于第1、2、3、4天进行检测。
1.7. Transwell小室迁移实验
HCT116细胞转染质粒24 h后收集细胞,以无血清培养基重悬并计数。在Transwell小室下室加入含10%胎牛血清的完全培养基,上室接种3×10⁴个细胞。迁移48 h后取出小室,用4%多聚甲醛固定,吉姆萨染色。在显微镜下随机选取5~7个200倍视野采集图像,计数细胞数。
1.8. 统计学分析
使用GraphPad Prism 9.5.1软件进行Student t检验,计量资料以均数±标准差表示,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 环状RNA circUSP25具有编码蛋白的开放阅读框
Sanger测序表明circUSP25是USP25在转录后由第2、3外显子背向剪接形成的环状RNA(图1A)。应用circRNADb[24]和circBank[25]数据库搜索,发现circUSP25含有编码121个氨基酸的开放阅读框(ORF),ORF从第128 bp起始密码子ATG开始,跨2次剪切位点后在第47 bp终止密码子TAA结束(图1B)。本研究在circUSP25终止密码子TAA前插入Flag序列,克隆入pCD5-ciR载体,构建circUSP25-Flag载体,再突变circUSP25-Flag的起始密码子ATG为TAA构建circUSP25-Flag-Mut载体(图1C、D)。
图1.

环状RNAcircUSP25开放阅读框的预测
Fig.1 Prediction of the open reading frame (ORF) of circUSP25. A: Schematic diagram of the formation of circUSP25, which is generated from back-splicing of exons 2 and 3 of the parental gene USP25. Sanger sequencing confirms that the splice junction sequence of circUSP25 is completely consistent with the head-to-tail splicing of exons 2 and 3 of USP25. B: The ORF of circUSP25 (the green line). C: Schematic diagrams of the wild-type circUSP25-Flag vector containing the translation start codon ATG and the mutant circUSP25-Flag-Mut vector with ATG mutation. D: Sanger sequencing of circUSP25-Flag and circUSP25-Flag-Mut vectors confirms the correct sequences of the translation start codon ATG and its mutation.
2.2. circUSP25编码蛋白的鉴定
Western blotting显示只有circUSP25-Flag载体可表达出蛋白,而ATG突变的载体不能翻译出蛋白(图2A),进一步应用免疫沉淀技术富集circUSP25翻译的蛋白,通过电泳分离、银染、质谱,在16 000 D左右的条带中鉴定到属于circUSP25编码蛋白的肽段(图2B),免疫荧光显示circUSP25翻译的蛋白位于结肠癌细胞的细胞质(图2C)。
图2.

circUSP25编码蛋白的鉴定
Fig.2 Identification of the protein encoded by circUSP25. A: Western blotting showing that the circUSP25-Flag vector translates the protein, while the ATG-mutated vector fails to translate. B: Immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry identifies peptides corresponding to the protein encoded by circUSP25-Flag. C: Immunofluorescence staining reveals that the protein encoded by circUSP25-Flag localizes to the cytoplasm of colon cancer cells (Scale bar=25 μm).
2.3. circUSP25编码的蛋白定位于结肠癌细胞的线粒体
本研究应用TargetP-2.0[26]数据库分析circUSP25编码蛋白的信号肽,发现蛋白的氨基端1-32aa内含有线粒体转运肽(图3A),1-32aa是circUSP25编码的蛋白所特有的,其亲本基因USP25编码的蛋白没有线粒体转运肽。免疫荧光显示circUSP25编码的蛋白定位在结肠癌细胞的线粒体(图3B)。
图3.

circUSP25编码的蛋白定位于结肠癌细胞的线粒体
Fig.3 The protein encoded by circUSP25 localizes to the mitochondria of colon cancer cells. A: TargetP-2.0 database prediction shows that the N-terminal 1-32 amino acids of circUSP25-encoded protein contain a mitochondrial transit peptide. B: Immunofluorescence staining demonstrates that circUSP25-encoded protein localizes to the mitochondria of colon cancer cells.
2.4. circUSP25编码的蛋白促进结肠癌细胞增殖和迁移
在SW620和HCT116细胞中过表达circUSP25-Flag,CCK-8实验表明circUSP25-Flag过表达能够促进结肠癌细胞的增殖(P<0.05,图4A),Transwell小室表明过表达circUSP25-Flag能够促进结肠癌细胞迁移(P<0.001,图4B)。
图4.

circUSP25编码的蛋白促进结肠癌细胞增殖和迁移
Fig.4 The protein encoded by circUSP25 promotes proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells. A: CCK8 assays showing that circUSP25-Flag transfection promotes proliferation of colon cancer cells. B: Transwell assays showing that transfection with circUSP25-Flag enhances migration of colon cancer cells (Scale bar=100 μm). *P<0.05, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001 vs NC group.
2.5. circUSP25编码的蛋白与线粒体蛋白结合
应用免疫共沉淀将circUSP25编码蛋白所结合的蛋白富集下来,银染后对35 000左右的差异条带进行质谱鉴定,共鉴定到138个蛋白,其中相对分子质量大小符合的有15个蛋白,按照可信度和唯一肽段数量从高到低排列后,发现排在前4位的有3个是线粒体蛋白(图5A~C)。免疫荧光也表明circUSP25编码的蛋白与PHB2在线粒体共定位(图5D)。CCK-8和Transwell迁移实验表明,敲低PHB2可回复circUSP25对结肠癌细胞增殖及迁移的促进作用(图6A、B)。
图5.

circUSP25编码的蛋白与线粒体蛋白结合
Fig.5 The protein encoded by circUSP25 binds to mitochondrial proteins. A: Co-immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic separation, and silver nitrate staining reveal a differential band near 35 kD, identified subsequently by mass spectrometry as proteins interacting with the circUSP25-encoded protein. B: Mass spectrometry identifies 138 proteins, among which 15 match the expected molecular weight range. Ranked by confidence and the number of unique peptides, 3 of the top 4 proteins are mitochondrial proteins. C: Top 15 proteins matching the molecular weight range ranked by confidence and the number of unique peptides, with mitochondrial proteins highlighted in red. D: Immunofluorescence staining showing co-localization of the circUSP25-encoded protein with PHB2 in the mitochondria.
图6.

敲低PHB2可回复circUSP25编码蛋白对结肠癌细胞增殖和迁移的影响
Fig.6 Knockdown of PHB2 reverses the effects of the circUSP25-encoded protein on colon cancer cell proliferation and migration. A: CCK8 assays showing that PHB2 knockdown reverses the proliferation-promoting effect of the circUSP25-encoded protein. B: Transwell assays showing that PHB2 knockdown reverses the migration-promoting effect of the circUSP25-encoded protein (Scale bars=100 μm). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001 vs circUSP25-Flag.
3. 讨论
本研究发现环状RNA circUSP25能够编码一个定位于线粒体的新蛋白。功能实验表明,该蛋白促进结肠癌细胞增殖与迁移。进一步的机制探索发现,circUSP25编码的蛋白可与PHB2等线粒体蛋白结合,提示其可能通过影响线粒体功能来发挥促癌作用。
首先,本研究证实了circUSP25的编码能力。通过构建带有Flag标签的起始密码子野生型及突变载体,Western blotting结果显示仅野生型circUSP25可成功表达Flag标签蛋白,而突变载体则丧失翻译能力,质谱鉴定进一步验证了该蛋白肽段的存在。这一发现不仅验证了核糖体印记测序的预测结果[23],也拓展了对circUSP25在结直肠癌中作用机制的认识。既往研究仅揭示了circUSP25作为miRNA“海绵”的非编码调控功能[22],而本研究首次证明其具有编码能力,这提示circUSP25可能通过编码蛋白和非编码RNA双重途径参与肿瘤恶性进展过程。其次,本研究明确了该蛋白的亚细胞定位及功能。生物信息学预测及免疫荧光实验证实,circUSP25编码的蛋白定位于结肠癌细胞的线粒体,这与亲本基因USP25编码的蛋白定位不同,提示该环状RNA翻译了一个具有独特定位的新蛋白。CCK8和Transwell实验结果显示,过表达该蛋白能够显著促进结肠癌细胞的增殖和迁移,表明其在线粒体定位可能与其促癌功能密切相关。
在机制方面,免疫共沉淀联合质谱鉴定发现,circUSP25编码的蛋白能够与线粒体蛋白PHB2等结合。PHB2作为阻抑素蛋白家族成员,其功能具有多样性。一方面,PHB2定位于线粒体内膜,参与维持线粒体嵴形态、调控细胞增殖与凋亡,在多种肿瘤中发挥促癌作用[27-30];另一方面,PHB2也是介导线粒体自噬的关键受体,其功能异常可能导致受损线粒体堆积,从而影响细胞稳态[31]。因此,circUSP25编码蛋白与PHB2的结合,可能通过调控PHB2的稳定性、亚细胞定位或线粒体自噬受体功能,进而影响线粒体代谢与细胞命运,这为本研究发现的促增殖和迁移表型提供了潜在的分子解释。然而,本研究仍存在一定的局限性。首先,我们虽鉴定到与circUSP25编码蛋白相互作用的线粒体蛋白,但其具体的调控机制,例如如何影响PHB2的功能或线粒体稳态,仍需进一步深入探索。其次,本研究主要依赖于外源性过表达实验,后续需定制特异性抗体,检测结直肠癌临床样本及细胞系中该蛋白的内源性表达水平,并结合体内动物模型进一步验证其促癌功能。
综上所述,本研究揭示了circUSP25可编码定位于线粒体的新蛋白,该蛋白可能通过与线粒体蛋白PHB2等相互作用,促进结肠癌细胞的生长与迁移。这一发现揭示了circUSP25在结肠癌恶性进展中的新功能,为理解环状RNA的多重调控机制提供了新视角,也为结肠癌的诊断与治疗提供了潜在的新靶点。
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(82573244,81902479);江苏省卫健委医学科研项目(M2024038);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2021A1515010665);宿迁市科技计划(KY202304,M202503);宿迁英才雄英计划(SQXY202436)
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82573244, 81902479).
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