Abstract
目的
系统比较八段锦、床旁功率自行车与吹气球训练对胸腔镜肺癌根治术后患者肺功能恢复效果。
方法
本研究为一项随机对照试验。于2021年1月~2022年6月,共纳入334例行胸腔镜肺癌根治术的患者,随机分为八段锦组(108例)、床旁功率自行车组(109例)与吹气球训练组(117例)。3组患者分别接受为期12周的指定方案训练,并于术后1 d(基线)、4周、12周、半年及1年系统评估其肺功能、运动耐力、呼吸困难程度、疼痛程度、免疫功能、有氧能力、生活质量及患者参与度。
结果
术后12周,3组患者各项观察指标均较基线水平获得显著改善(P<0.05)。组间比较结果显示,八段锦组在免疫功能指标(CD4+/CD8+比值、IgA及IgG水平)、疼痛程度、呼吸困难评分、生活质量评分及治疗参与度等方面的改善最为明显,均优于其他两组(P<0.05);床旁功率自行车组在第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、6 min步行距离及峰值摄氧量(VO₂peak)方面的改善幅度显著大于吹气球训练组(P<0.05),而与八段锦组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);吹气球训练组各项指标的改善程度整体较为有限。
结论
八段锦、床旁功率自行车与吹气球训练均为胸腔镜肺癌根治术后有效的康复方式,临床可结合患者的核心康复需求,为其提供针对性的个性化康复选择。
Keywords: 肺癌, 胸腔镜, 八段锦, 床旁功率自行车, 吹气球训练, 肺功能
Abstract
Objective
To systematically compare the effects of Baduanjin exercise, bedside cycle ergometer training, and balloon-blowing training on pulmonary function recovery in patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical resection for lung cancer.
Methods
This study is a prospective randomized controlled trial. From January, 2021 to June, 2022, 334 patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical resection for lung cancer were enrolled and randomly assigned to Baduanjin group (108 cases), bedside cycle ergometer training group (109 cases), and balloon-blowing training group (117 cases). All the patients received 12 weeks of assigned intervention. Systematic assessments of lung function, exercise tolerance, dyspnea level, pain intensity, immune function, aerobic capacity, quality of life, and patient engagement were conducted at postoperative day 1 (baseline), 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.
Results
At 12 weeks postoperatively, all observed indicators in the 3 groups showed significant improvement compared to the baseline levels (P<0.05). Baduanjin exercise resulted in the most pronounced improvements in immune function indicators (CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IgA, and IgG levels), pain intensity, dyspnea score, quality of life score, and treatment engagement, outperforming the other two trainings (P<0.05). The patients in bedside cycle ergometer group showed significantly more obvious improvements in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), 6-min walking distance, and peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) than those in balloon-blowing training group (P<0.05), but these improvements did not differ significantly from those observed in Baduanjin group (P>0.05). Balloon-blowing training resulted in only limited overall improvements of the measured indicators.
Conclusion
Baduanjin, bedside cycle ergometer training and balloon-blowing training are all effective rehabilitation methods after video-assisted thoracoscopic radical resection for lung cancer. Personalized rehabilitation choices can be provided for patients based on their rehabilitation needs.
Keywords: lung cancer, thoracoscopy, Baduanjin, bedside cycle ergometer training, balloon-blowing training, lung function
肺癌是全球癌症相关死亡的首要原因[1]。胸腔镜手术作为肺癌治疗的主流术式,凭借其创伤小、恢复快等优势在临床上广泛应用[2]。但术后患者仍易出现肺功能下降、呼吸困难及运动耐力降低等问题,严重影响康复进程与生活质量[3]。因此,肺康复已成为肺癌术后管理的关键环节[4]。目前临床应用的肺康复模式多样:八段锦将呼吸调节与肢体动作相结合,具有独特的康复价值[5];床旁功率自行车作为标准化有氧训练方案,临床应用广泛[6];吹气球训练操作简便,是常用的基础呼吸锻炼方式[7]。然而,现有研究多局限于单一康复模式的疗效验证,缺乏对不同方案间疗效差异、优势特点及适用人群的系统对照研究,难以支撑临床个体化、精准化康复方案的选择[8-10]。因此,本研究选取八段锦、床旁功率自行车及吹气球3种临床常用肺康复方案,系统比较其在肺癌术后患者中的康复效果与应用特点,旨在明确不同康复模式的适用场景与优势,为临床制定个体化、规范化的术后肺康复策略提供循证依据。
1. 资料和方法
1.1. 一般资料
本研究于2021年1月~2022年6月期间,在河南大学淮河医院胸外科纳入334例接受胸腔镜肺癌根治术的患者作为研究对象。通过随机数字表法将其分为八段锦组(108例)、床旁功率自行车组(109例)与吹气球训练组(117例)。纳入标准:经病理学检查确诊为肺癌,且临床分期为Ⅰ~ⅢA期;首次接受胸腔镜肺癌根治术的患者;在此前6个月内未规律参与八段锦、功率自行车或结构化呼吸锻炼等类似的康复训练;年龄35~70周岁;意识清晰,无严重视听或认知障碍,能够理解并配合康复训练方案及随访评估;患者充分了解研究方案,并自愿签署书面知情同意书;排除标准:严重心肝肾等重要器官功能障碍;存在运动系统疾病或其它禁忌证,无法配合完成康复训练;合并控制不佳的慢性肺部疾病或合并其它系统恶性肿瘤;预期生存期不足6个月;依从性差,预计难以完成全程随访及干预。本研究经河南大学医学伦理委员会批准(伦理批号:HUSOM2025-799)。
1.2. 方法
1.2.1. 八段锦组
由经本研究统一培训的康复师指导患者进行八段锦训练。训练方案参考国家体育总局整理的“健身气功·八段锦”标准教程[11]。训练于术后第3天开始,住院期间在病房内由康复师现场教学并纠正动作,确保动作规范;出院后转为居家或社区训练,患者录制锻炼视频,由康复师查看并给予针对性指导,同时结合训练日志进行监督。训练频率为每周3 d,隔天1次,每次持续30 min,总干预周期为12周。训练强度以患者主观感觉微汗、呼吸微微急促但可正常交谈为宜(Borg评分11~13分)[12]。
1.2.2. 床旁功率自行车组
由经本研究统一培训的康复师指导患者进行床旁功率自行车训练[13]。训练于术后第3天开始,住院期间在床旁完成,由康复师现场设定并调整训练参数;出院后,具备条件的患者转移至门诊康复中心的指定功率自行车进行训练,并由康复师每周调整方案;条件不便者则提供居家替代方案(如踏步训练)并记录等效活动量。训练初始阻力设置为5~10 W,转速50~60 r/min,每次15 min;随后根据耐受情况每周逐步增加阻力5 W或时间5 min,直至每次30 min。训练频率为每周3 d,隔天1次,总周期12周。训练全程强调监测心率、血氧及Borg评分(11~13分)。
1.2.3. 吹气球训练组
由经本研究统一培训的康复师指导患者进行吹气球训练[14]。训练于术后第3天开始,住院期间在病房由医护人员指导并监督完成;出院后患者转为居家训练,并通过训练日志确认依从性。训练时,指导患者深吸气后均匀缓慢吹胀标准容量(约500~800 mL)气球,每次吹气维持3~5 s。每日完成5组,每组含10次吹气,组间休息1~2 min。训练频率为每周3 d,隔天1次,总干预周期为12周。医护人员需告知患者避免过度换气,并记录任何不适反应。
1.3. 结局指标
1.3.1. 主要结局指标
肺功能:采用肺功能仪测定第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)及FEV1/FVC比值。运动耐力:采用6 min步行距离(6MWD)进行评估,记录总步行距离[15]。呼吸困难程度:采用改良Borg量表(0~10分)评估,分值越高表明呼吸困难越严重[16]。
1.3.2. 次要结局指标
疼痛程度:采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评估,范围0~10分,分值越高表明疼痛越严重[17]。免疫功能:采集患者外周血,采用直接免疫荧光标记全血溶血法,通过流式细胞仪测定CD4+/CD8+ T细胞比值;同时,使用全自动分析仪测定血清免疫球蛋白IgA与IgG浓度。有氧能力:采用症状限制性心肺运动试验,以峰值摄氧量(VO₂peak)作为核心评估指标[18]。生活质量:采用生活质量量表(SF-36)评估,总分范围0~100分,分值越高表明生活质量越好[19]。患者参与度:通过训练日志记录患者实际完成训练的次数,并计算依从性(实际完成次数/计划完成次数×100%)。
1.4. 统计学方法
样本量计算基于本研究主要结局指标(FEV1),按照80%检验功效及双侧显著性水平α=0.05,检测3组间主要结局指标的最小临床有意义差异,估算每组至少需95名受试者;考虑到10%~15%的随访丧失、脱落及数据缺失风险,计划每组招募105~120名患者,样本量及检验效能均符合本研究统计分析要求;
采用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行数据分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,三组间差异采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD法,组内前后比较采用两配对样本t检验;对于术后多时间点重复测量指标,组内配对t检验采用多重检验校正,控制I类错误风险。计数资料以例数(百分比)表示,组间比较采用χ²检验。所有统计分析采用双侧检验,检验水准α=0.05,P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 3组患者基线资料比较
3组患者在人口学特征、疾病基础情况及手术相关参数等基线资料上具有可比性,组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。
表1.
3组患者一般临床资料比较
Tab.1 Comparison of general clinical data among the 3 groups of patients
| Variable |
Baduanjin group (n=108) |
Bedside cycle ergometer training group (n=109) |
Balloon-blowing training group (n=117) |
χ2 /F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 63.20±8.14 | 62.71±7.86 | 63.84±7.51 | 0.643 | 0.526 |
| Gender (n) | 0.331 | 0.847 | |||
| Male | 61 | 59 | 68 | ||
| Female | 47 | 50 | 49 | ||
| BMI | 23.40±3.03 | 23.08±2.82 | 23.55±3.05 | 0.712 | 0.491 |
| Education level | 1.926 | 0.382 | |||
| High school or below | 65 | 70 | 76 | ||
| Junior college or above | 43 | 39 | 41 | ||
| Disease characteristics | |||||
| Disease course (years) | 5.21±2.12 | 4.92±2.25 | 5.40±2.05 | 1.245 | 0.289 |
| Pathological type | 0.894 | 0.925 | |||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 31 | 29 | 35 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 72 | 75 | 77 | ||
| Other | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||
| Clinical stage | 1.557 | 0.817 | |||
| I | 71 | 74 | 75 | ||
| II | 31 | 29 | 35 | ||
| IIIa | 6 | 6 | 7 | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 39 | 35 | 45 | 1.025 | 0.599 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 19 | 16 | 22 | 0.752 | 0.686 |
| Coronary heart disease | 11 | 9 | 13 | 0.522 | 0.770 |
| Smoking history | 0.385 | 0.825 | |||
| Yes | 57 | 62 | 63 | ||
| No | 51 | 47 | 54 | ||
| Surgery-related indicators | |||||
| Surgical method | 0.288 | 0.866 | |||
| Lobectomy | 90 | 92 | 99 | ||
| Segmentectomy | 18 | 17 | 18 | ||
| Operation time (min) | 89.83±5.22 | 88.50±6.06 | 90.11±4.99 | 0.412 | 0.663 |
| Intraoperative blood loss (mL) | 41.76±8.71 | 40.20±9.27 | 42.57±8.11 | 1.283 | 0.278 |
| Postoperative 24-hour drainage volume (mL) | 35.20±9.11 | 33.82±8.72 | 33.80±8.74 | 1.967 | 0.142 |
| Chest tube duration (days) | 1.56±0.53 | 1.57±0.64 | 1.77±0.40 | 1.445 | 0.237 |
| Postoperative hospital stay (days) | 3.61±1.15 | 3.52±1.16 | 3.83±0.99 | 2.342 | 0.098 |
2.2. 3组患者肺功能比较
术后1 d基线数据显示,3组肺功能指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后4周,3组肺功能均较基线改善;组间比较,床旁功率自行车组FEV1及FEV1/FVC显著优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05),与八段锦组相比数值偏高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12周,床旁功率自行车组FEV1及FEV1/FVC仍高于八段锦组(P>0.05),且两组均显著优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05)。术后半年及1年随访,上述组间比较趋势持续存在(表2)。
表2.
3组患者肺功能比较
Tab.2 Comparison of lung function among the 3 groups of patients (Mean±SD)
| Time point/Variable |
Baduanjin group (n=108) |
Bedside cycle ergometer training group (n=109) | Balloon-blowing training group (n=117) | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative day 1 | |||||
| FEV1 (L) | 1.52±0.31 | 1.49±0.33 | 1.51±0.32 | 0.21 | 0.812 |
| FVC (L) | 2.18±0.41 | 2.15±0.43 | 2.17±0.42 | 0.15 | 0.861 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 69.81±5.20 | 69.33±5.52 | 69.60±5.29 | 0.24 | 0.787 |
| Postoperative 4 weeks | |||||
| FEV1 (L) | 1.78±0.33 | 1.85±0.35* | 1.71±0.32 | 4.12 | 0.017 |
| FVC (L) | 2.52±0.45 | 2.58±0.47 | 2.48±0.44 | 1.45 | 0.236 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 70.62±4.81 | 71.70±5.11* | 68.94±4.92 | 3.78 | 0.024 |
| Postoperative 12 weeks | |||||
| FEV1 (L) | 2.05±0.38* | 2.15±0.40* | 1.92±0.36 | 9.85 | <0.001 |
| FVC (L) | 2.85±0.50 | 2.91±0.52 | 2.79±0.49 | 1.92 | 0.148 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 71.90±4.51* | 73.79±4.70* | 68.84±4.62 | 12.34 | <0.001 |
| Postoperative six months | |||||
| FEV1 (L) | 2.11±0.39* | 2.21±0.41* | 1.98±0.37 | 8.15 | <0.001 |
| FVC (L) | 2.90±0.51 | 2.96±0.53 | 2.85±0.50 | 1.79 | 0.168 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 72.82±4.41* | 74.50±4.63* | 69.52±4.48 | 12.28 | <0.001 |
| Postoperative one year | |||||
| FEV1 (L) | 2.14±0.40* | 2.24±0.42* | 1.97±0.38 | 8.91 | <0.001 |
| FVC (L) | 2.93±0.52 | 3.00±0.54 | 2.86±0.51 | 1.96 | 0.142 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 73.02±4.31* | 74.73±4.51* | 68.91±4.42 | 14.01 | <0.001 |
*P<0.05 vs the balloon-blowing training group.
2.3. 3组患者运动耐力比较
术后1 d基线数据显示,3组患者6 min步行距离差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后4周,3组运动耐力均较基线提升;组间比较,床旁功率自行车组已显著优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05),与八段锦组相比数值偏高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12周,床旁功率自行车组6 min步行距离仍高于八段锦组(P>0.05),且两组该指标均显著优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05)。术后半年及1年随访,上述组间比较趋势持续存在(表3)。
表3.
3组患者运动耐力比较
Tab.3 Comparison of exercise endurance among the 3 groups of patients (Mean±SD)
| Time point |
Baduanjin group (n=108) |
Bedside cycle ergometer training group (n=109) | Balloon-blowing training group (n=117) | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative day 1 | 352.62±42.50 | 348.91±43.23 | 350.80±41.85 | 0.18 | 0.837 |
| Postoperative 4 weeks | 408.50±46.31 | 418.17±47.82* | 397.14±45.51 | 3.42 | 0.034 |
| Postoperative 12 weeks | 452.63±49.14* | 468.42±50.69* | 442.32±48.24 | 4.86 | 0.008 |
| Postoperative 6 months | 457.20±49.31* | 470.82±50.90* | 445.13±48.72 | 5.31 | 0.005 |
| Postoperative 1 year | 460.53±48.81* | 476.79±50.51* | 448.90±47.63 | 5.12 | 0.006 |
*P<0.05 vs the balloon-blowing training group.
2.4. 3组患者呼吸困难程度比较
术后1 d基线数据显示,3组患者呼吸困难评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后4周,3组呼吸困难程度均较基线减轻;组间比较,八段锦组已优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05)和床旁功率自行车组(P<0.05)。术后12周,八段锦组呼吸困难评分优于床旁功率自行车组(P<0.05)和吹气球训练组(P<0.05),同时床旁功率自行车组亦优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05)。术后半年及1年随访,上述组间比较趋势持续存在(表4)。
表4.
3组患者呼吸困难程度比较
Tab.4 Comparison of dyspnea severity among the 3 groups of patients (Mean±SD)
| Time point |
Baduanjin group (n=108) |
Bedside cycle ergometer training group (n=109) | Balloon-blowing training group (n=117) | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative day 1 | 5.24±1.31 | 5.30±1.40 | 5.40±1.31 | 0.45 | 0.639 |
| Postoperative 4 weeks | 2.93±1.10*△ | 3.23±1.24 | 3.62±1.29 | 4.32 | 0.014 |
| Postoperative 12 weeks | 1.64±0.93*△ | 2.09±1.04* | 2.61±1.13 | 5.87 | 0.003 |
| Postoperative 6 months | 1.49±0.80*△ | 2.04±0.92* | 2.49±1.02 | 5.43 | 0.005 |
| Postoperative 1 year | 1.38±0.79*△ | 1.87±0.91* | 2.42±1.04 | 5.12 | 0.006 |
*P<0.05 vs the balloon-blowing training group; △ P<0.05 vs the bedside cycle ergometer training group.
2.5. 3组患者疼痛程度比较
术后1 d基线数据显示,3组患者疼痛评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后4周,3组疼痛程度均较基线减轻;组间比较,八段锦组已优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05),与床旁功率自行车组相比数值偏高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12周,八段锦组疼痛评分优于床旁功率自行车组(P<0.05)和吹气球训练组(P<0.05),同时床旁功率自行车组亦优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05)。术后半年及1年随访,上述组间比较趋势持续存在(表5)。
表5.
3组患者疼痛程度比较
Tab.5 Comparison of pain severity among the 3 groups of patients (Mean±SD)
| Time point |
Baduanjin group (n=108) |
Bedside cycle ergometer training group (n=109) | Balloon-blowing training group (n=117) | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative day 1 | 4.65±1.05 | 4.72±1.12 | 4.68±1.08 | 0.11 | 0.896 |
| Postoperative 4 weeks | 2.52±0.88* | 2.95±0.96 | 3.28±1.04 | 5.82 | 0.003 |
| Postoperative 12 weeks | 1.35±0.66*△ | 1.88±0.79* | 2.47±0.92 | 9.76 | <0.001 |
| Postoperative 6 months | 1.26±0.64*△ | 1.80±0.77* | 2.41±0.90 | 9.24 | <0.001 |
| Postoperative 1 year | 1.18±0.61*△ | 1.72±0.75* | 2.35±0.88 | 8.93 | <0.001 |
*P<0.05 vs the balloon-blowing training group; △ P<0.05 vs the bedside cycle ergometer training group.
2.6. 3组患者免疫功能比较
术后1 d基线数据显示,3组患者CD4+/CD8+比值及IgA、IgG浓度差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后4周,3组患者各项免疫指标均较基线改善;组间比较,八段锦组CD4+/CD8+比值、IgA及IgG浓度优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05),与床旁功率自行车组相比上述指标数值偏高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12周,八段锦组CD4+/CD8+比值及IgG浓度显著优于床旁功率自行车组与吹气球训练组(P<0.05),IgA浓度优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05),与床旁功率自行车组相比数值偏高;同时,床旁功率自行车组CD4+/CD8+比值及IgG浓度亦优于吹气球训练组(均P<0.05)。术后半年及1年随访,八段锦组所有免疫指标均持续优于吹气球训练组(均P<0.05),CD4+/CD8+比值及IgG浓度持续显著优于床旁功率自行车组(P<0.05);床旁功率自行车组仍保持对吹气球训练组在CD4+/CD8+比值及IgG浓度方面的显著优势(P<0.05,表6)。
表6.
3组患者免疫功能比较
Tab.6 Comparison of immune function among the 3 groups of patients (Mean±SD)
| Time point |
Baduanjin group (n=108) |
Bedside cycle ergometer training group (n=109) | Balloon-blowing training group (n=117) | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative day 1 | |||||
| CD4+/CD8+ | 1.15±0.28 | 1.12±0.30 | 1.14±0.29 | 0.32 | 0.726 |
| IgA (g/L) | 1.92±0.45 | 1.88±0.47 | 1.90±0.46 | 0.25 | 0.779 |
| IgG (g/L) | 10.35±2.15 | 10.28±2.20 | 10.32±2.18 | 0.04 | 0.961 |
| Postoperative 4 weeks | |||||
| CD4+/CD8+ | 1.38±0.31* | 1.25±0.29 | 1.18±0.28 | 4.25 | 0.015 |
| IgA (g/L) | 2.18±0.43* | 2.05±0.41 | 1.92±0.39 | 3.98 | 0.020 |
| IgG (g/L) | 11.45±2.10* | 10.95±2.06 | 10.65±2.04 | 3.72 | 0.025 |
| Postoperative 12 weeks | |||||
| CD4+/CD8+ | 1.58±0.33*△ | 1.38±0.31* | 1.22±0.29 | 4.85 | 0.008 |
| IgA (g/L) | 2.48±0.45* | 2.22±0.43 | 2.05±0.41 | 4.52 | 0.012 |
| IgG (g/L) | 12.55±2.15*△ | 11.55±2.09* | 11.05±2.06 | 4.28 | 0.015 |
| Postoperative 6 months | |||||
| CD4+/CD8+ | 1.56±0.32*△ | 1.36±0.30* | 1.21±0.28 | 4.72 | 0.009 |
| IgA (g/L) | 2.46±0.44* | 2.20±0.42 | 2.03±0.40 | 4.41 | 0.013 |
| IgG (g/L) | 12.45±2.14*△ | 11.48±2.07* | 11.00±2.05 | 4.20 | 0.016 |
| Postoperative 1 year | |||||
| CD4+/CD8+ | 1.55±0.32*△ | 1.35±0.30* | 1.20±0.28 | 4.65 | 0.010 |
| IgA (g/L) | 2.45±0.44* | 2.18±0.42 | 2.02±0.40 | 4.35 | 0.014 |
| IgG (g/L) | 12.35±2.13*△ | 11.42±2.08* | 10.95±2.05 | 4.12 | 0.017 |
*P<0.05 vs the balloon-blowing training group; △ P<0.05 vs the bedside cycle ergometer training group.
2.7. 3组患者有氧能力比较
术后1 d基线数据显示,3组患者峰值摄氧量(VO₂peak)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后4周,3组有氧能力均较基线提升;组间比较,床旁功率自行车组已优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05),与八段锦组相比数值偏高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12周,床旁功率自行车组峰值摄氧量优于八段锦组(P<0.05)和吹气球训练组(P<0.05),同时八段锦组亦优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05)。术后半年及1年随访,上述组间比较趋势持续存在(表7)。
表7.
3组患者有氧能力比较
Tab.7 Comparison of aerobic capacity among the 3 groups of patients (Mean±SD)
| Time point |
Baduanjin group (n=108) |
Bedside cycle ergometer training group (n=109) | Balloon-blowing training group (n=117) | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative day 1 | 0.98±0.25 | 1.02±0.27 | 1.00±0.26 | 0.42 | 0.657 |
| Postoperative 4 weeks | 1.22±0.28 | 1.45±0.31* | 1.15±0.27 | 3.12 | 0.045 |
| Postoperative 12 weeks | 1.45±0.32* | 1.72±0.35*△ | 1.25±0.30 | 4.35 | 0.013 |
| Postoperative 6 months | 1.46±0.31* | 1.73±0.34*△ | 1.26±0.29 | 4.26 | 0.015 |
| Postoperative 1 year | 1.48±0.31* | 1.75±0.34*△ | 1.28±0.29 | 4.18 | 0.016 |
*P<0.05 vs the balloon-blowing training group; △ P<0.05 vs the Baduanjin group.
2.8. 3组患者生活质量比较
术后1 d基线数据显示,3组患者生活质量评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后4周,3组生活质量评分均较基线改善;组间比较,八段锦组已优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05),与床旁功率自行车组相比数值偏高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12周,八段锦组生活质量评分优于床旁功率自行车组(P<0.05)和吹气球训练组(P<0.05),同时床旁功率自行车组亦优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05)。术后半年及1年随访,上述组间比较趋势持续存在(表8)。
表8.
3组患者生活质量比较
Tab.8 Comparison of quality of life among the 3 groups of patients (Mean±SD)
| Time point |
Baduanjin group (n=108) |
Bedside cycle ergometer training group (n=109) | Balloon-blowing training group (n=117) | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative day 1 | 58.34±8.51 | 57.93±8.80 | 58.12±8.56 | 0.07 | 0.933 |
| Postoperative 4 weeks | 72.63±9.19* | 68.50±9.04 | 65.84±8.90 | 4.85 | 0.008 |
| Postoperative 12 weeks | 85.41±8.80*△ | 78.93±9.08* | 73.53±9.31 | 9.63 | <0.001 |
| Postoperative 6 months | 85.83±8.62*△ | 79.14±9.04* | 73.76±9.10 | 9.85 | <0.001 |
| Postoperative 1 year | 86.24±8.50*△ | 79.33±8.92* | 74.14±9.22 | 10.25 | <0.001 |
*P<0.05 vs the balloon-blowing training group; △ P<0.05 vs the bedside cycle ergometer training group.
2.9. 3组患者参与度比较
术后4周,3组训练参与度均已显现差异;组间比较,八段锦组参与度高于吹气球训练组(P<0.05),与床旁功率自行车组相比数值偏高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12周,八段锦组训练参与度优于床旁功率自行车组(P<0.05)和吹气球训练组(P<0.05),同时床旁功率自行车组亦优于吹气球训练组(P<0.05)。术后1年随访期间,上述组间比较趋势持续存在(表9)。
表9.
3组患者参与度比较
Tab.9 Comparison of participation among the 3 groups of patients (Mean±SD)
| Time point |
Baduanjin group (n=108) |
Bedside cycle ergometer training group (n=109) | Balloon-blowing training group (n=117) | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative 4 weeks | 92.50±6.81*△ | 85.32±9.21 | 78.61±11.50 | 8.95 | <0.001 |
| Postoperative 12 weeks | 88.69±8.22*△ | 79.23±10.57* | 72.44±13.82 | 12.34 | <0.001 |
| Postoperative 6 months | 87.52±8.91*△ | 78.04±11.50* | 70.91±14.48 | 11.62 | <0.001 |
| Postoperative 1 year | 86.34±9.50*△ | 76.82±12.33* | 69.54±15.23 | 10.87 | <0.001 |
*P<0.05 vs the balloon-blowing training group; △ P<0.05 vs the bedside cycle ergometer training group.
3. 讨论
肺癌是全球高发病率和高死亡率的恶性肿瘤之一。胸腔镜手术作为其主流术式,术后在患者肺功能、运动耐力及生活质量方面均存在一定影响[20]。目前八段锦、床旁功率自行车和吹气球训练是临床常用的肺康复方法[21-23],但尚缺乏针对这3种方案疗效差异与作用机制的系统比较。因此本研究通过前瞻性随机对照试验,评估三者对胸腔镜肺癌术后患者的康复效果,并从临床结局与潜在机制角度分析其作用特点,以期为肺康复的个体化临床实践提供循证依据。
本研究结果显示,3种康复方式在改善术后患者各项功能指标方面呈现不同作用特征。八段锦在呼吸困难缓解、疼痛控制、免疫功能、生活质量及治疗参与度等多项维度上表现突出。其作用机制涉及多层面生理调节:在呼吸困难改善方面,其特有的腹式呼吸与深长呼吸节律,可有效增强膈肌活动度、提升通气效率,减少辅助呼吸肌过度参与。同时优化通气/血流比值,多途径改善呼吸功能[24];在疼痛控制方面,温和持续的拉伸动作可促进内源性镇痛物质释放[25],同时改善局部组织灌注,加速炎症因子清除,形成多靶点镇痛效应[26]。在免疫功能调节方面,通过适度调节机体应激状态,可减轻应激对免疫功能的抑制,促进CD4+/CD8+ T细胞比值趋于平衡,并提升免疫球蛋白合成能力[27]。在改善生活质量方面,缓慢流畅的动作配合深长呼吸,有助于恢复自主神经平衡、改善睡眠与情绪状态,进而提升患者整体生活质量。这种心身协同调节机制是提升整体生活质量的重要通路。在治疗参与度方面,其动作温和、易于掌握且不受场地设备限制,显著提高了患者的参与意愿与依从性,为康复效果的长期维持提供了重要基础。
相比之下,床旁功率自行车组在FEV1、6 min步行距离及峰值摄氧量等客观功能指标方面改善最为显著。该训练方式的作用机制可从以下3个相互关联的生理学层面阐释:在FEV1改善方面通过增强呼吸肌肌力与耐力、改善胸廓活动度、调节自主神经平衡以抑制气道高反应性等多重机制,协同提升肺通气功能,从而直接促进FEV1的改善[28]。在6 min步行距离改善方面,通过多系统协同作用提升整体运动耐力。呼吸系统优化保障运动通气需求,心血管功能增强提高氧气输送效率,骨骼肌线粒体功能提升则增强了外周组织的氧利用能力。这些生理适应的综合效应最终表现为6 min步行距离的显著增加[29]。在峰值摄氧量改善方面,通过增强心肌收缩功能、优化肺通气与血流灌注的匹配效率,促进氧气在肺泡-毛细血管界面的有效弥散[30],这些心血管与呼吸系统的协同适应共同提升了机体的最大摄氧能力。
吹气球训练作为经典的呼吸康复手段,其在综合功能改善方面效果虽相对局限,但对特定生理功能的恢复具有明确价值。该训练通过抵抗式呼气产生持续性气道正压,有效提升呼气末肺容积,维持肺泡稳定性,从而有效预防术后肺不张的发生[31]。同时,通过增加气道内压,该训练可改善肺顺应性,防止小气道在呼气相过早陷闭。上述机制使吹气球训练在术后早期肺复苏阶段发挥关键作用,为患者后续更全面的功能恢复奠定了重要基础。
本研究存在一定不足:单一中心且样本量有限,结果外推性受限制,后续可通过多中心研究、扩大样本量提升普适性;随访周期仅1年,无法充分评估远期有效性,可延长随访周期明确长期康复效益。
综上所述,八段锦、床旁功率自行车与吹气球训练均为肺癌胸腔镜术后有效的康复干预手段,三者作用机制各异且疗效侧重点明确。临床实践中可结合患者具体康复需求个体化选择:需控制术后症状、改善免疫功能者,优先推荐八段锦;以提升肺功能、增强有氧能力为核心目标者,可采用床旁功率自行车训练;仅需基础呼吸支持、促进术后早期肺复苏者,吹气球训练为可行选择。本研究首次系统对比三者的疗效特征,为临床个体化康复方案的制定提供了可靠循证依据,后续可重点探索不同康复模式在术后不同康复阶段的优化组合策略。
基金资助
河南省高等学校重点科研项目(26B320003);河南省科技厅科技攻关项目(262102310196);河南省医学科技攻关计划(LHGJ20260597)
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