Skip to main content
Immunology logoLink to Immunology
. 1998 Feb;93(2):139–148. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00431.x

Forms and functions of CD44.

G Borland 1, J A Ross 1, K Guy 1
PMCID: PMC1364171  PMID: 9616361

Full text

PDF
139

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abbasi A. M., Chester K. A., Talbot I. C., Macpherson A. S., Boxer G., Forbes A., Malcolm A. D., Begent R. H. CD44 is associated with proliferation in normal and neoplastic human colorectal epithelial cells. Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A(14):1995–2002. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90461-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Arch R., Wirth K., Hofmann M., Ponta H., Matzku S., Herrlich P., Zöller M. Participation in normal immune responses of a metastasis-inducing splice variant of CD44. Science. 1992 Jul 31;257(5070):682–685. doi: 10.1126/science.1496383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Aruffo A., Stamenkovic I., Melnick M., Underhill C. B., Seed B. CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate. Cell. 1990 Jun 29;61(7):1303–1313. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90694-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bartolazzi A., Nocks A., Aruffo A., Spring F., Stamenkovic I. Glycosylation of CD44 is implicated in CD44-mediated cell adhesion to hyaluronan. J Cell Biol. 1996 Mar;132(6):1199–1208. doi: 10.1083/jcb.132.6.1199. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bennett K. L., Jackson D. G., Simon J. C., Tanczos E., Peach R., Modrell B., Stamenkovic I., Plowman G., Aruffo A. CD44 isoforms containing exon V3 are responsible for the presentation of heparin-binding growth factor. J Cell Biol. 1995 Feb;128(4):687–698. doi: 10.1083/jcb.128.4.687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bennett K. L., Modrell B., Greenfield B., Bartolazzi A., Stamenkovic I., Peach R., Jackson D. G., Spring F., Aruffo A. Regulation of CD44 binding to hyaluronan by glycosylation of variably spliced exons. J Cell Biol. 1995 Dec;131(6 Pt 1):1623–1633. doi: 10.1083/jcb.131.6.1623. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Camp R. L., Scheynius A., Johansson C., Puré E. CD44 is necessary for optimal contact allergic responses but is not required for normal leukocyte extravasation. J Exp Med. 1993 Aug 1;178(2):497–507. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.2.497. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Carter W. G., Wayner E. A. Characterization of the class III collagen receptor, a phosphorylated, transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in nucleated human cells. J Biol Chem. 1988 Mar 25;263(9):4193–4201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Culty M., Miyake K., Kincade P. W., Sikorski E., Butcher E. C., Underhill C., Silorski E. The hyaluronate receptor is a member of the CD44 (H-CAM) family of cell surface glycoproteins. J Cell Biol. 1990 Dec;111(6 Pt 1):2765–2774. doi: 10.1083/jcb.111.6.2765. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Culty M., Nguyen H. A., Underhill C. B. The hyaluronan receptor (CD44) participates in the uptake and degradation of hyaluronan. J Cell Biol. 1992 Feb;116(4):1055–1062. doi: 10.1083/jcb.116.4.1055. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Culty M., Shizari M., Thompson E. W., Underhill C. B. Binding and degradation of hyaluronan by human breast cancer cell lines expressing different forms of CD44: correlation with invasive potential. J Cell Physiol. 1994 Aug;160(2):275–286. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041600209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. DeGrendele H. C., Estess P., Picker L. J., Siegelman M. H. CD44 and its ligand hyaluronate mediate rolling under physiologic flow: a novel lymphocyte-endothelial cell primary adhesion pathway. J Exp Med. 1996 Mar 1;183(3):1119–1130. doi: 10.1084/jem.183.3.1119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dougherty G. J., Cooper D. L., Memory J. F., Chiu R. K. Ligand binding specificity of alternatively spliced CD44 isoforms. Recognition and binding of hyaluronan by CD44R1. J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 25;269(12):9074–9078. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Dougherty G. J., Landorp P. M., Cooper D. L., Humphries R. K. Molecular cloning of CD44R1 and CD44R2, two novel isoforms of the human CD44 lymphocyte "homing" receptor expressed by hemopoietic cells. J Exp Med. 1991 Jul 1;174(1):1–5. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. East J. A., Mitchell S. D., Hart I. R. Expression and function of the CD44 glycoprotein in melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res. 1993 Oct;3(5):341–346. doi: 10.1097/00008390-199310000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Favrot M. C., Combaret V., Lasset C. CD44--a new prognostic marker for neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med. 1993 Dec 23;329(26):1965–1965. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199312233292615. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Fox S. B., Fawcett J., Jackson D. G., Collins I., Gatter K. C., Harris A. L., Gearing A., Simmons D. L. Normal human tissues, in addition to some tumors, express multiple different CD44 isoforms. Cancer Res. 1994 Aug 15;54(16):4539–4546. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gallatin W. M., Wayner E. A., Hoffman P. A., St John T., Butcher E. C., Carter W. G. Structural homology between lymphocyte receptors for high endothelium and class III extracellular matrix receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jun;86(12):4654–4658. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.12.4654. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Galluzzo E., Albi N., Fiorucci S., Merigiola C., Ruggeri L., Tosti A., Grossi C. E., Velardi A. Involvement of CD44 variant isoforms in hyaluronate adhesion by human activated T cells. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Oct;25(10):2932–2939. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830251033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Goldstein L. A., Zhou D. F., Picker L. J., Minty C. N., Bargatze R. F., Ding J. F., Butcher E. C. A human lymphocyte homing receptor, the hermes antigen, is related to cartilage proteoglycan core and link proteins. Cell. 1989 Mar 24;56(6):1063–1072. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90639-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Goodfellow P. N., Banting G., Wiles M. V., Tunnacliffe A., Parkar M., Solomon E., Dalchau R., Fabre J. W. The gene, MIC4, which controls expression of the antigen defined by monoclonal antibody F10.44.2, is on human chromosome 11. Eur J Immunol. 1982 Aug;12(8):659–663. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830120807. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gotley D. C., Fawcett J., Walsh M. D., Reeder J. A., Simmons D. L., Antalis T. M. Alternatively spliced variants of the cell adhesion molecule CD44 and tumour progression in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 1996 Aug;74(3):342–351. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1996.364. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Günthert U., Hofmann M., Rudy W., Reber S., Zöller M., Haussmann I., Matzku S., Wenzel A., Ponta H., Herrlich P. A new variant of glycoprotein CD44 confers metastatic potential to rat carcinoma cells. Cell. 1991 Apr 5;65(1):13–24. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90403-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hale L. P., Patel D. D., Clark R. E., Haynes B. F. Distribution of CD44 variant isoforms in human skin: differential expression in components of benign and malignant epithelia. J Cutan Pathol. 1995 Dec;22(6):536–545. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1995.tb01148.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. He Q., Lesley J., Hyman R., Ishihara K., Kincade P. W. Molecular isoforms of murine CD44 and evidence that the membrane proximal domain is not critical for hyaluronate recognition. J Cell Biol. 1992 Dec;119(6):1711–1719. doi: 10.1083/jcb.119.6.1711. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Heider K. H., Mulder J. W., Ostermann E., Susani S., Patzelt E., Pals S. T., Adolf G. R. Splice variants of the cell surface glycoprotein CD44 associated with metastatic tumour cells are expressed in normal tissues of humans and cynomolgus monkeys. Eur J Cancer. 1995 Dec;31A(13-14):2385–2391. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00420-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hofmann M., Rudy W., Zöller M., Tölg C., Ponta H., Herrlich P., Günthert U. CD44 splice variants confer metastatic behavior in rats: homologous sequences are expressed in human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 1991 Oct 1;51(19):5292–5297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Huet S., Groux H., Caillou B., Valentin H., Prieur A. M., Bernard A. CD44 contributes to T cell activation. J Immunol. 1989 Aug 1;143(3):798–801. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hyman R., Lesley J., Schulte R. Somatic cell mutants distinguish CD44 expression and hyaluronic acid binding. Immunogenetics. 1991;33(5-6):392–395. doi: 10.1007/BF00216699. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Ichikawa W. Positive relationship between expression of CD44 and hepatic metastases in colorectal cancer. Pathobiology. 1994;62(4):172–179. doi: 10.1159/000163907. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Iida N., Bourguignon L. Y. New CD44 splice variants associated with human breast cancers. J Cell Physiol. 1995 Jan;162(1):127–133. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041620115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Imazeki F., Yokosuka O., Yamaguchi T., Ohto M., Isono K., Omata M. Expression of variant CD44-messenger RNA in colorectal adenocarcinomas and adenomatous polyps in humans. Gastroenterology. 1996 Feb;110(2):362–368. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8566581. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Jackson D. G., Bell J. I., Dickinson R., Timans J., Shields J., Whittle N. Proteoglycan forms of the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 are alternatively spliced variants containing the v3 exon. J Cell Biol. 1995 Feb;128(4):673–685. doi: 10.1083/jcb.128.4.673. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Jackson D. G., Buckley J., Bell J. I. Multiple variants of the human lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 generated by insertions at a single site in the extracellular domain. J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 5;267(7):4732–4739. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Jalkanen S. T., Bargatze R. F., Herron L. R., Butcher E. C. A lymphoid cell surface glycoprotein involved in endothelial cell recognition and lymphocyte homing in man. Eur J Immunol. 1986 Oct;16(10):1195–1202. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830161003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Jalkanen S., Bargatze R. F., de los Toyos J., Butcher E. C. Lymphocyte recognition of high endothelium: antibodies to distinct epitopes of an 85-95-kD glycoprotein antigen differentially inhibit lymphocyte binding to lymph node, mucosal, or synovial endothelial cells. J Cell Biol. 1987 Aug;105(2):983–990. doi: 10.1083/jcb.105.2.983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Jalkanen S., Jalkanen M., Bargatze R., Tammi M., Butcher E. C. Biochemical properties of glycoproteins involved in lymphocyte recognition of high endothelial venules in man. J Immunol. 1988 Sep 1;141(5):1615–1623. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Jalkanen S., Jalkanen M. Lymphocyte CD44 binds the COOH-terminal heparin-binding domain of fibronectin. J Cell Biol. 1992 Feb;116(3):817–825. doi: 10.1083/jcb.116.3.817. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Katoh S., Zheng Z., Oritani K., Shimozato T., Kincade P. W. Glycosylation of CD44 negatively regulates its recognition of hyaluronan. J Exp Med. 1995 Aug 1;182(2):419–429. doi: 10.1084/jem.182.2.419. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kennel S. J., Lankford T. K., Foote L. J., Shinpock S. G., Stringer C. CD44 expression on murine tissues. J Cell Sci. 1993 Feb;104(Pt 2):373–382. doi: 10.1242/jcs.104.2.373. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Kjellén L., Lindahl U. Proteoglycans: structures and interactions. Annu Rev Biochem. 1991;60:443–475. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.60.070191.002303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Koopman G., Griffioen A. W., Ponta H., Herrlich P., van den Berg F., Manten-Horst E., Pals S. T. CD44 splice variants; expression on lymphocytes and in neoplasia. Res Immunol. 1993 Nov-Dec;144(9):750–762. doi: 10.1016/s0923-2494(93)80061-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Koopman G., Heider K. H., Horst E., Adolf G. R., van den Berg F., Ponta H., Herrlich P., Pals S. T. Activated human lymphocytes and aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas express a homologue of the rat metastasis-associated variant of CD44. J Exp Med. 1993 Apr 1;177(4):897–904. doi: 10.1084/jem.177.4.897. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kuppner M. C., Van Meir E., Gauthier T., Hamou M. F., de Tribolet N. Differential expression of the CD44 molecule in human brain tumours. Int J Cancer. 1992 Feb 20;50(4):572–577. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910500414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Labarrière N., Piau J. P., Otry C., Denis M., Lustenberger P., Meflah K., Le Pendu J. H blood group antigen carried by CD44V modulates tumorigenicity of rat colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 1994 Dec 1;54(23):6275–6281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Laurent T. C., Fraser J. R. Hyaluronan. FASEB J. 1992 Apr;6(7):2397–2404. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Lesley J., English N., Perschl A., Gregoroff J., Hyman R. Variant cell lines selected for alterations in the function of the hyaluronan receptor CD44 show differences in glycosylation. J Exp Med. 1995 Aug 1;182(2):431–437. doi: 10.1084/jem.182.2.431. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Lesley J., He Q., Miyake K., Hamann A., Hyman R., Kincade P. W. Requirements for hyaluronic acid binding by CD44: a role for the cytoplasmic domain and activation by antibody. J Exp Med. 1992 Jan 1;175(1):257–266. doi: 10.1084/jem.175.1.257. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Lesley J., Howes N., Perschl A., Hyman R. Hyaluronan binding function of CD44 is transiently activated on T cells during an in vivo immune response. J Exp Med. 1994 Jul 1;180(1):383–387. doi: 10.1084/jem.180.1.383. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Lesley J., Hyman R. CD44 can be activated to function as an hyaluronic acid receptor in normal murine T cells. Eur J Immunol. 1992 Oct;22(10):2719–2723. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830221036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Lesley J., Hyman R., Kincade P. W. CD44 and its interaction with extracellular matrix. Adv Immunol. 1993;54:271–335. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60537-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Lesley J., Kincade P. W., Hyman R. Antibody-induced activation of the hyaluronan receptor function of CD44 requires multivalent binding by antibody. Eur J Immunol. 1993 Aug;23(8):1902–1909. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830230826. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Lesley J., Trotter J., Hyman R. The Pgp-1 antigen is expressed on early fetal thymocytes. Immunogenetics. 1985;22(2):149–157. doi: 10.1007/BF00563512. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Liao H. X., Lee D. M., Levesque M. C., Haynes B. F. N-terminal and central regions of the human CD44 extracellular domain participate in cell surface hyaluronan binding. J Immunol. 1995 Oct 15;155(8):3938–3945. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Liao H. X., Levesque M. C., Patton K., Bergamo B., Jones D., Moody M. A., Telen M. J., Haynes B. F. Regulation of human CD44H and CD44E isoform binding to hyaluronan by phorbol myristate acetate and anti-CD44 monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. J Immunol. 1993 Dec 1;151(11):6490–6499. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Lucas M. G., Green A. M., Telen M. J. Characterization of the serum In(Lu)-related antigen: identification of a serum protein related to erythrocyte p80. Blood. 1989 Feb;73(2):596–600. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Mackay C. R., Terpe H. J., Stauder R., Marston W. L., Stark H., Günthert U. Expression and modulation of CD44 variant isoforms in humans. J Cell Biol. 1994 Jan;124(1-2):71–82. doi: 10.1083/jcb.124.1.71. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Matsumura Y., Hanbury D., Smith J., Tarin D. Non-invasive detection of malignancy by identification of unusual CD44 gene activity in exfoliated cancer cells. BMJ. 1994 Mar 5;308(6929):619–624. doi: 10.1136/bmj.308.6929.619. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. McKee C. M., Lowenstein C. J., Horton M. R., Wu J., Bao C., Chin B. Y., Choi A. M., Noble P. W. Hyaluronan fragments induce nitric-oxide synthase in murine macrophages through a nuclear factor kappaB-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem. 1997 Mar 21;272(12):8013–8018. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.12.8013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. McKee C. M., Penno M. B., Cowman M., Burdick M. D., Strieter R. M., Bao C., Noble P. W. Hyaluronan (HA) fragments induce chemokine gene expression in alveolar macrophages. The role of HA size and CD44. J Clin Invest. 1996 Nov 15;98(10):2403–2413. doi: 10.1172/JCI119054. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Mertens G., Cassiman J. J., Van den Berghe H., Vermylen J., David G. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans from human vascular endothelial cells. Core protein characterization and antithrombin III binding properties. J Biol Chem. 1992 Oct 5;267(28):20435–20443. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Miyake K., Kincade P. W. A new cell adhesion mechanism involving hyaluronate and CD44. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1990;166:87–90. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-75889-8_12. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Miyake K., Medina K. L., Hayashi S., Ono S., Hamaoka T., Kincade P. W. Monoclonal antibodies to Pgp-1/CD44 block lympho-hemopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures. J Exp Med. 1990 Feb 1;171(2):477–488. doi: 10.1084/jem.171.2.477. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Miyake K., Underhill C. B., Lesley J., Kincade P. W. Hyaluronate can function as a cell adhesion molecule and CD44 participates in hyaluronate recognition. J Exp Med. 1990 Jul 1;172(1):69–75. doi: 10.1084/jem.172.1.69. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Miyake M., Taki T., Hitomi S., Hakomori S. Correlation of expression of H/Le(y)/Le(b) antigens with survival in patients with carcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jul 2;327(1):14–18. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199207023270103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Mulder J. W., Kruyt P. M., Sewnath M., Oosting J., Seldenrijk C. A., Weidema W. F., Offerhaus G. J., Pals S. T. Colorectal cancer prognosis and expression of exon-v6-containing CD44 proteins. Lancet. 1994 Nov 26;344(8935):1470–1472. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90290-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Murakami S., Miyake K., Abe R., Kincade P. W., Hodes R. J. Characterization of autoantibody-secreting B cells in mice undergoing stimulatory (chronic) graft-versus-host reactions. Identification of a CD44hi population that binds specifically to hyaluronate. J Immunol. 1991 Mar 1;146(5):1422–1427. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Murakami S., Miyake K., June C. H., Kincade P. W., Hodes R. J. IL-5 induces a Pgp-1 (CD44) bright B cell subpopulation that is highly enriched in proliferative and Ig secretory activity and binds to hyaluronate. J Immunol. 1990 Dec 1;145(11):3618–3627. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Neame S. J., Isacke C. M. Phosphorylation of CD44 in vivo requires both Ser323 and Ser325, but does not regulate membrane localization or cytoskeletal interaction in epithelial cells. EMBO J. 1992 Dec;11(13):4733–4738. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05578.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Neame S. J., Uff C. R., Sheikh H., Wheatley S. C., Isacke C. M. CD44 exhibits a cell type dependent interaction with triton X-100 insoluble, lipid rich, plasma membrane domains. J Cell Sci. 1995 Sep;108(Pt 9):3127–3135. doi: 10.1242/jcs.108.9.3127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Peach R. J., Hollenbaugh D., Stamenkovic I., Aruffo A. Identification of hyaluronic acid binding sites in the extracellular domain of CD44. J Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;122(1):257–264. doi: 10.1083/jcb.122.1.257. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Perschl A., Lesley J., English N., Trowbridge I., Hyman R. Role of CD44 cytoplasmic domain in hyaluronan binding. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Feb;25(2):495–501. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830250228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Picker L. J., Nakache M., Butcher E. C. Monoclonal antibodies to human lymphocyte homing receptors define a novel class of adhesion molecules on diverse cell types. J Cell Biol. 1989 Aug;109(2):927–937. doi: 10.1083/jcb.109.2.927. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Pierres A., Lipcey C., Mawas C., Olive D. A unique CD44 monoclonal antibody identifies a new T cell activation pathway. Eur J Immunol. 1992 Feb;22(2):413–417. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830220219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Puré E., Camp R. L., Peritt D., Panettieri R. A., Jr, Lazaar A. L., Nayak S. Defective phosphorylation and hyaluronate binding of CD44 with point mutations in the cytoplasmic domain. J Exp Med. 1995 Jan 1;181(1):55–62. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.1.55. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Rothman B. L., Blue M. L., Kelley K. A., Wunderlich D., Mierz D. V., Aune T. M. Human T cell activation by OKT3 is inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to CD44. J Immunol. 1991 Oct 15;147(8):2493–2499. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Rudy W., Hofmann M., Schwartz-Albiez R., Zöller M., Heider K. H., Ponta H., Herrlich P. The two major CD44 proteins expressed on a metastatic rat tumor cell line are derived from different splice variants: each one individually suffices to confer metastatic behavior. Cancer Res. 1993 Mar 15;53(6):1262–1268. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Salles G., Zain M., Jiang W. M., Boussiotis V. A., Shipp M. A. Alternatively spliced CD44 transcripts in diffuse large-cell lymphomas: characterization and comparison with normal activated B cells and epithelial malignancies. Blood. 1993 Dec 15;82(12):3539–3547. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Seth A., Gote L., Nagarkatti M., Nagarkatti P. S. T-cell-receptor-independent activation of cytolytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes mediated through CD44 and gp90MEL-14. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Sep 1;88(17):7877–7881. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.17.7877. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Shimizu Y., Van Seventer G. A., Siraganian R., Wahl L., Shaw S. Dual role of the CD44 molecule in T cell adhesion and activation. J Immunol. 1989 Oct 15;143(8):2457–2463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Shtivelman E., Bishop J. M. Expression of CD44 is repressed in neuroblastoma cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Nov;11(11):5446–5453. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.11.5446. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Spangrude G. J., Scollay R. Differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in irradiated mouse thymic lobes. Kinetics and phenotype of progeny. J Immunol. 1990 Dec 1;145(11):3661–3668. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Stamenkovic I., Amiot M., Pesando J. M., Seed B. A lymphocyte molecule implicated in lymph node homing is a member of the cartilage link protein family. Cell. 1989 Mar 24;56(6):1057–1062. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90638-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Stamenkovic I., Aruffo A., Amiot M., Seed B. The hematopoietic and epithelial forms of CD44 are distinct polypeptides with different adhesion potentials for hyaluronate-bearing cells. EMBO J. 1991 Feb;10(2):343–348. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07955.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Takahashi K., Stamenkovic I., Cutler M., Dasgupta A., Tanabe K. K. Keratan sulfate modification of CD44 modulates adhesion to hyaluronate. J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 19;271(16):9490–9496. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.16.9490. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Takeuchi K., Yamaguchi A., Urano T., Goi T., Nakagawara G., Shiku H. Expression of CD44 variant exons 8-10 in colorectal cancer and its relationship to metastasis. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1995 Mar;86(3):292–297. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb03053.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Tanabe K. K., Ellis L. M., Saya H. Expression of CD44R1 adhesion molecule in colon carcinomas and metastases. Lancet. 1993 Mar 20;341(8847):725–726. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90490-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Tanaka Y., Adams D. H., Hubscher S., Hirano H., Siebenlist U., Shaw S. T-cell adhesion induced by proteoglycan-immobilized cytokine MIP-1 beta. Nature. 1993 Jan 7;361(6407):79–82. doi: 10.1038/361079a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Telen M. J. Erythrocyte blood group antigens: not so simple after all. Blood. 1995 Jan 15;85(2):299–306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Telen M. J., Palker T. J., Haynes B. F. Human erythrocyte antigens: II. The In(Lu) gene regulates expression of an antigen on an 80-kilodalton protein of human erythrocytes. Blood. 1984 Sep;64(3):599–606. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Telen M. J., Rogers I., Letarte M. Further characterization of erythrocyte p80 and the membrane protein defect of In(Lu) Lu(a-b-) erythrocytes. Blood. 1987 Nov;70(5):1475–1481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Telen M. J., Udani M., Washington M. K., Levesque M. C., Lloyd E., Rao N. A blood group-related polymorphism of CD44 abolishes a hyaluronan-binding consensus sequence without preventing hyaluronan binding. J Biol Chem. 1996 Mar 22;271(12):7147–7153. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.12.7147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Toyama-Sorimachi N., Miyasaka M. A novel ligand for CD44 is sulfated proteoglycan. Int Immunol. 1994 Apr;6(4):655–660. doi: 10.1093/intimm/6.4.655. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Tölg C., Hofmann M., Herrlich P., Ponta H. Splicing choice from ten variant exons establishes CD44 variability. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Mar 11;21(5):1225–1229. doi: 10.1093/nar/21.5.1225. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Uff C. R., Neame S. J., Isacke C. M. Hyaluronan binding by CD44 is regulated by a phosphorylation-independent mechanism. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Jul;25(7):1883–1887. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830250714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Underhill C. B., Nguyen H. A., Shizari M., Culty M. CD44 positive macrophages take up hyaluronan during lung development. Dev Biol. 1993 Feb;155(2):324–336. doi: 10.1006/dbio.1993.1032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Wayner E. A., Carter W. G. Identification of multiple cell adhesion receptors for collagen and fibronectin in human fibrosarcoma cells possessing unique alpha and common beta subunits. J Cell Biol. 1987 Oct;105(4):1873–1884. doi: 10.1083/jcb.105.4.1873. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Weber G. F., Ashkar S., Glimcher M. J., Cantor H. Receptor-ligand interaction between CD44 and osteopontin (Eta-1). Science. 1996 Jan 26;271(5248):509–512. doi: 10.1126/science.271.5248.509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Wheatley S. C., Isacke C. M., Crossley P. H. Restricted expression of the hyaluronan receptor, CD44, during postimplantation mouse embryogenesis suggests key roles in tissue formation and patterning. Development. 1993 Oct;119(2):295–306. doi: 10.1242/dev.119.2.295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Wielenga V. J., Heider K. H., Offerhaus G. J., Adolf G. R., van den Berg F. M., Ponta H., Herrlich P., Pals S. T. Expression of CD44 variant proteins in human colorectal cancer is related to tumor progression. Cancer Res. 1993 Oct 15;53(20):4754–4756. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Wu L., Antica M., Johnson G. R., Scollay R., Shortman K. Developmental potential of the earliest precursor cells from the adult mouse thymus. J Exp Med. 1991 Dec 1;174(6):1617–1627. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.6.1617. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Yamaguchi A., Urano T., Goi T., Saito M., Takeuchi K., Hirose K., Nakagawara G., Shiku H., Furukawa K. Expression of a CD44 variant containing exons 8 to 10 is a useful independent factor for the prediction of prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Apr;14(4):1122–1127. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.4.1122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Yanagishita M., Hascall V. C. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem. 1992 May 15;267(14):9451–9454. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Yang B., Yang B. L., Savani R. C., Turley E. A. Identification of a common hyaluronan binding motif in the hyaluronan binding proteins RHAMM, CD44 and link protein. EMBO J. 1994 Jan 15;13(2):286–296. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06261.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Yu Q., Toole B. P. A new alternatively spliced exon between v9 and v10 provides a molecular basis for synthesis of soluble CD44. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 23;271(34):20603–20607. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.34.20603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Zhou D. F., Ding J. F., Picker L. J., Bargatze R. F., Butcher E. C., Goeddel D. V. Molecular cloning and expression of Pgp-1. The mouse homolog of the human H-CAM (Hermes) lymphocyte homing receptor. J Immunol. 1989 Nov 15;143(10):3390–3395. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. van der Voort R., Manten-Horst E., Smit L., Ostermann E., van den Berg F., Pals S. T. Binding of cell-surface expressed CD44 to hyaluronate is dependent on splicing and cell type. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Sep 5;214(1):137–144. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2267. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Immunology are provided here courtesy of British Society for Immunology

RESOURCES