Corrigendum to “Effects of ambient fine particulates, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone on maturation of functional brain networks across early adolescence” [Environ. Int. 177 (2023) 108001]

The authors regret to report that some data used for this analysis were mislabelled by the ABCD consortium in the publicly available ABCD Data Release 4.0. Specifically, in September 2025 the ABCD consortium informed us that subcortical-to-networks were mislabelled, leading to incorrect networks being used in this analysis. For this study, subcortical-to-networks of interest affected by this error included: 1) left amygdala to default mode network (DMN), 2) right amygdala to DMN, 3) left amygdala to frontoparietal network (FPN), 4) right amygdala to FPN, 5) left amygdala to salience network (SN), 6) right amygdala to SN, 7) left hippocampus to DMN, 8) right hippocampus to DMN, 9) left hippocampus to FPN, 10) right hippocampus to FPN, 11) left hippocampus to SN, and 12) right hippocampus to SN. This error has been corrected by the ABCD consortium and the ABCD Data Release 6.0 contains properly labelled subcortical-to-network functional connectivity. Affected analyses were re-run; corrected results are as follows:

3.3. Subcortical-network functional connectivity

3.3.1. Amygdala

In developmental models, bilateral amygdala-DMN and bilateral amygdala-SN FC decreased with age over time, demonstrating amygdalae-to-network segregation (Table 2, Fig. 2a). There were no significant changes in amygdala-FPN FC over the 2-year follow-up period from age 9–13 (Table 2).

Table 2.

Results from developmental models examining the fixed effect of age over time, including Cohen’s f-squared, standardized betas, and 95% confidence intervals for each rs-fMRI outcome of interest.

Main Effect of Age		Age
		f 2	β	CI (95%)
Intra-Network	Intra-SN	7.28E-03	−0.06*	−0.08, −0.05
	Intra-DMN	4.81E-03	0.05 *	0.03, 0.06
	Intra-FPN	0.01	0.07 *	0.05, 0.08
Inter-Network	SN-DMN	3.12E-05	0.004	−0.01,0.02
	SN-FPN	0.01	0.08 *	0.06, 0.09
	FPN-DMN	2.96E-08	−0.0001	−0.02, 0.02
Subcortical to Network	L amyg-DMN	0.01	−0.10*	−0.11, −0.08
	R amyg-DMN	0.01	−0.09*	−0.11,−0.08
	L amyg-FPN	2.22E-05	−0.004	−0.02, 0.01
	R amyg-FPN	3.46E-06	0.002	−0.02, 0.02
	L amyg-SN	1.22E-03	−0.03*	−0.05, −0.01
	R amyg-SN	6.92E-04	−0.02	−0.04, −0.007
	L hippo-DMN	5.90E-04	−0.02	−0.03, −0.004
	R hippo-DMN	3.25E-05	−0.005	−0.02, 0.01
	L hippo-FPN	5.67E-06	0.002	−0.01, 0.02
	R hippo-FPN	2.17E-04	0.01	−0.003, 0.03
	L hippo-SN	2.40E-03	−0.04*	−0.06, −0.03
	R hippo-SN	6.59E-04	−0.02	−0.04, −0.006

Significant models are bolded (FDR-p < 0.05);

^*denotes passing a more stringent Bonferroni correction (p < 0.0005).

Abbreviations: salience network (SN), default-mode network (DMN), frontoparietal network (FPN), left (L), right (R), amygdala (amyg), hippocampus (hippo).

Fig. 2.

A) Longitudinal changes seen with age from 9 to 13 years in cortical-to-subcortical functional connectivity. B) Significant associations between the age-by-pollutant interaction term and subcortical-to-network rs-fMRI outcomes (FDR corrected). Red lines indicate the age-by-PM_2.5 interaction term; blue lines indicate the age-by-O₃ interaction term. Solid lines represent network integration, or increased functional connectivity as measured by BOLD rs-fMRI; dashed lines represent network segregation, or decreased functional connectivity as measured by BOLD rs-fMRI. Graphs depict significant interactions between pollutant and age per subcortical-to-network outcome. For ease of interpretation, graphs depict significant interactions between pollutant and age per subcortical-to-network outcome for both the 0.75 quartile (dashed line) (PM_2.5 = 8.68 μg/m³; O₃ = 89.26 μg/m³; NO₂ = 41.91 μg/m³) and 0.25 quartile (solid lines) (PM_2.5 = 6.66 μg/m³; O₃ = 75.14 μg/m³; NO₂ = 28.14 μg/m³) of each pollutant.

In fully adjusted multi-pollutant models, there were several significant age-by-pollutant interactions (Table 4, Fig. 2b). Higher PM2.5 concentrations were associated with increasing bilateral amygdala-FPN and bilateral amygdala-SN FC over time from age 9–13. There were no significant age-by-O3 or age-by-NO2 interactions. No significant main effects of pollutants were seen for amygdala-to-network FC (Table 4).

Table 4.

Results from multi-pollutant models, including Cohen’s f-squared, standardized betas, and 95% confidence intervals for each subcortical-network rs-fMRI outcome of interest.

Multi-Pollutant Model		PM2.5			Age-by-PM2.5			O3			Age-by-O3			NO2			Age-by-NO2
		f 2	β	CI (95%)	f 2	β	CI (95%)	f 2	β	CI (95%)	f 2	β	CI (95%)	f 2	β	CI (95%)	f 2	β	CI (95%)
Intra-Network	Intra-SN	1.17E-03	−0.01	−0.04, 0.02	2.05E-04	0.01	−0.005, 0.03	4.15E-05	0.004	−0.02, 0.03	6.20E-05	−0.01	−0.02, 0.009	7.78E-04	−0.01	−0.04, 0.02	3.10E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.002
	Intra-DMN	7.22E-05	0.003	−0.03, 0.03	6.72E-06	−0.002	−0.02, 0.01	1.08E-05	−0.002	−0.02, 0.02	9.15E-04	0.02	0.006, 0.03	6.45E-04	0.01	−0.02, 0.04	4.72E-09	−4.38E-05	−0.01, 0.01
	Intra-FPN	0.01	0.02	−0.009, 0.04	6.40E-06	0.002	−0.01.0.02	1.81E-04	−0.003	−0.03. 0.02	2.68E-04	0.01	−0.003. 0.02	0.11	−0.04	−0.07, −0.02	6.37E-04	−0.02	−0.03, −0.002
Inter-Network	SN-DMN	3.13E-05	−0.001	−0.03, 0.03	2.00E-03	0.04 *	0.02, 0.05	6.41E-04	0.01	−0.01, 0.04	1.05E-04	−0.01	−0.02, 0.007	4.99E-05	0.002	−0.03, 0.03	2.36E-04	−0.011	−0.03, 0.004
	SN-FPN	0.07	0.04	0.02, 0.06	3.74E-04	0.01	−0.001,0.03	4.95E-03	0.02	−0.003, 0.04	7.40E-05	−0.01	−0.02, 0.008	8.75E-03	−0.01	−0.04, 0.01	1.14E-03	−0.02	−0.04, −0.009
	FPN-DMN	7.36E-04	0.01	−0.02,0.04	2.00E-03	0.03	0.02, 0.05	1.51E-04	0.01	−0.01,0.04	4.30E-05	−0.005	−0.02, 0.01	2.14E-05	0.003	−0.03, 0.03	2.00E-03	−0.03*	−0.05, −0.02
Subcortical to Network	L amyg-DMN	6.67E-03	−0.02	−0.05, 0.008	1.90E-05	0.004	−0.01, 0.02	9.45E-04	−0.01	−0.04, 0.008	1.77E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.005	1.11E-03	0.008	−0.02, 0.03	8.08E-06	−0.002	−0.02, 0.01
	R amyg-DMN	0.01	−0.02	−0.05, 0.004	6.84E-06	−0.002	−0.02, 0.01	9.85E-06	−0.001	−0.02, 0.02	1.88E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.004	2.88E-04	−0.004	−0.03, 0.02	2.92E-05	−0.005	−0.02, 0.01
	L amyg-FPN	5.40E-04	0.007	−0.02, 0.03	5.63E-04	0.02	0.005, 0.04	3.43E-04	0.01	−0.01, 0.03	2.01E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.004	3.71E-03	0.02	−0.007, 0.05	1.23E-05	0.003	−0.01, 0.02
	R amyg-FPN	2.84E-03	0.01	−0.02, 0.04	4.32E-04	0.02	0.002, 0.04	2.05E-04	−0.005	−0.03, 0.02	1.61E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.005	3.36E-04	−0.004	−0.03, 0.02	7.97E-06	−0.003	−0.02, 0.01
	L amyg-SN	1.42E-03	−0.02	−0.05, 0.007	1.00E-03	0.03 *	0.01, 0.05	3.65E-06	−0.002	−0.02, 0.02	4.48E-04	−0.02	−0.03, −0.002	1.84E-04	0.01	−0.02, 0.04	5.95E-04	−0.02	−0.04, −0.005
	R amyg-SN	4.06E-04	−0.01	−0.04, 0.02	2.00E-03	0.04 *	0.02, 0.05	2.93E-04	−0.02	−0.04, 0.007	3.06E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.001	1.48E-03	−0.02	−0.05, 0.002	2.87E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.002
	L hippo-DMN	1.33E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.02	4.30E-06	0.002	−0.01, 0.02	9.18E-05	−0.01	−0.03, 0.01	9.46E-04	0.02	0.009, 0.04	6.22E-05	−0.004	−0.03, 0.02	1.33E-04	0.009	−0.006, 0.02
	R hippo-DMN	1.88E-03	−0.01	−0.04, 0.01	3.85E-05	−0.005	−0.02, 0.01	2.94E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.01	7.86E-05	0.007	−0.008, 0.02	9.48E-05	−0.004	−0.03, 0.02	4.22E-05	0.005	−0.01, 0.02
	L hippo-FPN	3.03 E-03	0.01	−0.02, 0.04	9.71E-04	0.03	0.01, 0.04	1.46E-03	0.02	−0.006, 0.04	1.01E-05	−0.003	−0.02, 0.01	2.00E-02	0.03	0.008, 0.06	1.85E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.004
	R hippo-FPN	3.83E-03	−0.01	−0.04, 0.01	5.59E-04	0.02	0.004, 0.04	8.46E-04	0.01	−0.01, 0.03	1.79E-05	−0.004	−0.02, 0.01	7.31E-03	0.019	−0.007, 0.04	2.92E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.001
	L hippo-SN	1.28E-05	0.001	−0.03, 0.03	1.10E-03	0.03	0.01, 0.04	3.59E-06	0.001	−0.02, 0.02	1.89E-06	0.001	−0.02, 0.02	2.40E-04	0.004	−0.02, 0.03	3.73E-04	−0.02	−0.03, −0.0001
	R hippo-SN	2.87E-03	−0.01	−0.04, 0.02	1.00E-03	0.03 *	0.01, 0.05	1.04E-04	0.004	−0.02, 0.03	2.41E-05	0.004	−0.01, 0.02	1.96E-03	0.01	−0.02, 0.03	2.04E-04	−0.01	−0.03, 0.004

Significant models are bolded (FDR-p < 0.05);

^*denotes passing a more stringent Bonferroni correction (p < 0.0005).

Abbreviations: salience network (SN), default-mode network (DMN), frontoparietal network (FPN), left (L), right (R), amygdala (amyg), hippocampus (hippo)

3.3.2. Hippocampus

In developmental models, FC decreased between the left hippocampus-DMN and bilateral hippocampus-SN over time, demonstrating hippocampal-to-network segregation from age 9–13 (Table 2, Fig. 2a). There were no significant changes in hippocampus-FPN FC over the 2-year follow-up period from age 9–13 (Table 2).

In fully adjusted multi-pollutant models, higher PM2.5 concentrations were related to increasing bilateral hippocampal-SN and bilateral hippocampal-FPN FC over the 2-year follow-up period from age 9–13 (Table 4, Fig. 2b). Additionally, higher O3 levels were related to increasing left hippocampus-DMN FC over the 2-year follow-up period from age 9–13 (Table 4, Fig. 2b). There were no significant age-by-NO2 interactions No significant main effects of pollutants were detected in hippocampal-to-network FC (Table 4).

3.4. Sensitivity analyses

In models including the season in which the MRI was collected, the previously noted findings all remained significant (Supplemental Table 8). Similarly, magnitude and direction of effects (standardized ß’s) were nearly identical in the subset of participants with both waves of MRI data as compared to the full analytic sample that included all individuals with one or two waves of MRI data (Supplemental Table 9).

The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.