Table 3.

Causes, consequences, and adaptive strategies related to environmental changes in the Alegria community, municipality of Timbiras, Maranhão (MA), Brazil

Alegria community
Category	Causes	Consequences	Strategies
Flora	Deforestation by landowners (n = 10)	Disappearance of plant species (n = 16) Death of plants (n = 10)	Avoid cutting large trees (n = 10) Plant seedlings (n = 13) Alert residents not to cut trees (n = 3)
	Use of pesticides by landowners (n = 11)
	Fires (n = 5)
Fauna	Deforestation by landowners (n = 10)	Disappearance of animals (n = 16) Death of animals (n = 10)	Avoid hunting (n = 5) Alert other residents to avoid hunting (n = 16) Do not consume wild animals (n = 5)
	Use of pesticides by landowners (n = 6)
	Fires (n = 10)
Soil	Deforestation by landowners (n = 9)	Infertile soil (n = 8) Sandy/Airy soil (n = 2) Less food on the table (n = 4) Contaminated food (n = 7) Skin problems (n = 5)	Avoid deforestation (n = 9) Avoid the use of pesticides (n = 7) Practice crop rotation (n = 5) Pause planting to let soil recover (n = 5)
	Use of pesticides by landowners (n = 13)
	Fires (n = 4)
The babaçu palm	Irregular felling by landowners (n = 8)	Fewer adult palm trees (n = 2) Fewer babaçu groves (n = 1) Less babaçu coconut (n = 9) Decrease in coconut size (n = 4) Decrease in almond size (n = 4) Fewer babaçu products (n = 3) Increase in infertile babaçu (n = 4)	Alert other residents about the importance of not felling palm trees (n = 4) Do not remove older palm trees (n = 8) Protect palm trees in the territory / sustainable harvesting (n = 14)
	Use of pesticides (n = 7)
	Deforestation by landowners (n = 5)
	Fires (n = 2)
	Lack of rain (n = 4)
Rainfall patterns	Deforestation (n = 20)	More heat (n = 5) Fewer plants (n = 4) Decrease in crops (subsistence plots) (n = 13) Decrease in babaçu palm production (n = 3) Death of plants and animals (n = 1)	Store water in tanks and cisterns (n = 16) Drill artesian wells (n = 10)
	Fires (n = 6)