Abstract
目的
比较Taylor空间支架(Taylor spatial frame,TSF)与Ilizarov环形支架(Ilizarov circular frame,ICF)行骨搬移治疗胫骨长节段骨缺损的临床疗效。
方法
回顾性分析2011年1月—2024年12月收治且符合选择标准的44例胫骨长节段骨缺损患者临床资料,按固定方式分为TSF组(25例)与ICF组(19例)。两组患者性别、年龄、骨缺损长度、骨缺损原因及原手术次数等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。记录并比较两组手术时间、外固定时间、外固定指数及并发症发生情况;末次随访时测量胫骨近端内侧角(medial proximal tibial angle,MPTA)及胫骨近端后侧角(posterior proximal tibial angle,PPTA),采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分、美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)评分及Ilizarov技术研究与应用学会(ASAMI)骨与功能评价标准评估患肢功能,并测量膝关节及踝关节活动度。
结果
两组患者均顺利完成手术,TSF组手术时间短于ICF组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组外固定时间及外固定指数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。所有患者均获随访,随访时间12~36个月,平均18.5个月。末次随访时,TSF组MPTA、PPTA均恢复至正常值范围,ICF组两项角度参数均偏离正常值范围,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组HSS评分、AOFAS评分、膝关节最大屈曲活动度、踝关节最大跖屈和背伸活动度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);TSF组ASAMI骨评价结果优于ICF组,(P<0.05),两组ASAMI功能评价结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术中均未发生严重神经、血管损伤。TSF组9例、ICF组8例发生浅表针道感染,经保守治疗后控制;ICF组1例发生深部针道感染,经手术清创后控制。ICF组3例发生轴向偏移,TSF组2例、ICF组3例出现对接端延迟愈合,TSF组1例拆除支架后发生再骨折,TSF组2例、ICF组3例发生踝关节僵硬,经相应处理后均恢复。 两组整体并发症发生率比较差异有统计学意义(TSF组36.0% vs ISF组68.4%,P<0.05)。
结论
TSF与ICF骨搬移技术均可有效修复胫骨长节段骨缺损,获得可靠的骨愈合与肢体功能恢复。相较于ICF,TSF手术时间更短,术后三维矫形精度更高、肢体力线恢复更佳。
Keywords: Ilizarov技术, Taylor空间支架, 胫骨长节段骨缺损, 外固定
Abstract
Objective
To compare the effectiveness of bone transport using the Taylor spatial frame (TSF) versus the Ilizarov circular frame (ICF) in the treatment of long-segment tibial bone defects.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 44 patients with large-segment tibial bone defects who met the selection criteria and received surgical treatment between January 2011 and December 2024. The patients were divided into the TSF group (25 cases) and the ICF group (19 cases) according to different external fixation methods. There was no significant difference in baseline data including gender, age, bone defect length, defect etiology, and number of previous operations between the two groups (P>0.05). The operation time, external fixation duration, external fixation index, and postoperative complications were recorded and compared between the two groups. At last follow-up, the medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) and posterior proximal tibial angle (PPTA) were measured. The Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and the bone and functional evaluation criteria of the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov (ASAMI) were adopted to evaluate the affected limb function, and the range of motion of the knee and ankle joints.
Results
All patients in both groups successfully completed the operation. The TSF group had a significantly shorter operation time than the ICF group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in external fixation duration, or external fixation index between the two groups (P>0.05). All patients were followed up 12-36 months, with an average of 18.5 months. At last follow-up, the MPTA and PPTA in the TSF group returned to the normal range, whereas those in the ICF group deviated from the normal values, and the differences between the two groups were significant (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the two groups in HSS score, AOFAS score, maximum knee flexion range of motion, and maximum ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion range of motion (P>0.05). The TSF group achieved superior ASAMI bone evaluation results compared with the ICF group (P<0.05), while no significant difference was found in ASAMI functional evaluation between the two groups (P>0.05). No severe intraoperative neurovascular injury occurred in either group. Superficial pin tract infection occurred in 9 patients in the TSF group and 8 patients in the ICF group, which was controlled after conservative treatment. One patient in the ICF group developed deep pin tract infection and recovered after surgical debridement. Axial deviation was found in 3 cases in the ICF group. Delayed union of the docking site occurred in 2 cases in the TSF group and 3 cases in the ICF group. Refracture after frame removal was observed in 1 case in the TSF group. Ankle stiffness occurred in 2 cases in the TSF group and 3 cases in the ICF group, and all patients recovered after corresponding symptomatic treatment. There was a significant difference in the overall incidence of complications between the two groups (TSF group 36.0% vs ISF group 68.4%, P<0.05).
Conclusion
Both TSF and ICF bone transport techniques can effectively repair large-segment tibial bone defects and achieve reliable bone healing and limb functional recovery. Compared with ICF, TSF has the advantages of shorter operation time, higher postoperative three-dimensional orthopedic accuracy, and better recovery of limb alignment.
Keywords: Ilizarov technique, Taylor spatial frame, large-segment tibial bone defect, external fixation
节段性骨缺损通常指骨缺损长度超过2 cm或范围超过骨周径50%[1]。胫骨节段性骨缺损可由创伤、感染、肿瘤及先天畸形等多种原因引起[2-5]。缺损长度超过5 cm者一般定义为长节段骨缺损,此类损伤程度严重,常濒临截肢[6]。全球范围内骨缺损患者超过2 000万,仅欧美地区每年即有超过50万例患者需手术修复骨缺损,总医疗费用逾30亿美元[6]。
骨搬移技术源于Ilizarov教授于20世纪50年代提出的牵拉成骨原理,最初采用环形外固定架结合橄榄针实施,目前已成为治疗长节段骨缺损的经典方法[7-9]。传统Ilizarov环形支架(Ilizarov circular frame,ICF)为多平面机械结构,缺乏数字化调控体系,长距离骨搬移过程中易发生骨干成角、侧方移位等继发畸形,术后残留畸形发生率较高,严重影响肢体负重功能恢复。矫正残留畸形常需增加铰链、矫形螺杆等辅助装置分步矫正,调架操作繁琐、学习曲线陡峭,难以实现多维度畸形同步矫正,且矫正精度与可控性较差[10]。
Taylor空间支架(Taylor spatial frame,TSF)是传统ICF的改良版本,基于Stewart平台原理,配合电脑软件使用,通过调节6根连接杆的长度可同步矫正三维空间内的所有畸形[11]。因其矫形精准、安全,TSF已广泛应用于急性创伤[12]、下肢长骨畸形矫正[13]及足踝部畸形矫正[14]等领域。然而,TSF应用于骨搬移的文献报道相对较少。TSF尤其适用于长距离骨搬移过程中易出现继发畸形的情况,术后复查发现骨骼畸形时可重新出具电子处方,在不中断骨搬移的前提下同期恢复对位对线[15]。为进一步明确TSF治疗长节段骨缺损的疗效及其与传统术式的差异,本研究对2011年1月—2024年12月收治的胫骨长节段骨缺损患者临床资料进行回顾性对比分析。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
患者纳入标准:① 年龄≥16岁;② 胫骨长节段骨缺损,骨缺损长度≥6 cm;③ 接受TSF或ICF骨搬移治疗;④ 随访时间至少12个月且临床及影像学资料完整。排除标准:① 伴有严重心、脑、肝、肾等内科疾病;② 长期服用激素、免疫抑制剂药物史;③ 精神神经类疾病。
2011年1月—2024年12月共44例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。按固定方式分为TSF组(25例)和ICF组(19例)。两组患者性别、年龄、骨缺损长度、骨缺损原因及原手术次数等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
表 1.
Comparison of baseline data between the two groups
两组患者基线资料比较
| 基线资料 Baseline data |
TSF组(n=25) TSF group (n=25) |
ICF组(n=19) ICF group (n=19) |
统计量 Statistical value |
P值 P value |
| 性别(男/女,例) | 14/11 | 10/9 | χ2=0.049 | 0.824 |
| 年龄(x±s,岁) | 36.16±8.4 | 36.32±7.8 | t=0.063 | 0.950 |
| 骨缺损原因(开放性骨折/感染,例) | 13/12 | 10/9 | χ2=0.002 | 0.967 |
| 骨缺损长度(x±s,cm) | 8.88±3.80 | 8.42±2.57 | t=0.453 | 0.653 |
| 原手术次数(x±s,次) | 2.32±0.80 | 2.05±0.71 | t=1.153 | 0.255 |
1.2. 手术方法
两组患者手术均由同一医生主刀完成。
1.2.1. 开放性骨折及感染创面的清创
开放性骨折清创:经原开放伤口进入,显露胫骨骨折断端及创面。彻底去除无骨膜附着、完全游离的骨块,以摆锯修整骨折断端至平整,锯切过程中持续以生理盐水灌注降温。显露骨折断端周围肌肉组织,彻底切除严重挫伤、无血运的失活肌肉。
感染创面清创:依据术前影像学资料明确骨感染范围及部位。沿原手术切口进入,显露骨感染部位。体内残留内固定物者,首先将其完全取出。软组织清创遵循由浅入深原则,梭形切除窦道口及局部色素沉着明显的皮肤组织。感染骨清创采用整块切除方式,切除范围需超过正常骨组织5 mm。清创结束后放松止血带,确认骨断端呈新鲜渗血状态。以大量生理盐水反复冲洗创面,聚维酮碘-生理盐水混合液浸泡15 min。术中留取6份不同部位深部骨组织及感染严重区域软组织标本,其中1份送病理检查,5份送细菌培养及药敏试验。
清创后创面无法一期闭合者,根据局部软组织条件行带蒂皮瓣或游离皮瓣移植覆盖。若患者不具备皮瓣手术条件,则行开放骨搬移同期修复骨与软组织缺损。
1.2.2. 外固定支架安装
TSF组:常规采用3环结构支架构型。近端使用向后开口的2/3金属环,于胫骨平台关节面下方1 cm处由外侧向内侧穿入1枚橄榄针,透视确认该针平行于胫骨平台关节面,拉张后固定于金属环,再于同环加固1枚橄榄针及2枚半针。中间环水平交叉穿入2枚橄榄针,拉张后固定于金属全环,确认该环在正侧位均垂直于中间骨段,辅以1~2枚半针加强固定。胫骨远端环水平,于踝关节关节面上方以1枚橄榄针平行于关节面贯穿固定远侧骨干,穿针过程中注意踝关节跖屈与背伸位置,保留最大关节活动度,拉张后固定于远端金属全环,再加固1枚橄榄针及2枚半针。中间环分别与近端环、远端环之间以6根Taylor杆连接。
ICF组:橄榄针及半针的穿针固定方式与TSF组一致,穿针过程中需注意避让重要神经、血管。各金属环均需在正侧位与所在骨节段保持垂直。连接骨缺损部位近端与远端环时,需仔细对合断端对位对线,避免明显轴向偏移。
1.2.3. 截骨
依据骨缺损位置确定截骨线水平。骨缺损位于胫骨中下段者,截骨选择于胫骨结节下方1 cm处;骨缺损位于胫骨中上段或胫骨结节下方骨量较少者,截骨选择于胫骨远端干骺端。于胫前偏内侧作1~2 cm小切口,剥离局部骨膜,在生理盐水灌注下以电钻钻孔后使用骨凿完成截骨。C臂X线机透视确认截骨完全。
1.2.4. TSF安装参数测量
TSF安装完毕后,术中经C臂X线机或术后经CT测量安装参数[11]。以中间环为参考环,记录参考环与原点在正位、侧位及轴位的偏移方向与距离。
1.3. 术后处理及疗效评价指标
术后第2天即开始髋、膝、踝关节主、被动功能锻炼。术后2周逐步负重下地行走。每4周摄患肢正侧位X线片,评估牵拉区骨矿化及对合端骨愈合情况。
记录并比较两组手术时间、外固定时间、外固定指数(每延长1 cm骨缺损所需佩戴外固定的时间)[16]及并发症发生情况。末次随访时,测量胫骨近端内侧角(medial proximal tibial angle,MPTA)及胫骨近端后侧角(posterior proximal tibial angle,PPTA);采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分、美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)评分及Ilizarov技术研究与应用学会(ASAMI)骨与功能评价标准评估患肢功能[17];并测量膝关节最大屈曲活动度、踝关节最大跖屈和背伸活动度。
1.4. 统计学方法
采用SPSS25.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以频数及构成比表示,组间比较采用四格表卡方检验。等级资料组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。检验水准取双侧α=0.05。
2. 结果
两组患者均顺利完成手术,TSF组手术时间短于ICF组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。所有患者均获随访,随访时间12~36个月,平均18.5个月。两组外固定时间及外固定指数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术中均未发生严重神经、血管损伤,所有患者均完成骨搬移,无1例因疼痛终止治疗。TSF组9例与ICF组8例患者于骨搬移过程中发生浅表针道感染,经加强针道护理及口服抗生素后均得到控制。ICF组1例发生深部针道感染,经手术清创后控制。ICF组3例发生轴向偏移(2例对接端横向偏移,1例搬移区成角畸形);TSF组2例、ICF组3例出现对接端延迟愈合,经“手风琴”技术处理后愈合;TSF组1例拆除支架后发生再骨折,经再次手术植骨后愈合;TSF组2例、ICF组3例发生踝关节僵硬、踝背伸受限,经跟腱松解及康复锻炼后功能恢复。两组整体并发症发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。末次随访时,TSF组MPTA、PPTA均恢复至正常值范围[10],而ICF组MPTA、PPTA均偏离正常值范围,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组HSS评分、AOFAS评分及膝关节最大屈曲活动度、踝关节最大跖屈和背伸活动度比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TSF组ASAMI骨评价结果优于ICF组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组ASAMI功能评价结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2,图1、2。
表 2.
Comparison of outcome indicators between the two groups
两组患者结局指标比较
| 结局指标 Outcome indicator |
TSF组(n=25) TSF group (n=25) |
ICF组(n=19) ICF group (n=19) |
效应值(95%CI) Effect value (95%CI) |
P值 P value |
| 手术时间(x±s,min) | 94.20±16.94 | 131.05±22.08 | MD=−36.853(−48.714,24.991) | <0.001 |
| 外固定时间(x±s,月) | 10.92±2.04 | 10.42±3.15 | MD=−0.499(−1.083,2.081) | 0.528 |
| 外固定指数(x±s,月/cm) | 1.40±0.20 | 1.37±0.13 | MD=0.028(−0.793,0.134) | 0.605 |
| MPTA(x±s,°) | 88.60±1.22 | 92.11±2.11 | MD=−3.505(−4.525,−2.485) | <0.001 |
| PPTA(x±s,°) | 80.76±0.97 | 76.32±1.95 | MD=4.444(3.542,5.347) | <0.001 |
| HSS评分(x±s) | 89.9±1.4 | 90.1±1.4 | MD=−0.133(−0.995,0.730) | 0.758 |
| AOFAS评分(x±s) | 81.1±1.9 | 81.2±1.7 | MD=−0.131(−1.248,0.987) | 0.815 |
| 膝关节最大屈曲活动度(x±s,°) | 123.60±6.38 | 120.79±6.29 | MD=−2.811(−1.085,6.706) | 0.153 |
| 踝关节最大跖屈活动度(x±s,°) | 17.20±5.02 | 16.32±4.03 | MD=0.884(−1.952,3.721) | 0.533 |
| 踝关节最大背伸活动度(x±s,°) | 4.60±4.06 | 4.21±3.44 | MD=−0.389(−1.950,2.729) | 0.739 |
| ASAMI骨与功能评价(优/良/可/差,例) | ||||
| 骨结果 | 22/3/0/0 | 10/7/2/0 | — | 0.035 |
| 功能结果 | 16/9/0/0 | 14/3/2/0 | — | 0.111 |
| 并发症 [例(%)] | 9(36.0) | 13(68.4) | OR=0.26(0.07,0.92) | 0.041 |
图 1.
A 28-year-old male patient from the TSF group sustained an open left tibial fracture with bone segment defect following a machine crush injury
TSF组患者,男,28岁,机器挤压伤致左侧开放性胫骨骨折伴骨段缺损
a. 急诊应用临时外固定装置后正侧位X线片;b. 急诊术后2周外观示软组织缺损和肌腱暴露;c. 骨搬移后2 d正侧位X线片示11 cm长骨缺损;d. 骨搬移后3个月正侧位X线片示远端骨段向近端移动;e. 骨搬移后4个月正侧位X线片示牵引成骨区域的骨矿化;f. 骨搬移后6个月正侧位X线片示搬移的骨段与近端骨段对接;g. 骨搬移后2年正侧位X线片示骨折完全愈合;h. 骨搬移后2年外观示左小腿创面愈合良好
a. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films after emergency placement of temporary external fixation; b. Clinical appearance at 2 weeks after emergency surgery showing soft tissue defect and tendon exposure; c. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 2 days after bone transport demonstrating an 11 cm long bone defect; d. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 3 months after bone transport showing proximal migration of the distal bone segment; e. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 4 months after bone transport showing bone mineralization within the distraction osteogenesis zone; f. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 6 months after bone transport showing docking between the transported bone segment and the proximal bone segment; g. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 2 years after bone transport showing complete fracture union; h. Appearance at 2 years after bone transport showing well-healed wound of the left lower leg

图 2.
A 56-year-old female patient in the ICF group suffered comminuted fracture of the left tibia due to traffic accident, with subsequent development of nonunion and bone defect
ICF组患者,女,56岁,交通事故伤致左胫骨粉碎性骨折继发骨折不愈合及骨缺损
a. 伤后即刻正侧位X线片示左胫腓骨粉碎性骨折;b. 急诊术后即刻正侧位X线片示胫骨近端粉碎性骨折;c. 急诊术后3年正侧位X线片示胫骨骨折不愈合;d. 截骨骨搬移术后即刻正侧位X线片示近端胫骨大段骨缺损(10 cm);e. 骨搬移后6个月正侧位X线片示牵张成骨区域的骨矿化;f. 骨搬移后2年正侧位X线片示骨折愈合;g. 骨搬移后2年外观示左小腿伤口愈合良好,肢体外观满意
a. Immediate anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films after injury showing comminuted fracture of the left tibia and fibula; b. Immediate anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films after emergency surgery demonstrating comminuted fracture of the proximal tibia; c. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 3 years after emergency surgery showing tibial fracture nonunion; d. Immediate anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films after osteotomy and bone transport showing a large segmental bone defect of the proximal tibia (defect length, 10 cm); e. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 6 months after bone transport showing bone mineralization within the distraction osteogenesis zone; f. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 2 years after bone transport showing fracture union; g. Appearance at 2 years after bone transport showing well-healed wound of the left lower leg with satisfactory limb appearance

3. 讨论
创伤后急性节段性骨缺损、Ⅳ型弥漫性骨髓炎及合并骨缺损的感染性萎缩性骨不连,是骨搬移技术的核心适应证。常规自体植骨及钢板内固定等术式难以有效修复大段骨缺损,存在植骨量不足、局部血运条件差、固定稳定性欠缺、术后骨不连及感染复发率高等局限。牵张成骨技术基于张力-应力法则,借助动态外固定装置引导皮质骨缓慢滑移搬移,实现新生骨组织的再生与重塑,对>5 cm的胫骨大段骨缺损修复效果尤为显著,是目前公认的可靠重建方案[18]。该技术优势在于成骨效果稳定可靠、患肢可早期负重,且对骨缺损修复长度无明显上限,文献报道可修复长达32 cm的骨缺损[19]。Aktuglu等[20]的荟萃分析显示,骨搬移修复胫骨骨缺损的骨愈合优良率为88.8%,肢体功能恢复优良率为82.6%。目前,ICF与TSF是骨搬移重建长骨缺损应用最为广泛的两种构型[21-22]。
传统ICF虽构型简洁,但存在以下不足:① 手术时间长,术中对位对线困难。大段骨缺损后,术中透视视野内可供参考的骨段较短,准确对位对线难度较大。本研究中ICF组手术时间显著长于TSF组。② 继发畸形矫正操作复杂,常干扰骨搬移进程。长距离牵拉过程中,由于内外侧及前后侧软组织张力不均,牵拉成骨区再生骨易发生成角畸形或力线偏移。矫正继发畸形需额外加装铰链、偏心推移螺杆等附件分步调整,多数情况下需减缓甚至暂停骨搬移,难以实现不中断搬移下的同步矫形。③ 矫形精度依赖术者经验,缺乏数字化计算体系。支架调整依靠医师经验与反复影像学验证,无量化调架参数,难以精准预判矫正幅度,易致矫正不足或过度。④ 多组件调控增加钢针应力,并发症风险升高。增加铰链及辅助螺杆使钢针承受剪切应力增大,针道刺激、钢针松动及感染发生率相应升高,同时反复调架也增加患者复诊频次与疼痛不适。本研究中ICF组1例发生深部针道感染,该患者在骨搬移过程中出现显著力线偏移,因多次矫正继发畸形导致支架组件持续调整,钢针长期承受反复剪切应力,最终诱发深部感染。
TSF的突出优势在于强大的三维矫形功能。术中支架安装要求较低,不强求骨段对位对线,可明显缩短手术时间。术后复查发现继发畸形时,无需暂停骨搬移或加装额外附件,可将矫形量与骨搬移量叠加执行,实现同步矫正。所有调整参数经专用软件量化测算,避免经验性调节,矫形精度更高。本研究中,TSF组术后MPTA、PPTA及ASAMI骨评价结果均优于ICF组,影像学评估显示TSF组力线恢复更好。因此,TSF尤其适用于以下情况:① 大节段(>5 cm)骨缺损修复,便于精准恢复力线;② 疼痛耐受性差的患者,搬移结束的同时继发畸形亦完成矫正,避免分步矫正带来的额外痛苦;③ 来院复查困难的患者,可凭就近医院X线片远程开具调架处方,无需增加支架元件,节省医患双方时间与经济成本。
外固定时间及外固定指数是评估骨愈合的重要指标,受牵拉成骨区矿化速度、对接端愈合速度及骨缺损长度三方面因素影响。两组牵拉速度均为0.75~1 mm/d,对接端处理均参照Giotakis等[23]报道的方法(直接加压、“手风琴”技术或断端清理植骨),骨缺损长度组间差异无统计学意义。术后两组外固定时间及外固定指数差异均无统计学意义,提示TSF与ICF具有相似的生物力学性能。Henderson等[24]比较TSF与传统ICF的生物学性能,发现TSF因使用半针固定,可复制传统ICF的轴向力学性能且有利于骨愈合。本研究两组ASAMI功能评价结果差异亦无统计学意义。Abuomira等[25]比较Ilizarov-TSF联合支架与ICF牵拉成骨治疗胫骨骨不愈合的疗效,结果显示延长指数、外固定时间、ASAMI骨评价及功能评价结果差异均无统计学意义,认为联合支架是治疗伴有骨缺损的胫骨骨不愈合的有效方法。
TSF安装时需确保参考环在正侧位均垂直于所在骨段,安装完毕后通过术中或术后影像资料测量参考环与原点在正位、侧位及轴位的偏移方向与距离[11]。对于骨搬移患者,我们常规选择中间环为参考环,两端环相对于参考环滑动。以胫骨中下段骨缺损、近端截骨向远端搬移为例,近端环与参考环间距逐渐增加(延长),远端环与参考环间距逐渐减小(短缩),以维持肢体总体长度相对恒定;对接完成后若仍存在短缩,则仅需在近端环与参考环间继续延长。
长期佩戴外固定支架所致的并发症是Ilizarov骨搬移技术面临的主要问题。Liu等[26]回顾282例Ilizarov骨搬移患者,并发症发生率前5位依次为针道感染(65.96%)、轴向偏移(40.78%)、关节僵硬(23.76%)、软组织嵌顿(22.34%)及对接端延迟愈合(13.48%)。本组并发症发生情况与文献报道一致。两组中针道感染发生率最高,考虑与骨修复周期长、金属钢针与周围软组织反复摩擦及护理不及时有关;仅1例发展为深部感染,需手术清创控制。轴向偏移方面,ICF组3例(2例对接端偏移,1例搬移区成角),TSF组未发生明显轴向偏移,整体力线恢复优于ICF组。
综上述,TSF与ICF骨搬移技术均可有效修复胫骨长节段骨缺损,获得可靠的骨愈合与肢体功能恢复。相较于传统ICF,TSF手术操作更简便、手术时间更短,术后三维矫形精度更高、肢体力线恢复更佳。但本研究为回顾性研究,存在样本选择偏倚,且样本量相对较小、随访时间较短,两种术式的远期疗效及安全性尚需大样本、多中心前瞻性研究进一步验证。
Funding Statement
天津市光电检测技术与系统重点实验室开放课题(2025LODTS113)
Open Project of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Technology and System (2025LODTS113)
References
- 1.Mauffrey C, Barlow BT, Smith W Management of segmental bone defects. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015;23(3):143–153. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Liu Y, Ren H, Ma G, et al Modified masquelet technique coupled with vascularized fibular transplantation (transposition) in the reconstruction of ultra-long structural bone defects following osteomyelitis debridement: clinical application and preliminary study on therapeutic outcomes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025;26(1):833. doi: 10.1186/s12891-025-09090-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Gannamani S, Rachakonda KR, Tellakula Y, et al Combining non-vascularized fibula and cancellous graft in the masquelet technique: A promising approach to distal femur compound fracture management with large defects. Injury. 2024;55(2):111233. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Wang Z, Zou C, Zhan X, et al Application of double plate fixation combined with Masquelet technique for large segmental bone defects of distal tibia: a retrospective study and literature review. BMC Surg. 2024;24(1):103. doi: 10.1186/s12893-024-02396-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Shastov AL, Kolchin SN, Malkova TA Effectiveness of the induced membrane technique in aseptic and infected long-bone defect management: Are there any differences? World J Orthop. 2025;16(7):107337. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v16.i7.107337. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Shen Y, Yang Q, Cheng H, et al Evaluation of the comparative efficacy and safety of surgical strategies for long bone defects: a network meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2025;111(4):3030–3039. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000002283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Napora JK, Weinberg DS, Eagle BA, et al Hexapod stacked transport for tibial infected nonunions with bone loss: Long-term functional outcomes. J Orthop Trauma. 2018;32(1):e12–e18. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Alimujiang A, Jia Q, Guo J, et al Clinical outcomes of ilizarov bone transport for distal tibial defects in refractory osteomyelitis: A retrospective study. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2025;21:1369–1382. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S525768. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Ajiboye LO, Galadima AB, Usman AM, et al Management of unique complex long bone fractures by gunshot injuries with linear rail system. Ann Afr Med. 2025;24(3):562–566. doi: 10.4103/aam.aam_143_23. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Shi B, Zhang Z, Ji G, et al Bone transport for large segmental tibial defects using taylor spatial frame versus the Ilizarov circular fixator. Orthop Surg. 2024;16(9):2157–2166. doi: 10.1111/os.14192. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.石博文, 王晓亮, 张克刚, 等 术中透视与术后CT测量泰勒空间支架安装参数的精准度比较研究. 中华骨科杂志. 2020;40(5):285–293. [Google Scholar]
- 12.France J, Tucker A, Nightingale J, et al Outcomes of the hexapod frame in 111 ‘high risk’ tibial fractures. Bone Jt Open. 2025;6(7):816–821. doi: 10.1302/2633-1462.67.BJO-2025-0023.R1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Yang X, Du H, Yin X, et al Optimizing outcomes in distal tibial deformity correction: The role of supramalleolar osteotomy with computer-assisted hexapod external fixator. Orthop Surg. 2024;16(9):2173–2180. doi: 10.1111/os.14201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Larios F, Gonzalez MR, Ruiz-Arellanos K, et al. Use of computer-assisted hexapod external fixators for complex foot and ankle reconstructions—An analysis of functional outcomes and complications[J]. Foot Ankle Surg, 2025, 31(2): 153-159.
- 15.Sontich JK, Watson JT, Albertson S Bone transport techniques-classic (Ilizarov+Hexapod with pins and wires) J Orthop Trauma. 2025;39(12S):S25–S31. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000003072. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Palatnik Y, Rozbruch SR Femoral reconstruction using external fixation. Adv Orthop. 2011;2011:967186. doi: 10.4061/2011/967186. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Li J, Li M, Wang W, et al Evolution and development of ilizarov technique in the treatment of infected long bone nonunion with or without bone defects. Orthop Surg. 2022;14(5):824–830. doi: 10.1111/os.13218. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Schaffler BC, Konda SR. Tibial bone loss[J/OL]. OTA Int, 2024, 7(4 Suppl): e315. doi: 10.1097/OI9.0000000000000315.
- 19.Zheng K, Yu X, Cai J, et al Management of bone defects and complications after bone tumor resection using Ilizarov method. Orthop Surg. 2025;17(2):492–499. doi: 10.1111/os.14318. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Aktuglu K, Erol K, Vahabi A Ilizarov bone transport and treatment of critical-sized tibial bone defects: a narrative review. J Orthop Traumatol. 2019;20(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s10195-019-0527-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Kinik H, Kalem M Ilizarov segmental bone transport of infected tibial nonunions requiring extensive debridement with an average distraction length of 9,5 centimetres. Is it safe? Injury. 2021;52(8):2425–2433. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.12.025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Liu Z, Cai M, Gou Y, et al Application of axial load-share ratio testing technology in the bone transport treatment of large segmental tibial bone defects. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2026;27(1):643. doi: 10.1186/s12891-026-10015-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Giotakis N, Narayan B, Nayagam S. Distraction osteogenesis and nonunion of the docking site: is there an ideal treatment option?[J/OL]. Injury, 2007, 38 Suppl 1: S100-S107. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2007.02.015.
- 24.Henderson DJ, Rushbrook JL, Harwood PJ, et al What Are the Biomechanical Properties of the Taylor Spatial FrameTM? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(5):1472–1482. doi: 10.1007/s11999-016-5182-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Abuomira IEA, Sala F, Elbatrawy Y, et al Distraction osteogenesis for tibial nonunion with bone loss using combined Ilizarov and Taylor spatial frames versus a conventional circular frame. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2016;11(3):153–159. doi: 10.1007/s11751-016-0264-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Liu Y, Yushan M, Liu Z, et al Complications of bone transport technique using the Ilizarov method in the lower extremity: a retrospective analysis of 282 consecutive cases over 10 years. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):354. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03335-w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
