1Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
2College of Ecology and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
3Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
4Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
5Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
6Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
7Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
© The Author(s) 2026
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