Abstract
The N-terminal RNA binding domain of the human U1A protein (RBD1) specifically binds an RNA hairpin of U1 snRNA as well as two internal loops in the 3' UTR of its own mRNA. Here, a single cysteine has been introduced into Loop 1 of RBD1, which is subsequently used to attach (EDTA-2-aminoethyl) 2-pyridyl disulfide-Fe3+ (EPD-Fe). This EDTA-Fe derivative is used to generate hydroxyl radicals to cleave the proximal RNA sugar-phosphate backbone in the RNA-RBD complexes. RBD1(K20C)-EPD-Fe cleaves the 5' strand of the RNA hairpin stem, centered four base pairs away from the base of the loop, and cleaves the UTR in two places, again centered on the 5' side of the fourth base pair from each internal loop. These data, extrapolated to the position of Lys 20 in RBD1, orient the two proteins bound to the UTR, and provide direct biochemical evidence for the proposed model of the RBD1:UTR complex.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (307.6 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Allain F. H., Gubser C. C., Howe P. W., Nagai K., Neuhaus D., Varani G. Specificity of ribonucleoprotein interaction determined by RNA folding during complex formulation. Nature. 1996 Apr 18;380(6575):646–650. doi: 10.1038/380646a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Allain F. H., Howe P. W., Neuhaus D., Varani G. Structural basis of the RNA-binding specificity of human U1A protein. EMBO J. 1997 Sep 15;16(18):5764–5772. doi: 10.1093/emboj/16.18.5764. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Anderson W. L., Wetlaufer D. B. A new method for disulfide analysis of peptides. Anal Biochem. 1975 Aug;67(2):493–502. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(75)90323-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Avis J. M., Allain F. H., Howe P. W., Varani G., Nagai K., Neuhaus D. Solution structure of the N-terminal RNP domain of U1A protein: the role of C-terminal residues in structure stability and RNA binding. J Mol Biol. 1996 Mar 29;257(2):398–411. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Birney E., Kumar S., Krainer A. R. Analysis of the RNA-recognition motif and RS and RGG domains: conservation in metazoan pre-mRNA splicing factors. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Dec 25;21(25):5803–5816. doi: 10.1093/nar/21.25.5803. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boelens W. C., Jansen E. J., van Venrooij W. J., Stripecke R., Mattaj I. W., Gunderson S. I. The human U1 snRNP-specific U1A protein inhibits polyadenylation of its own pre-mRNA. Cell. 1993 Mar 26;72(6):881–892. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90577-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burd C. G., Dreyfuss G. Conserved structures and diversity of functions of RNA-binding proteins. Science. 1994 Jul 29;265(5172):615–621. doi: 10.1126/science.8036511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- ELLMAN G. L. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959 May;82(1):70–77. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ebright Y. W., Chen Y., Pendergrast P. S., Ebright R. H. Incorporation of an EDTA-metal complex at a rationally selected site within a protein: application to EDTA-iron DNA affinity cleaving with catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) and Cro. Biochemistry. 1992 Nov 10;31(44):10664–10670. doi: 10.1021/bi00159a004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Edelhoch H. Spectroscopic determination of tryptophan and tyrosine in proteins. Biochemistry. 1967 Jul;6(7):1948–1954. doi: 10.1021/bi00859a010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ermácora M. R., Delfino J. M., Cuenoud B., Schepartz A., Fox R. O. Conformation-dependent cleavage of staphylococcal nuclease with a disulfide-linked iron chelate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jul 15;89(14):6383–6387. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.14.6383. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ermácora M. R., Ledman D. W., Fox R. O. Mapping the structure of a non-native state of staphylococcal nuclease. Nat Struct Biol. 1996 Jan;3(1):59–66. doi: 10.1038/nsb0196-59. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ermácora M. R., Ledman D. W., Hellinga H. W., Hsu G. W., Fox R. O. Mapping staphylococcal nuclease conformation using an EDTA-Fe derivative attached to genetically engineered cysteine residues. Biochemistry. 1994 Nov 22;33(46):13625–13641. doi: 10.1021/bi00250a013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ghetti A., Padovani C., Di Cesare G., Morandi C. Secondary structure prediction for RNA binding domain in RNP proteins identifies beta alpha beta as the main structural motif. FEBS Lett. 1989 Nov 6;257(2):373–376. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81575-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gubser C. C., Varani G. Structure of the polyadenylation regulatory element of the human U1A pre-mRNA 3'-untranslated region and interaction with the U1A protein. Biochemistry. 1996 Feb 20;35(7):2253–2267. doi: 10.1021/bi952319f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gunderson S. I., Beyer K., Martin G., Keller W., Boelens W. C., Mattaj L. W. The human U1A snRNP protein regulates polyadenylation via a direct interaction with poly(A) polymerase. Cell. 1994 Feb 11;76(3):531–541. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90116-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hall K. B. Interaction of RNA hairpins with the human U1A N-terminal RNA binding domain. Biochemistry. 1994 Aug 23;33(33):10076–10088. doi: 10.1021/bi00199a035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hall K. B., Kranz J. K. Thermodynamics and mutations in RNA-protein interactions. Methods Enzymol. 1995;259:261–281. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)59048-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hall K. B., Stump W. T. Interaction of N-terminal domain of U1A protein with an RNA stem/loop. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Aug 25;20(16):4283–4290. doi: 10.1093/nar/20.16.4283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heilek G. M., Marusak R., Meares C. F., Noller H. F. Directed hydroxyl radical probing of 16S rRNA using Fe(II) tethered to ribosomal protein S4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Feb 14;92(4):1113–1116. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.4.1113. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heilek G. M., Noller H. F. Directed hydroxyl radical probing of the rRNA neighborhood of ribosomal protein S13 using tethered Fe(II). RNA. 1996 Jun;2(6):597–602. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Imlay J. A., Chin S. M., Linn S. Toxic DNA damage by hydrogen peroxide through the Fenton reaction in vivo and in vitro. Science. 1988 Apr 29;240(4852):640–642. doi: 10.1126/science.2834821. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jessen T. H., Oubridge C., Teo C. H., Pritchard C., Nagai K. Identification of molecular contacts between the U1 A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein and U1 RNA. EMBO J. 1991 Nov;10(11):3447–3456. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04909.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jovine L., Oubridge C., Avis J. M., Nagai K. Two structurally different RNA molecules are bound by the spliceosomal protein U1A using the same recognition strategy. Structure. 1996 May 15;4(5):621–631. doi: 10.1016/s0969-2126(96)00066-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mazzarelli J. M., Ermácora M. R., Fox R. O., Grindley N. D. Mapping interactions between the catalytic domain of resolvase and its DNA substrate using cysteine-coupled EDTA-iron. Biochemistry. 1993 Mar 30;32(12):2979–2986. doi: 10.1021/bi00063a008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nagai K., Oubridge C., Jessen T. H., Li J., Evans P. R. Crystal structure of the RNA-binding domain of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A. Nature. 1990 Dec 6;348(6301):515–520. doi: 10.1038/348515a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Oubridge C., Ito N., Evans P. R., Teo C. H., Nagai K. Crystal structure at 1.92 A resolution of the RNA-binding domain of the U1A spliceosomal protein complexed with an RNA hairpin. Nature. 1994 Dec 1;372(6505):432–438. doi: 10.1038/372432a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Penefsky H. S. A centrifuged-column procedure for the measurement of ligand binding by beef heart F1. Methods Enzymol. 1979;56:527–530. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(79)56050-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Platis I. E., Ermácora M. R., Fox R. O. Oxidative polypeptide cleavage mediated by EDTA-Fe covalently linked to cysteine residues. Biochemistry. 1993 Nov 30;32(47):12761–12767. doi: 10.1021/bi00210a027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Scherly D., Boelens W., van Venrooij W. J., Dathan N. A., Hamm J., Mattaj I. W. Identification of the RNA binding segment of human U1 A protein and definition of its binding site on U1 snRNA. EMBO J. 1989 Dec 20;8(13):4163–4170. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08601.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sillekens P. T., Habets W. J., Beijer R. P., van Venrooij W. J. cDNA cloning of the human U1 snRNA-associated A protein: extensive homology between U1 and U2 snRNP-specific proteins. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 1;6(12):3841–3848. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02721.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stump W. T., Hall K. B. SP6 RNA polymerase efficiently synthesizes RNA from short double-stranded DNA templates. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Nov 25;21(23):5480–5484. doi: 10.1093/nar/21.23.5480. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Teunissen S. W., van Gelder C. W., van Venrooij W. J. Probing the 3' UTR structure of U1A mRNA and footprinting analysis of its complex with U1A protein. Biochemistry. 1997 Feb 18;36(7):1782–1789. doi: 10.1021/bi9623237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wong I., Lohman T. M. A double-filter method for nitrocellulose-filter binding: application to protein-nucleic acid interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 15;90(12):5428–5432. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.12.5428. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zuker M. On finding all suboptimal foldings of an RNA molecule. Science. 1989 Apr 7;244(4900):48–52. doi: 10.1126/science.2468181. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van Gelder C. W., Gunderson S. I., Jansen E. J., Boelens W. C., Polycarpou-Schwarz M., Mattaj I. W., van Venrooij W. J. A complex secondary structure in U1A pre-mRNA that binds two molecules of U1A protein is required for regulation of polyadenylation. EMBO J. 1993 Dec 15;12(13):5191–5200. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06214.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van Gelder C. W., Leusen F. J., Leunissen J. A., Noordik J. H. A molecular dynamics approach for the generation of complete protein structures from limited coordinate data. Proteins. 1994 Feb;18(2):174–185. doi: 10.1002/prot.340180209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]