Skip to main content
PMC home page
American Journal of Human Genetics logoLink to American Journal of Human Genetics
. 1998 Oct;63(4):1139–1152. doi: 10.1086/302046

Support for a chromosome 18p locus conferring susceptibility to functional psychoses in families with schizophrenia, by association and linkage analysis.

S G Schwab 1, J Hallmayer 1, B Lerer 1, M Albus 1, M Borrmann 1, S Hönig 1, M Strauss 1, R Segman 1, D Lichtermann 1, M Knapp 1, M Trixler 1, W Maier 1, D B Wildenauer 1
PMCID: PMC1377479  PMID: 9758604

Abstract

The action of antipsychotic drugs on dopamine receptors suggests that dopaminergic signal transmission may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. We tested eight candidate genes (coding for dopamine receptors, the dopamine transporter, and G-proteins) in 59 families from Germany and Israel, for association. A P value of .00055 (.0044 when corrected for the no. of markers tested) was obtained for the intronic CA-repeat marker G-olfalpha on chromosome 18p. The value decreased to .000088 (.0007) when nine sibs with recurrent unipolar depressive disorder were included. Linkage analysis using SSLP markers densely spaced around G-olfalpha yielded a maximum two-point LOD score of 3.1 for a marker 0.5 cM distal to G-olfalpha. Multipoint analysis under the assumption of heterogeneity supported this linkage-whether the affected pheotype was defined narrowly or broadly-as did nonparametric linkage (NPL). In 12 families with exclusively maternal transmission of the disease, the NPL value also supported linkage to this marker. In order to test for association/linkage disequilibrium in the presence of linkage, the sample was restricted to independent offspring. When this sample was combined with 65 additional simplex families (each of them comprising one schizophrenic offspring and his or her parents), the 124-bp allele of G-olfalpha was transmitted 47 times and was not transmitted 21 times (P=.009). These results suggest the existence, on chromosome 18p, of a potential susceptibility locus for functional psychoses.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (523.0 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Asherson P., Walsh C., Williams J., Sargeant M., Taylor C., Clements A., Gill M., Owen M., McGuffin P. Imprinting and anticipation. Are they relevant to genetic studies of schizophrenia? Br J Psychiatry. 1994 May;164(5):619–624. doi: 10.1192/bjp.164.5.619. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baron M. Genetics of schizophrenia: I. Familial patterns and mode of inheritance. Biol Psychiatry. 1986 Sep;21(11):1051–1066. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(86)90286-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Berrettini W. H., Ferraro T. N., Goldin L. R., Detera-Wadleigh S. D., Choi H., Muniec D., Guroff J. J., Kazuba D. M., Nurnberger J. I., Jr, Hsieh W. T. A linkage study of bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Jan;54(1):27–35. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830130031006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Berrettini W. H., Ferraro T. N., Goldin L. R., Weeks D. E., Detera-Wadleigh S., Nurnberger J. I., Jr, Gershon E. S. Chromosome 18 DNA markers and manic-depressive illness: evidence for a susceptibility gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 21;91(13):5918–5921. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.13.5918. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bray-Ward P., Menninger J., Lieman J., Desai T., Mokady N., Banks A., Ward D. C. Integration of the cytogenetic, genetic, and physical maps of the human genome by FISH mapping of CEPH YAC clones. Genomics. 1996 Feb 15;32(1):1–14. doi: 10.1006/geno.1996.0070. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Castle D. J., Abel K., Takei N., Murray R. M. Gender differences in schizophrenia: hormonal effect or subtypes? Schizophr Bull. 1995;21(1):1–12. doi: 10.1093/schbul/21.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cichon S., Nöthen M. M., Stöber G., Schroers R., Albus M., Maier W., Rietschel M., Körner J., Weigelt B., Franzek E. Systematic screening for mutations in the 5'-regulatory region of the human dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) gene in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Am J Med Genet. 1996 Jul 26;67(4):424–428. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960726)67:4<424::AID-AJMG21>3.0.CO;2-K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Coon H., Hoff M., Holik J., Hadley D., Fang N., Reimherr F., Wender P., Byerley W. Analysis of chromosome 18 DNA markers in multiplex pedigrees with manic depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Apr 15;39(8):689–696. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00292-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Copeman J. B., Cucca F., Hearne C. M., Cornall R. J., Reed P. W., Rønningen K. S., Undlien D. E., Nisticò L., Buzzetti R., Tosi R. Linkage disequilibrium mapping of a type 1 diabetes susceptibility gene (IDDM7) to chromosome 2q31-q33. Nat Genet. 1995 Jan;9(1):80–85. doi: 10.1038/ng0195-80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Coryell W., Endicott J., Keller M., Andreasen N. C. Phenomenology and family history in DSM-III psychotic depression. J Affect Disord. 1985 Jul;9(1):13–18. doi: 10.1016/0165-0327(85)90004-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cottingham R. W., Jr, Idury R. M., Schäffer A. A. Faster sequential genetic linkage computations. Am J Hum Genet. 1993 Jul;53(1):252–263. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Crow T. J. The continuum of psychosis and its implication for the structure of the gene. Br J Psychiatry. 1986 Oct;149:419–429. doi: 10.1192/bjp.149.4.419. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. De bruyn A., Souery D., Mendelbaum K., Mendlewicz J., Van Broeckhoven C. Linkage analysis of families with bipolar illness and chromosome 18 markers. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Apr 15;39(8):679–688. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00293-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. DeLisi L. E., Lofthouse R., Lehner T., Morganti C., Vita A., Shields G., Bass N., Ott J., Crow T. J. Failure to find a chromosome 18 pericentric linkage in families with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 1995 Dec 18;60(6):532–534. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320600609. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Detera-Wadleigh S. D., Badner J. A., Yoshikawa T., Sanders A. R., Goldin L. R., Turner G., Rollins D. Y., Moses T., Guroff J. J., Kazuba D. Initial genome scan of the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar pedigrees: chromosomes 4, 7, 9, 18, 19, 20, and 21q. Am J Med Genet. 1997 May 31;74(3):254–262. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970531)74:3<254::aid-ajmg4>3.0.co;2-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Detera-Wadleigh S. D., Yoon S. W., Berrettini W. H., Goldin L. R., Turner G., Yoshikawa T., Rollins D. Y., Muniec D., Nurnberger J. I., Jr, Gershon E. S. Adrenocorticotropin receptor/melanocortin receptor-2 maps within a reported susceptibility region for bipolar illness on chromosome 18. Am J Med Genet. 1995 Aug 14;60(4):317–321. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320600411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Dib C., Fauré S., Fizames C., Samson D., Drouot N., Vignal A., Millasseau P., Marc S., Hazan J., Seboun E. A comprehensive genetic map of the human genome based on 5,264 microsatellites. Nature. 1996 Mar 14;380(6570):152–154. doi: 10.1038/380152a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Esterling L. E., Cox Matise T., Sanders A. R., Yoshikawa T., Overhauser J., Gershon E. S., Moskowitz M. T., Detera-Wadleigh S. D. An integrated physical map of 18p11.2: a susceptibility region for bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1997 Oct-Nov;2(6):501–504. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000317. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Freimer N. B., Reus V. I., Escamilla M. A., McInnes L. A., Spesny M., Leon P., Service S. K., Smith L. B., Silva S., Rojas E. Genetic mapping using haplotype, association and linkage methods suggests a locus for severe bipolar disorder (BPI) at 18q22-q23. Nat Genet. 1996 Apr;12(4):436–441. doi: 10.1038/ng0496-436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gershon E. S., Badner J. A., Detera-Wadleigh S. D., Ferraro T. N., Berrettini W. H. Maternal inheritance and chromosome 18 allele sharing in unilineal bipolar illness pedigrees. Am J Med Genet. 1996 Apr 9;67(2):202–207. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960409)67:2<202::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-N. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gershon E. S., DeLisi L. E., Hamovit J., Nurnberger J. I., Jr, Maxwell M. E., Schreiber J., Dauphinais D., Dingman C. W., 2nd, Guroff J. J. A controlled family study of chronic psychoses. Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Apr;45(4):328–336. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800280038006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Giacalone J., Li X., Lehrach H., Francke U. High-density radiation hybrid map of human chromosome 18 and contig of 18p. Genomics. 1996 Oct 1;37(1):9–18. doi: 10.1006/geno.1996.0514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hallmayer J., Maier W., Schwab S., Ertl M. A., Minges J., Ackenheil M., Lichtermann D., Wildenauer D. B. No evidence of linkage between the dopamine D2 receptor gene and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1994 Aug;53(2):203–215. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(94)90111-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hervé D., Lévi-Strauss M., Marey-Semper I., Verney C., Tassin J. P., Glowinski J., Girault J. A. G(olf) and Gs in rat basal ganglia: possible involvement of G(olf) in the coupling of dopamine D1 receptor with adenylyl cyclase. J Neurosci. 1993 May;13(5):2237–2248. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-05-02237.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hervé D., Rogard M., Lévi-Strauss M. Molecular analysis of the multiple Golf alpha subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1995 Aug;32(1):125–134. doi: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00070-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Jorde L. B. Linkage disequilibrium as a gene-mapping tool. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Jan;56(1):11–14. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Kendell R. E., Gourlay J. The clinical distinction between the affective psychoses and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1970 Sep;117(538):261–266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Knapp M., Seuchter S. A., Baur M. P. Linkage analysis in nuclear families. 1: Optimality criteria for affected sib-pair tests. Hum Hered. 1994 Jan-Feb;44(1):37–43. doi: 10.1159/000154187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Knapp M., Seuchter S. A., Baur M. P. Linkage analysis in nuclear families. 2: Relationship between affected sib-pair tests and lod score analysis. Hum Hered. 1994 Jan-Feb;44(1):44–51. doi: 10.1159/000154188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kruglyak L., Daly M. J., Reeve-Daly M. P., Lander E. S. Parametric and nonparametric linkage analysis: a unified multipoint approach. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Jun;58(6):1347–1363. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. LaBuda M. C., Maldonado M., Marshall D., Otten K., Gerhard D. S. A follow-up report of a genome search for affective disorder predisposition loci in the Old Order Amish. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Dec;59(6):1343–1362. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Lander E. S., Schork N. J. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science. 1994 Sep 30;265(5181):2037–2048. doi: 10.1126/science.8091226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Lathrop G. M., Lalouel J. M. Easy calculations of lod scores and genetic risks on small computers. Am J Hum Genet. 1984 Mar;36(2):460–465. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Leckman J. F., Sholomskas D., Thompson W. D., Belanger A., Weissman M. M. Best estimate of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis: a methodological study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982 Aug;39(8):879–883. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290080001001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Maier W., Hallmayer J., Zill P., Bondy B., Lichtermann D., Ackenheil M., Minges J., Wildenauer D. Linkage analysis between pericentrometric markers on chromosome 18 and bipolar disorder: a replication test. Psychiatry Res. 1995 Nov 29;59(1-2):7–15. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(95)02799-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Maier W., Lichtermann D., Minges J., Hallmayer J., Heun R., Benkert O., Levinson D. F. Continuity and discontinuity of affective disorders and schizophrenia. Results of a controlled family study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Nov;50(11):871–883. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820230041004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Maier W., Minges J., Eckstein N., Brodski C., Albus M., Lerer B., Hallmayer J., Fimmers R., Ackenheil M., Ebstein R. E. Genetic relationship between dopamine transporter gene and schizophrenia: linkage and association. Schizophr Res. 1996 May;20(1-2):175–180. doi: 10.1016/0920-9964(95)00083-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Maier W., Schwab S., Hallmayer J., Ertl M. A., Minges J., Ackenheil M., Lichtermann D., Wildenauer D. Absence of linkage between schizophrenia and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Psychiatry Res. 1994 Jul;53(1):77–86. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(94)90096-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Martin E. R., Kaplan N. L., Weir B. S. Tests for linkage and association in nuclear families. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Aug;61(2):439–448. doi: 10.1086/514860. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. McGuffin P., Farmer A., Harvey I. A polydiagnostic application of operational criteria in studies of psychotic illness. Development and reliability of the OPCRIT system. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;48(8):764–770. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810320088015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. McInnes L. A., Escamilla M. A., Service S. K., Reus V. I., Leon P., Silva S., Rojas E., Spesny M., Baharloo S., Blankenship K. A complete genome screen for genes predisposing to severe bipolar disorder in two Costa Rican pedigrees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 12;93(23):13060–13065. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.23.13060. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. McMahon F. J., Hopkins P. J., Xu J., McInnis M. G., Shaw S., Cardon L., Simpson S. G., MacKinnon D. F., Stine O. C., Sherrington R. Linkage of bipolar affective disorder to chromosome 18 markers in a new pedigree series. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Dec;61(6):1397–1404. doi: 10.1086/301630. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Morris A. P., Curnow R. N., Whittaker J. C. Randomization tests of disease-marker associations. Ann Hum Genet. 1997 Jan;61(Pt 1):49–60. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.1997.6110047.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Nöthen M. M., Cichon S., Propping P., Fimmers R., Schwab S. G., Wildenauer D. B. Excess of homozygosity at the dopamine D3 receptor gene in schizophrenia not confirmed. J Med Genet. 1993 Aug;30(8):708–708. doi: 10.1136/jmg.30.8.708. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Nöthen M. M., Wildenauer D., Cichon S., Albus M., Maier W., Minges J., Lichtermann D., Bondy B., Rietschel M., Körner J. Dopamine D2 receptor molecular variant and schizophrenia. Lancet. 1994 May 21;343(8908):1301–1302. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92194-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. O'Rourke D. H., McGuffin P., Reich T. Genetic analysis of manic-depressive illness. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1983 Sep;62(1):51–59. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330620108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. PENROSE L. S. The general purpose sibpair linkage test. Ann Eugen. 1953 Sep;18(2):120–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Pauls D. L., Ott J., Paul S. M., Allen C. R., Fann C. S., Carulli J. P., Falls K. M., Bouthillier C. A., Gravius T. C., Keith T. P. Linkage analyses of chromosome 18 markers do not identify a major susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Sep;57(3):636–643. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Rice J., Reich T., Andreasen N. C., Endicott J., Van Eerdewegh M., Fishman R., Hirschfeld R. M., Klerman G. L. The familial transmission of bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987 May;44(5):441–447. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800170063009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Risch N., Baron M. Segregation analysis of schizophrenia and related disorders. Am J Hum Genet. 1984 Sep;36(5):1039–1059. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Risch N. Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits. II. The power of affected relative pairs. Am J Hum Genet. 1990 Feb;46(2):229–241. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Sakagami H., Sawamura Y., Kondo H. Synchronous patchy pattern of gene expression for adenylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase but discrete expression for G-protein in developing rat striatum. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1995 Nov;33(2):185–191. doi: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00123-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Schwab S. G., Albus M., Hallmayer J., Hönig S., Borrmann M., Lichtermann D., Ebstein R. P., Ackenheil M., Lerer B., Risch N. Evaluation of a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p by multipoint affected sib-pair linkage analysis. Nat Genet. 1995 Nov;11(3):325–327. doi: 10.1038/ng1195-325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Schwab S. G., Eckstein G. N., Hallmayer J., Lerer B., Albus M., Borrmann M., Lichtermann D., Ertl M. A., Maier W., Wildenauer D. B. Evidence suggestive of a locus on chromosome 5q31 contributing to susceptibility for schizophrenia in German and Israeli families by multipoint affected sib-pair linkage analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 1997 Mar;2(2):156–160. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000263. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Schäffer A. A., Gupta S. K., Shriram K., Cottingham R. W., Jr Avoiding recomputation in linkage analysis. Hum Hered. 1994 Jul-Aug;44(4):225–237. doi: 10.1159/000154222. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Spielman R. S., Ewens W. J. The TDT and other family-based tests for linkage disequilibrium and association. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Nov;59(5):983–989. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Spielman R. S., McGinnis R. E., Ewens W. J. Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Am J Hum Genet. 1993 Mar;52(3):506–516. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Stine O. C., Xu J., Koskela R., McMahon F. J., Gschwend M., Friddle C., Clark C. D., McInnis M. G., Simpson S. G., Breschel T. S. Evidence for linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18 with a parent-of-origin effect. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Dec;57(6):1384–1394. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Straub R. E., Speer M. C., Luo Y., Rojas K., Overhauser J., Ott J., Gilliam T. C. A microsatellite genetic linkage map of human chromosome 18. Genomics. 1993 Jan;15(1):48–56. doi: 10.1006/geno.1993.1008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Su Y., Burke J., O'Neill F. A., Murphy B., Nie L., Kipps B., Bray J., Shinkwin R., Ni Nuallain M., MacLean C. J. Exclusion of linkage between schizophrenia and the D2 dopamine receptor gene region of chromosome 11q in 112 Irish multiplex families. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;50(3):205–211. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820150055005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Suarez B. K., Van Eerdewegh P. A comparison of three affected-sib-pair scoring methods to detect HLA-linked disease susceptibility genes. Am J Med Genet. 1984 May;18(1):135–146. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320180117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Taylor M. A., Amir N. Are schizophrenia and affective disorder related?: the problem of schizoaffective disorder and the discrimination of the psychoses by signs and symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 1994 Nov-Dec;35(6):420–429. doi: 10.1016/0010-440x(94)90224-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Taylor M. A. Are schizophrenia and affective disorder related? A selective literature review. Am J Psychiatry. 1992 Jan;149(1):22–32. doi: 10.1176/ajp.149.1.22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Terwilliger J. D. A powerful likelihood method for the analysis of linkage disequilibrium between trait loci and one or more polymorphic marker loci. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Mar;56(3):777–787. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Tsiouris S. J., Breschel T. S., Xu J., McInnis M. G., McMahon F. J. Linkage disequilibrium analysis of G-olf alpha (GNAL) in bipolar affective disorder. Am J Med Genet. 1996 Sep 20;67(5):491–494. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960920)67:5<491::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-I. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Yaw J., Myles-Worsley M., Hoff M., Holik J., Freedman R., Byerley W., Coon H. Anticipation in multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees. Psychiatr Genet. 1996 Spring;6(1):7–11. doi: 10.1097/00041444-199621000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Yoshikawa T., Turner G., Esterling L. E., Sanders A. R., Detera-Wadleigh S. D. A novel human myo-inositol monophosphatase gene, IMP.18p, maps to a susceptibility region for bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;2(5):393–397. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from American Journal of Human Genetics are provided here courtesy of American Society of Human Genetics

RESOURCES