Skip to main content
American Journal of Human Genetics logoLink to American Journal of Human Genetics
. 1999 Jul;65(1):13–18. doi: 10.1086/302477

Microglia and the immune pathology of Alzheimer disease.

D Giulian 1
PMCID: PMC1378069  PMID: 10364511

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (501.2 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Banati R. B., Gehrmann J., Schubert P., Kreutzberg G. W. Cytotoxicity of microglia. Glia. 1993 Jan;7(1):111–118. doi: 10.1002/glia.440070117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Behl C., Davis J. B., Lesley R., Schubert D. Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid beta protein toxicity. Cell. 1994 Jun 17;77(6):817–827. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90131-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Breitner J. C., Gau B. A., Welsh K. A., Plassman B. L., McDonald W. M., Helms M. J., Anthony J. C. Inverse association of anti-inflammatory treatments and Alzheimer's disease: initial results of a co-twin control study. Neurology. 1994 Feb;44(2):227–232. doi: 10.1212/wnl.44.2.227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Christie R. H., Freeman M., Hyman B. T. Expression of the macrophage scavenger receptor, a multifunctional lipoprotein receptor, in microglia associated with senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol. 1996 Feb;148(2):399–403. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Eikelenboom P., Zhan S. S., van Gool W. A., Allsop D. Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1994 Dec;15(12):447–450. doi: 10.1016/0165-6147(94)90057-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. El Khoury J., Hickman S. E., Thomas C. A., Cao L., Silverstein S. C., Loike J. D. Scavenger receptor-mediated adhesion of microglia to beta-amyloid fibrils. Nature. 1996 Aug 22;382(6593):716–719. doi: 10.1038/382716a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Giulian D. A strategy for identifying immunosuppressive therapies for Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1998;12 (Suppl 2):S7–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Giulian D. Ameboid microglia as effectors of inflammation in the central nervous system. J Neurosci Res. 1987;18(1):155-71, 132-3. doi: 10.1002/jnr.490180123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Giulian D., Haverkamp L. J., Li J., Karshin W. L., Yu J., Tom D., Li X., Kirkpatrick J. B. Senile plaques stimulate microglia to release a neurotoxin found in Alzheimer brain. Neurochem Int. 1995 Jul;27(1):119–137. doi: 10.1016/0197-0186(95)00067-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Giulian D., Haverkamp L. J., Yu J. H., Karshin W., Tom D., Li J., Kirkpatrick J., Kuo L. M., Roher A. E. Specific domains of beta-amyloid from Alzheimer plaque elicit neuron killing in human microglia. J Neurosci. 1996 Oct 1;16(19):6021–6037. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-19-06021.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Giulian D., Li J., Bartel S., Broker J., Li X., Kirkpatrick J. B. Cell surface morphology identifies microglia as a distinct class of mononuclear phagocyte. J Neurosci. 1995 Nov;15(11):7712–7726. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07712.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Giulian D., Vaca K., Corpuz M. Brain glia release factors with opposing actions upon neuronal survival. J Neurosci. 1993 Jan;13(1):29–37. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-01-00029.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Giulian D., Vaca K., Noonan C. A. Secretion of neurotoxins by mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1. Science. 1990 Dec 14;250(4987):1593–1596. doi: 10.1126/science.2148832. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Growdon J. H. Biomarkers of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 1999 Mar;56(3):281–283. doi: 10.1001/archneur.56.3.281. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hickey W. F., Kimura H. Perivascular microglial cells of the CNS are bone marrow-derived and present antigen in vivo. Science. 1988 Jan 15;239(4837):290–292. doi: 10.1126/science.3276004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kovacs D. M., Tanzi R. E. Monogenic determinants of familial Alzheimer's disease: presenilin-1 mutations. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1998 Sep;54(9):902–909. doi: 10.1007/s000180050219. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. McGeer P. L., Itagaki S., Tago H., McGeer E. G. Reactive microglia in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type are positive for the histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR. Neurosci Lett. 1987 Aug 18;79(1-2):195–200. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90696-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. McGeer P. L., McGeer E., Rogers J., Sibley J. Anti-inflammatory drugs and Alzheimer disease. Lancet. 1990 Apr 28;335(8696):1037–1037. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91101-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Meda L., Cassatella M. A., Szendrei G. I., Otvos L., Jr, Baron P., Villalba M., Ferrari D., Rossi F. Activation of microglial cells by beta-amyloid protein and interferon-gamma. Nature. 1995 Apr 13;374(6523):647–650. doi: 10.1038/374647a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Mrak R. E., Sheng J. G., Griffin W. S. Glial cytokines in Alzheimer's disease: review and pathogenic implications. Hum Pathol. 1995 Aug;26(8):816–823. doi: 10.1016/0046-8177(95)90001-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Papassotiropoulos A., Bagli M., Jessen F., Bayer T. A., Maier W., Rao M. L., Heun R. A genetic variation of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 delays the initial onset and reduces the risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 1999 May;45(5):666–668. doi: 10.1002/1531-8249(199905)45:5<666::aid-ana18>3.0.co;2-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Paresce D. M., Ghosh R. N., Maxfield F. R. Microglial cells internalize aggregates of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta-protein via a scavenger receptor. Neuron. 1996 Sep;17(3):553–565. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80187-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Perlmutter L. S., Scott S. A., Barrón E., Chui H. C. MHC class II-positive microglia in human brain: association with Alzheimer lesions. J Neurosci Res. 1992 Dec;33(4):549–558. doi: 10.1002/jnr.490330407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Price D. L., Tanzi R. E., Borchelt D. R., Sisodia S. S. Alzheimer's disease: genetic studies and transgenic models. Annu Rev Genet. 1998;32:461–493. doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.32.1.461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Selkoe D. J. Physiological production of the beta-amyloid protein and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci. 1993 Oct;16(10):403–409. doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(93)90008-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Sisodia S. S., Kim S. H., Thinakaran G. Function and dysfunction of the presenilins. Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Jul;65(1):7–12. doi: 10.1086/302475. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Strittmatter W. J., Saunders A. M., Schmechel D., Pericak-Vance M., Enghild J., Salvesen G. S., Roses A. D. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 1;90(5):1977–1981. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.5.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Théry C., Chamak B., Mallat M. Neurotoxicity of brain macrophages. Clin Neuropathol. 1993 Sep-Oct;12(5):288–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from American Journal of Human Genetics are provided here courtesy of American Society of Human Genetics

RESOURCES