Skip to main content
PMC home page
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 1991 Jul;32(7):800–812. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.7.800

Biology of pancreatic cancer.

G J Poston 1, J Gillespie 1, P J Guillou 1
PMCID: PMC1379000  PMID: 1855689

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of death from malignant disease in Western society. Apart from the fortunate few patients who present with a resectable small pancreatic adenocarcinoma, conventional treatment offers no hope of cure and has little palliative value. Over the past two decades major steps have been made in our understanding of the biology of pancreatic growth and neoplasia. This review sets out to explore these advances, firstly in the regulation of normal pancreatic growth, and secondly the mechanism which may be involved in malignant change of the exocrine pancreas. From an understanding of this new biology, new treatment strategies may be possible for patients with pancreatic cancer.

Full text

PDF
800

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alexander R. W., Upp J. R., Jr, Poston G. J., Townsend C. M., Jr, Singh P., Thompson J. C. Bombesin inhibits growth of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma in nude mice. Pancreas. 1988;3(3):297–302. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198805000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen-Mersh T. G. Pancreatic ductal mucinous hyperplasia: distribution within the pancreas, and effect of variation in ampullary and pancreatic duct anatomy. Gut. 1988 Oct;29(10):1392–1396. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.10.1392. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Andrén-Sandberg A. Estrogens and pancreatic cancer: some recent aspects. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986 Mar;21(2):129–133. doi: 10.3109/00365528609034636. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Armelin H. A., Armelin M. C., Kelly K., Stewart T., Leder P., Cochran B. H., Stiles C. D. Functional role for c-myc in mitogenic response to platelet-derived growth factor. Nature. 1984 Aug 23;310(5979):655–660. doi: 10.1038/310655a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Baba N., Chowdhury P., Inoue K., Ami M., Rayford P. L. Ileo-caecal resection induced pancreatic growth in rats. Peptides. 1985 Mar-Apr;6(2):211–215. doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(85)90042-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Balas D., Senegas-Balas F., Pradayrol L., Vayssette J., Bertrand C., Ribet A. Long-term comparative effect of cholecystokinin and gastrin on mouse stomach, antrum, intestine, and exocrine pancreas. Am J Anat. 1985 Sep;174(1):27–43. doi: 10.1002/aja.1001740104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Band P., Richardson S. B., Boctor A. M., Grossman A. Somatostatin enhances binding of [3H]estradiol to a cytosolic protein in rat pancreas. Possible role of oligopeptide coligands in secretion. J Biol Chem. 1983 Jun 25;258(12):7284–7287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Baylin S. B., Stevens S. A., Shakir K. M. Association of diamine oxidase and ornithine decarboxylase with maturing cells in rapidly proliferating epithelium. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978 Jul 3;541(3):415–419. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(78)90200-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Benrezzak O., Morisset J. Effects of alpha-difluoromethylornithine on pancreatic growth induced by caerulein. Regul Pept. 1984 Oct;9(3):143–153. doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(84)90067-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Benz C., Hollander C., Miller B. Endocrine-responsive pancreatic carcinoma: steroid binding and cytotoxicity studies in human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 1986 May;46(5):2276–2281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Black O., Jr, Chang B. K. Ornithine decarboxylase enzyme activity in human and hamster pancreatic tumor cell lines. Cancer Lett. 1982 Oct;17(1):87–93. doi: 10.1016/0304-3835(82)90113-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Boctor A. M., Band P., Grossman A. Analysis of binding of [3H]Estradiol to the cytosol fraction of rat pancreas: comparison with sites in the cytosol of uterus. Endocrinology. 1983 Aug;113(2):453–462. doi: 10.1210/endo-113-2-453. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Boctor A. M., Band P., Grossman A. Requirement for an accessory factor for binding of [3H]estradiol to protein in the cytosol fraction of rat pancreas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Sep;78(9):5648–5651. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5648. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Brand S. J., Morgan R. G. Stimulation of pancreatic secretion and growth in the rat after feeding cholestyramine. Gastroenterology. 1982 Oct;83(4):851–859. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Brand S. J., Morgan R. G. The influence of starvation on intestinal cholecystokinin-like activity and pancreatic growth. J Physiol. 1981 Dec;321:469–482. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Brannon P. M., Demarest A. S., Sabb J. E., Korc M. Dietary modulation of epidermal growth factor action in cultured pancreatic acinar cells of the rat. J Nutr. 1986 Jul;116(7):1306–1315. doi: 10.1093/jn/116.7.1306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Chafouleas J. G., Pardue R. L., Brinkley B. R., Dedman J. R., Means A. R. Regulation of intracellular levels of calmodulin and tubulin in normal and transformed cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Feb;78(2):996–1000. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Chambard J. C., Franchi A., Le Cam A., Pouysségur J. Growth factor-stimulated protein phosphorylation in G0/G1-arrested fibroblasts. Two distinct classes of growth factors with potentiating effects. J Biol Chem. 1983 Feb 10;258(3):1706–1713. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Chang B. K., Black O., Jr, Gutman R. Inhibition of growth of human or hamster pancreatic cancer cell lines by alpha-difluoromethylornithine alone and combined with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). Cancer Res. 1984 Nov;44(11):5100–5104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Chester J. F., Gaissert H. A., Ross J. S., Malt R. A. Pancreatic cancer in the Syrian hamster induced by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)-amine: cocarcinogenic effect of epidermal growth factor. Cancer Res. 1986 Jun;46(6):2954–2957. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Clark A. J., Ishii S., Richert N., Merlino G. T., Pastan I. Epidermal growth factor regulates the expression of its own receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8374–8378. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8374. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Clements D., Elias E. Regression of metastatic vipoma with somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995. Lancet. 1985 Apr 13;1(8433):874–875. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92235-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cochran B. H., Reffel A. C., Stiles C. D. Molecular cloning of gene sequences regulated by platelet-derived growth factor. Cell. 1983 Jul;33(3):939–947. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90037-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Cochran B. H. The molecular action of platelet-derived growth factor. Adv Cancer Res. 1985;45:183–216. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60269-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Coffey R. J., Jr, Shipley G. D., Moses H. L. Production of transforming growth factors by human colon cancer lines. Cancer Res. 1986 Mar;46(3):1164–1169. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Cohen A., Kulka R. G. Induction of chymotrypsinogen by hydrocortisone in embryonic chick pancreas in vitro. J Biol Chem. 1974 Jul 25;249(14):4522–4527. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Cooper C. S., Blair D. G., Oskarsson M. K., Tainsky M. A., Eader L. A., Vande Woude G. F. Characterization of human transforming genes from chemically transformed, teratocarcinoma, and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 1984 Jan;44(1):1–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Corbishley T. P., Iqbal M. J., Wilkinson M. L., Williams R. Androgen receptor in human normal and malignant pancreatic tissue and cell lines. Cancer. 1986 May 15;57(10):1992–1995. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19860515)57:10<1992::aid-cncr2820571019>3.0.co;2-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Corbishley T. P., Iqbal M. J., Wilkinson M. L., Williams R. Circulating sex steroids and sex hormone binding globulin in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Res. 1986 Mar-Apr;6(2):219–222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Craven P. A., DeRubertis F. R. Cyclic nucleotide metabolism in rat colonic epithelial cells with different proliferative activities. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Aug 17;676(2):155–169. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(81)90183-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Cubilla A. L., Fitzgerald P. J. Morphological lesions associated with human primary invasive nonendocrine pancreas cancer. Cancer Res. 1976 Jul;36(7 Pt 2):2690–2698. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Danzin C., Claverie N., Wagner J., Bolkenius F., Grove J. Comparison of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-induced accumulation of putrescine in rat pancreas and liver. Life Sci. 1983 Nov 28;33(22):2173–2178. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90288-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Darnell J. E., Jr Variety in the level of gene control in eukaryotic cells. Nature. 1982 Jun 3;297(5865):365–371. doi: 10.1038/297365a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. DeRubertis F. R., Craven P. A. Early alterations in rat colonic mucosal cyclic nucleotide metabolism and protein kinase activity induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Cancer Res. 1980 Dec;40(12):4589–4598. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Dembinski A., Konturek S. J. Effects of E, F, and I series prostaglandins and analogues on growth of gastroduodenal mucosa and pancreas. Am J Physiol. 1985 Feb;248(2 Pt 1):G170–G175. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1985.248.2.G170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Dembiński A., Gregory H., Konturek S. J., Polański M. Trophic action of epidermal growth factor on the pancreas and gastroduodenal mucosa in rats. J Physiol. 1982 Apr;325:35–42. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014133. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Dietel M., Arps H., Bals U., Niendorf A., Henke P., Garbrecht M., Platz D., Weh H. J., Thoma G., Klapdor R. Individualisierung der Chemotherapie durch prädiktive In-vitro-Bestimmung der Zytostatikasensitivität maligner Tumoren. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1989 Oct 27;114(43):1645–1652. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1066809. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Douglas B. R., Woutersen R. A., Jansen J. B., de Jong A. J., Rovati L. C., Lamers C. B. Influence of cholecystokinin antagonist on the effects of cholecystokinin and bombesin on azaserine-induced lesions in rat pancreas. Gastroenterology. 1989 Feb;96(2 Pt 1):462–469. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(89)91572-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Dowling R. H., Hosomi M., Stace N. H., Lirussi F., Miazza B., Levan H., Murphy G. M. Hormones and polyamines in intestinal and pancreatic adaptation. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1985;112:84–95. doi: 10.3109/00365528509092217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Downward J., Yarden Y., Mayes E., Scrace G., Totty N., Stockwell P., Ullrich A., Schlessinger J., Waterfield M. D. Close similarity of epidermal growth factor receptor and v-erb-B oncogene protein sequences. Nature. 1984 Feb 9;307(5951):521–527. doi: 10.1038/307521a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Dynan W. S., Tjian R. Control of eukaryotic messenger RNA synthesis by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. 1985 Aug 29-Sep 4Nature. 316(6031):774–778. doi: 10.1038/316774a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Earp H. S., Austin K. S., Blaisdell J., Rubin R. A., Nelson K. G., Lee L. W., Grisham J. W. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates EGF receptor synthesis. J Biol Chem. 1986 Apr 15;261(11):4777–4780. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Enochs M. R., Johnson L. R. Trophic effects of gastrointestinal hormones: physiological implications. Fed Proc. 1977 Jun;36(7):1942–1947. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Estival A., Clemente F., Ribet A. Adenocarcinoma of the human exocrine pancreas: presence of secretin and caerulein receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981 Oct 30;102(4):1336–1341. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(81)80158-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Estival A., Mouniélou P., Trocheris V., Scemama J. L., Clemente F., Hollande E., Ribet A. Presence of VIP receptors in a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line. Modulation of the cAMP response during cell proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Mar 29;111(3):958–963. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91393-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Fekete M., Zalatnai A., Comaru-Schally A. M., Schally A. V. Membrane receptors for peptides in experimental and human pancreatic cancers. Pancreas. 1989;4(5):521–528. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198910000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Fernández-Moreno M. D., Díaz-Juárez J. L., Arilla E., Prieto J. C. Effect of resection of small intestine on the interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide with rat colonic epithelial cells. Horm Metab Res. 1985 Jun;17(6):289–292. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1013521. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Feurle G. E., Müller B., Ohnheiser G., Baća I. Action of neurotensin on size, composition, and growth of pancreas and stomach in the rat. Regul Pept. 1985 Dec;13(1):53–62. doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(85)90086-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Feurle G. E., Müller B., Rix E. Neurotensin induces hyperplasia of the pancreas and growth of the gastric antrum in rats. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):19–23. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Frolik C. A., Dart L. L., Meyers C. A., Smith D. M., Sporn M. B. Purification and initial characterization of a type beta transforming growth factor from human placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jun;80(12):3676–3680. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.12.3676. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Fölsch U. R., Schafmayer A., Ebert R., Becker H. D., Creutzfeldt W. Elevated plasma cholecystokinin concentrations in exocrine pancreatic atrophy in the rat. Digestion. 1984;29(1):60–64. doi: 10.1159/000199010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Gilman A. G. G proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase. Cell. 1984 Mar;36(3):577–579. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90336-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Githens S., 3rd, Holmquist D. R., Whelan J. F., Ruby J. R. Characterization of ducts isolated from the pancreas of the rat. J Cell Biol. 1980 Apr;85(1):122–135. doi: 10.1083/jcb.85.1.122. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Githens S., Finley J. J., Patke C. L., Schexnayder J. A., Fallon K. B., Ruby J. R. Biochemical and histochemical characterization of cultured rat and hamster pancreatic ducts. Pancreas. 1987;2(4):427–438. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198707000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Goldfine I. D., Williams J. A. Receptors for insulin and CCK in the acinar pancreas: relationship to hormone action. Int Rev Cytol. 1983;85:1–38. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62368-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Gonzalez-Barcena D., Rangel-Garcia N. E., Perez-Sanchez P. L., Gutierrez-Damperio C., Garcia-Carrasco F., Comaru-Schally A. M., Schally A. V. Response to D-Trp-6-LH-RH in advanced adenocarcinoma of pancreas. Lancet. 1986 Jul 19;2(8499):154–154. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91961-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. González-Barcena D., Ibarra-Olmos M. A., García-Carrasco F., Gutiérrez-Samperio C., Comaru-Schally A. M., Schally A. V. Influence of D-Trp-6-LH-RH on the survival time in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 1989;43(4):313–317. doi: 10.1016/0753-3322(89)90014-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Gordis L., Gold E. B. Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. World J Surg. 1984 Dec;8(6):808–821. doi: 10.1007/BF01656020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Gorelick F. S. Second messenger systems and adaptation. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):79–84. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.79. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Goustin A. S., Leof E. B., Shipley G. D., Moses H. L. Growth factors and cancer. Cancer Res. 1986 Mar;46(3):1015–1029. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Greenway B. A. Carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas: a sex hormone responsive tumour? Br J Surg. 1987 Jun;74(6):441–442. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800740602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Greenway B., Duke D., Pym B., Iqbal M. J., Johnson P. J., Williams R. The control of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts in nude mice by hormone therapy. Br J Surg. 1982 Oct;69(10):595–597. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800691013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Greenway B., Iqbal M. J., Johnson P. J., Williams R. Low serum testosterone concentrations in patients with carcinoma of the pancreas. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983 Jan 8;286(6359):93–95. doi: 10.1136/bmj.286.6359.93. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Greenway B., Iqbal M. J., Johnson P. J., Williams R. Oestrogen receptor proteins in malignant and fetal pancreas. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981 Sep 19;283(6294):751–753. doi: 10.1136/bmj.283.6294.751. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Grossman A., Richardson S. B., Altszuler N., Lane B. Evidence that the [3H]estradiol-binding protein in pancreas is localized in exocrine cells. Endocrinology. 1985 Jun;116(6):2221–2226. doi: 10.1210/endo-116-6-2221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Gudjonsson B., Livstone E. M., Spiro H. M. Cancer of the pancreas: diagnostic accuracy and survival statistics. Cancer. 1978 Nov;42(5):2494–2506. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197811)42:5<2494::aid-cncr2820420554>3.0.co;2-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Gullo L., Priori P., Labò G. Influence of adrenal cortex on exocrine pancreatic function. Gastroenterology. 1982 Jul;83(1 Pt 1):92–96. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Göke B., Printz H., Koop I., Rausch U., Richter G., Arnold R., Adler G. Endogenous CCK release and pancreatic growth in rats after feeding a proteinase inhibitor (camostate). Pancreas. 1986;1(6):509–515. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198611000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Göke B., Siegel E. G., Stöckmann F., Lankisch P. G., Creutzfeldt W. [Effect of a specific serine protease inhibitor on the rat pancreas. II. Influence of camostate on the endocrine pancreas]. Digestion. 1985;31(2-3):128–135. doi: 10.1159/000199189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Haarstad H., Steffensrud S., Winnberg A., Petersen H. The trophic effect on the pancreas of long-term continuous intravenous infusion of secretin and a cholecystokinin-like peptide in rats. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986 Jun;21(5):589–597. doi: 10.3109/00365528609003105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Hannun Y. A., Loomis C. R., Bell R. M. Protein kinase C activation in mixed micelles. Mechanistic implications of phospholipid, diacylglycerol, and calcium interdependencies. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jun 5;261(16):7184–7190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Hayashi Y., Katayama H. Promoting effect of testosterone propionate on experimental exocrine pancreatic tumors by 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide in rats. Toxicol Lett. 1981 Dec;9(4):349–354. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(81)90009-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Hierowski M. T., Liebow C., du Sapin K., Schally A. V. Stimulation by somatostatin of dephosphorylation of membrane proteins in pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa-2 cell line. FEBS Lett. 1985 Jan 7;179(2):252–256. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80529-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Howatson A. G., Carter D. C. Pancreatic carcinogenesis-enhancement by cholecystokinin in the hamster-nitrosamine model. Br J Cancer. 1985 Jan;51(1):107–114. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1985.15. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Howatson A. G., Carter D. C. Pancreatic carcinogenesis: effect of secretin in the hamster- nitrosamine model. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987 Jan;78(1):101–105. doi: 10.1093/jnci/78.1.101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Hudd C., LaRegina M. C., Devine J. E., Johnson F. E. Response of nude mouse pancreas and gastrointestinal tract to graded doses of exogenous cholecystokinin. Curr Surg. 1986 Mar-Apr;43(2):105–109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Håkanson R., Blom H., Carlsson E., Larsson H., Ryberg B., Sundler F. Hypergastrinaemia produces trophic effects in stomach but not in pancreas and intestines. Regul Pept. 1986 Feb;13(3-4):225–233. doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(86)90041-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Iqbal M. J., Greenway B., Wilkinson M. L., Johnson P. J., Williams R. Sex-steroid enzymes, aromatase and 5 alpha-reductase in the pancreas: a comparison of normal adult, foetal and malignant tissue. Clin Sci (Lond) 1983 Jul;65(1):71–75. doi: 10.1042/cs0650071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Johnson A. C., Ishii S., Jinno Y., Pastan I., Merlino G. T. Epidermal growth factor receptor gene promoter. Deletion analysis and identification of nuclear protein binding sites. J Biol Chem. 1988 Apr 25;263(12):5693–5699. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Johnson F. E., LaRegina M. C., Martin S. A., Bashiti H. M. Cholecystokinin inhibits pancreatic and hepatic carcinogenesis. Cancer Detect Prev. 1983;6(3):389–402. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Jänne J., Pösö H., Raina A. Polyamines in rapid growth and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978 Apr 6;473(3-4):241–293. doi: 10.1016/0304-419x(78)90015-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Kageyama R., Merlino G. T., Pastan I. A transcription factor active on the epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jul;85(14):5016–5020. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.14.5016. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Kageyama R., Merlino G. T., Pastan I. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor gene transcription. Requirement for Sp1 and an EGF receptor-specific factor. J Biol Chem. 1988 May 5;263(13):6329–6336. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Kelly K., Cochran B. H., Stiles C. D., Leder P. Cell-specific regulation of the c-myc gene by lymphocyte mitogens and platelet-derived growth factor. Cell. 1983 Dec;35(3 Pt 2):603–610. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90092-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Kern H. F., Rausch U., Scheele G. A. Regulation of gene expression in pancreatic adaptation to nutritional substrates or hormones. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):89–94. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.89. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Klapdor U., Klapdor R., Bahlo M., Franke N., Hirschmann M. Effects of cytotoxic drugs on tumor marker secretion of gastrointestinal/pancreatic carcinomas--comparison of studies in nude mice and in patients. Strahlenther Onkol. 1989 Jul;165(7):550–552. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Koprowski H., Steplewski Z., Mitchell K., Herlyn M., Herlyn D., Fuhrer P. Colorectal carcinoma antigens detected by hybridoma antibodies. Somatic Cell Genet. 1979 Nov;5(6):957–971. doi: 10.1007/BF01542654. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Korc M., Magun B. E. Recycling of epidermal growth factor in a human pancreatic carcinoma cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Sep;82(18):6172–6175. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.18.6172. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Korc M., Meltzer P., Trent J. Enhanced expression of epidermal growth factor receptor correlates with alterations of chromosome 7 in human pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jul;83(14):5141–5144. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.14.5141. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Kraenzlin M. E., Ch'ng J. L., Wood S. M., Carr D. H., Bloom S. R. Long-term treatment of a VIPoma with somatostatin analogue resulting in remission of symptoms and possible shrinkage of metastases. Gastroenterology. 1985 Jan;88(1 Pt 1):185–187. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(85)80153-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Kyriazis A. A., Kyriazis A. P., Sternberg C. N., Sloane N. H., Loveless J. D. Morphological, biological, biochemical, and karyotypic characteristics of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Capan-2 in tissue culture and the nude mouse. Cancer Res. 1986 Nov;46(11):5810–5815. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Laplace J. P., Nunes C. S. Pancreatic size and enzyme contents after vagal deafferentation in jejunectomised pigs under free or restricted feeding. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):169–173. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Lee P. C., Newman B. M., Praissman M., Cooney D. R., Lebenthal E. Cholecystokinin: a factor responsible for the enteral feedback control of pancreatic hypertrophyphy. Pancreas. 1986;1(4):335–340. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Lehv M., Fitzgerald P. J. Pancreatic acinar cell regeneration. IV. Regeneration after resection. Am J Pathol. 1968 Oct;53(4):513–535. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Lehy T., Puccio F., Chariot J., Labeille D. Stimulating effect of bombesin on the growth of gastrointestinal tract and pancreas in suckling rats. Gastroenterology. 1986 Jun;90(6):1942–1949. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90265-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Leof E. B., Proper J. A., Goustin A. S., Shipley G. D., DiCorleto P. E., Moses H. L. Induction of c-sis mRNA and activity similar to platelet-derived growth factor by transforming growth factor beta: a proposed model for indirect mitogenesis involving autocrine activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Apr;83(8):2453–2457. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.8.2453. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Leof E. B., Proper J. A., Moses H. L. Modulation of transforming growth factor type beta action by activated ras and c-myc. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jul;7(7):2649–2652. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.7.2649. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Leung Y. K., Lee P. C., Lebenthal E. Maturation of cholecystokinin receptors in pancreatic acini of rats. Am J Physiol. 1986 May;250(5 Pt 1):G594–G597. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.5.G594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Levan V. H., Liddle R. A., Green G. M. Jejunal bypass stimulation of pancreatic growth and cholecystokinin secretion in rats: importance of luminal nutrients. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):25–29. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Liebow C., Hierowski M., duSapin K. Hormonal control of pancreatic cancer growth. Pancreas. 1986;1(1):44–48. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198601000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Liebow C., Reilly C., Serrano M., Schally A. V. Somatostatin analogues inhibit growth of pancreatic cancer by stimulating tyrosine phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Mar;86(6):2003–2007. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.6.2003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Lippman M. E., Dickson R. B., Bates S., Knabbe C., Huff K., Swain S., McManaway M., Bronzert D., Kasid A., Gelmann E. P. 8th San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium--Plenary lecture. Autocrine and paracrine growth regulation of human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1986;7(2):59–70. doi: 10.1007/BF01806790. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Logsdon C. D. Effects of calcium mediated secretagogues on the growth of pancreatic acinar cells in vitro. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):117–120. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Logsdon C. D., Moessner J., Williams J. A., Goldfine I. D. Glucocorticoids increase amylase mRNA levels, secretory organelles, and secretion in pancreatic acinar AR42J cells. J Cell Biol. 1985 Apr;100(4):1200–1208. doi: 10.1083/jcb.100.4.1200. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Logsdon C. D., Williams J. A. Intracellular Ca2+ and phorbol esters synergistically inhibit internalization of epidermal growth factor in pancreatic acini. Biochem J. 1984 Nov 1;223(3):893–900. doi: 10.1042/bj2230893. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Logsdon C. D., Williams J. A. Pancreatic acinar cells in monolayer culture: direct trophic effects of caerulein in vitro. Am J Physiol. 1986 Apr;250(4 Pt 1):G440–G447. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.4.G440. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Longnecker D. S., Crawford B. G. Hyperplastic nodules and adenomas of exocrine pancreas in azaserine-treated rats. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1974 Aug;53(2):573–577. doi: 10.1093/jnci/53.2.573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Longnecker D. S., French J., Hyde E., Lilja H. S., Yager J. D., Jr Effect of age on nodule induction by azaserine and DNA synthesis in rat pancreas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1977 Jun;58(6):1769–1775. doi: 10.1093/jnci/58.6.1769. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Longnecker D. S. Interface between adaptive and neoplastic growth in the pancreas. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):253–258. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.253. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Mainz D. L., Parks N. M., Webster P. D., 3rd Effect of fasting and refeeding on pancreatic DNA synthesis and content. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1977 Nov;156(2):340–344. doi: 10.3181/00379727-156-39932. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Majumdar A. P., Vesenka G. D., Dubick M. A. Acceleration of pancreatic regeneration by cholecystokinin in rats. Pancreas. 1987;2(2):199–204. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198703000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Malesci A., Tommasini M. A., Bocchia P., Zerbi A., Beretta E., Vecchi M., Di Carlo V. Differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis by a monoclonal antibody detecting a new cancer-associated antigen (CA 19-9). Ric Clin Lab. 1984 Jul-Sep;14(3):303–306. doi: 10.1007/BF02904849. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Malesci A., Tommasini M. A., Bonato C., Bocchia P., Bersani M., Zerbi A., Beretta E., Di Carlo V. Determination of CA 19-9 antigen in serum and pancreatic juice for differential diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma from chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1987 Jan;92(1):60–67. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90840-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Malt R. A., Chester J. F., Gaissert H. A., Ross J. S. Augmentation of chemically induced pancreatic and bronchial cancers by epidermal growth factor. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):249–251. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Matozaki T., Sakamoto C., Nagao M., Baba S. Phorbol ester or diacylglycerol modulates somatostatin binding to its receptors on rat pancreatic acinar cell membranes. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jan 25;261(3):1414–1420. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. May W. S., Sahyoun N., Jacobs S., Wolf M., Cuatrecasas P. Mechanism of phorbol diester-induced regulation of surface transferrin receptor involves the action of activated protein kinase C and an intact cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem. 1985 Aug 5;260(16):9419–9426. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. McArthur K. E., Wood C. L., O'Dorisio M. S., Zhou Z. C., Gardner J. D., Jensen R. T. Characterization of receptors for VIP on pancreatic acinar cell plasma membranes using covalent cross-linking. Am J Physiol. 1987 Mar;252(3 Pt 1):G404–G412. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1987.252.3.G404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. McGuinness E. E., Morgan R. G., Levison D. A., Frape D. L., Hopwood D., Wormsley K. G. The effects of long-term feeding of soya flour on the rat pancreas. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1980;15(4):497–502. doi: 10.3109/00365528009181507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. McGuinness E. E., Morgan R. G., Wormsley K. G. Fate of pancreatic nodules induced by raw soya flour in rats. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):207–212. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. McGuinness E. E., Morgan R. G., Wormsley K. G. Trophic effects on the pancreas of trypsin and bile salt deficiency in the small-intestinal lumen. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1985;112:64–67. doi: 10.3109/00365528509092214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Means A. R., Dedman J. R. Calmodulin--an intracellular calcium receptor. Nature. 1980 May 8;285(5760):73–77. doi: 10.1038/285073a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Miazza B. M., Widgren S., Chayvialle J. A., Nicolet T., Loizeau E. Exocrine pancreatic nodules after longterm pancreaticobiliary diversion in rats. An effect of raised CCK plasma concentrations. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):269–273. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Morisset J., Benrezzak O. Polyamines and pancreatic growth induced by caerulein. Life Sci. 1984 Dec 10;35(24):2471–2480. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(84)90456-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Morisset J., Benrezzak O. Reversal of alpha-difluoromethylornithine inhibition of caerulein-induced pancreatic growth by putrescine. Regul Pept. 1985 Jul;11(3):201–208. doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(85)90051-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Morisset J., Génik P., Lord A., Solomon T. E. Effects of chronic administration of somatostatin on rat exocrine pancreas. Regul Pept. 1982 Jun;4(1):49–58. doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(82)90108-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Mössner J., Logsdon C. D., Goldfine I. D., Williams J. A. Regulation of pancreatic acinar cell insulin receptors by insulin. Am J Physiol. 1984 Aug;247(2 Pt 1):G155–G160. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1984.247.2.G155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Mössner J., Logsdon C. D., Potau N., Williams J. A., Goldfine I. D. Effect of intracellular Ca2+ on insulin-like growth factor II. internalization into pancreatic acini. Roles of insulin and cholecystokinin. J Biol Chem. 1984 Oct 25;259(20):12350–12356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Newman B. M., Lee P. C., Brooks S., Cooney D. R., Lebenthal E. Enteral feedback control of pancreatic hypertrophy: the role of pancreatic biliary secretions. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1986 Feb;181(2):226–232. doi: 10.3181/00379727-181-42245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Niederau C., Liddle R. A., Williams J. A., Grendell J. H. Pancreatic growth: interaction of exogenous cholecystokinin, a protease inhibitor, and a cholecystokinin receptor antagonist in mice. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):63–69. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.63. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Nishizuka Y. Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C. Science. 1986 Jul 18;233(4761):305–312. doi: 10.1126/science.3014651. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Nishizuka Y. The role of protein kinase C in cell surface signal transduction and tumour promotion. Nature. 1984 Apr 19;308(5961):693–698. doi: 10.1038/308693a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. O'Hara B. M., Oskarsson M., Tainsky M. A., Blair D. G. Mechanism of activation of human ras genes cloned from a gastric adenocarcinoma and a pancreatic carcinoma cell line. Cancer Res. 1986 Sep;46(9):4695–4700. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Ornitz D. M., Hammer R. E., Messing A., Palmiter R. D., Brinster R. L. Pancreatic neoplasia induced by SV40 T-antigen expression in acinar cells of transgenic mice. Science. 1987 Oct 9;238(4824):188–193. doi: 10.1126/science.2821617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Osei K., O'Dorisio T. M. Malignant insulinoma: effects of a somatostatin analog (compound 201-995) on serum glucose, growth, and gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Aug;103(2):223–225. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Otsuki M., Williams J. A. Amylase secretion by isolated pancreatic acini after chronic cholecystokinin treatment in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1983 Jun;244(6):G683–G688. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1983.244.6.G683. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Paz-Bouza J. I., Redding T. W., Schally A. V. Treatment of nitrosamine-induced pancreatic tumors in hamsters with analogs of somatostatin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Feb;84(4):1112–1116. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.4.1112. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Pegg A. E., McCann P. P. Polyamine metabolism and function. Am J Physiol. 1982 Nov;243(5):C212–C221. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1982.243.5.C212. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Pegg A. E. Recent advances in the biochemistry of polyamines in eukaryotes. Biochem J. 1986 Mar 1;234(2):249–262. doi: 10.1042/bj2340249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Perroteau I., Salomon D., DeBortoli M., Kidwell W., Hazarika P., Pardue R., Dedman J., Tam J. Immunological detection and quantitation of alpha transforming growth factors in human breast carcinoma cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1986;7(3):201–210. doi: 10.1007/BF01806251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Petersen H., Solomon T., Grossman M. I. Effect of chronic pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin on pancreas of rats. Am J Physiol. 1978 Mar;234(3):E286–E293. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1978.234.3.E286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Pettersen A., Lea O., Bakkevold K., Arnesjø B. Progress in pancreatic oestrogen receptors. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1986 Dec;12(4):321–324. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Poston G. J., Singh P., Draviam E. J., Upp J. R., Jr, Thompson J. C. Development and age-related changes in pancreatic cholecystokinin receptors and duodenal cholecystokinin in guinea pigs. Mech Ageing Dev. 1988 Dec;46(1-3):59–66. doi: 10.1016/0047-6374(88)90114-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Poston G. J., Williamson R. C. Causes, diagnosis, and management of exocrine pancreatic cancer. Compr Ther. 1990 Jan;16(1):36–42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Poston G. J., Yao C. Z., Upp J. R., Jr, Alexander R. W., Townsend C. M., Jr, Thompson J. C. Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits the growth of hamster pancreatic cancer but not human pancreatic cancer in vivo. Pancreas. 1988;3(4):439–443. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198808000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Pour P. M., Bell R. H. Alteration of pancreatic endocrine cell patterns and their secretion during pancreatic carcinogenesis in the hamster model. Cancer Res. 1989 Nov 15;49(22):6396–6400. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Pour P. M., Lawson T., Helgeson S., Donnelly T., Stepan K. Effect of cholecystokinin on pancreatic carcinogenesis in the hamster model. Carcinogenesis. 1988 Apr;9(4):597–601. doi: 10.1093/carcin/9.4.597. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Pour P. Islet cells as a component of pancreatic ductal neoplasms. I. Experimental study: ductular cells, including islet cell precursors, as primary progenitor cells of tumors. Am J Pathol. 1978 Feb;90(2):295–316. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Pousette A., Carlström K., Sköldefors H., Wilking N., Theve N. O. Purification and partial characterization of a 17 beta-estradiol-binding macromolecule in the human pancreas. Cancer Res. 1982 Feb;42(2):633–637. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Pousette A. Demonstration of an androgen receptor in rat pancreas. Biochem J. 1976 Jul 1;157(1):229–232. doi: 10.1042/bj1570229. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Pousette A., Fernstad R., Theve N. O., Sköldefors H., Carlström K. Further characterization of the estrogen binding macromolecule in human pancreas. J Steroid Biochem. 1985 Jul;23(1):115–119. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(85)90269-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Rall L. B., Scott J., Bell G. I., Crawford R. J., Penschow J. D., Niall H. D., Coghlan J. P. Mouse prepro-epidermal growth factor synthesis by the kidney and other tissues. Nature. 1985 Jan 17;313(5999):228–231. doi: 10.1038/313228a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Rao M. S., Subbarao V., Luetteke N., Scarpelli D. G. Further characterization of carcinogen-induced hepatocytelike cells in hamster pancreas. Am J Pathol. 1983 Jan;110(1):89–94. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Rasmussen H. The calcium messenger system (2). N Engl J Med. 1986 May 1;314(18):1164–1170. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198605013141807. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Redding T. W., Schally A. V. Inhibition of growth of pancreatic carcinomas in animal models by analogs of hypothalamic hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jan;81(1):248–252. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.1.248. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Reubi J. C. A somatostatin analogue inhibits chondrosarcoma and insulinoma tumour growth. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1985 May;109(1):108–114. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.1090108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Roberts A. B., Anzano M. A., Meyers C. A., Wideman J., Blacher R., Pan Y. C., Stein S., Lehrman S. R., Smith J. M., Lamb L. C. Purification and properties of a type beta transforming growth factor from bovine kidney. Biochemistry. 1983 Dec 6;22(25):5692–5698. doi: 10.1021/bi00294a002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Roberts A. B., Frolik C. A., Anzano M. A., Sporn M. B. Transforming growth factors from neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues. Fed Proc. 1983 Jun;42(9):2621–2626. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Roebuck B. D., Longnecker D. S., Baumgartner K. J., Thron C. D. Carcinogen-induced lesions in the rat pancreas: effects of varying levels of essential fatty acid. Cancer Res. 1985 Nov;45(11 Pt 1):5252–5256. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Roos W., Fabbro D., Küng W., Costa S. D., Eppenberger U. Correlation between hormone dependency and the regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor by tumor promoters in human mammary carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Feb;83(4):991–995. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.4.991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Sandberg A. A., Rosenthal H. E. Steroid receptors in exocrine glands: the pancreas and prostate. J Steroid Biochem. 1979 Jul;11(1A):293–299. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(79)90311-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Satake K., Mukai R., Kato Y., Umeyama K. Effects of cerulein on the normal pancreas and on experimental pancreatic carcinoma in the Syrian golden hamster. Pancreas. 1986;1(3):246–253. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198605000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Satake K., Yoshimoto T., Mukai R., Umeyama K. Estrogen receptors in 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) induced pancreatic carcinoma in rats and in human pancreatic carcinoma. Clin Oncol. 1982 Mar;8(1):49–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Saydjari R., Townsend C. M., Jr, Barranco S. C., James E., Thompson J. C. Effects of cyclosporin A and alpha-difluoromethylornithine on the growth of hamster pancreatic cancer in vitro. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986 Nov;77(5):1087–1092. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Saydjari R., Townsend C. M., Jr, Barranco S. C., Thompson J. C. Cyclosporine and alpha-difluoromethylornithine exhibit differential effects on colon and pancreatic cancer in vitro. Invest New Drugs. 1987;5(3):251–258. doi: 10.1007/BF00175295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Scalabrino G., Ferioli M. E. Polyamines in mammalian tumors. Part I. Adv Cancer Res. 1981;35:151–268. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60911-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Scalabrino G., Ferioli M. E. Polyamines in mammalian tumors. Part II. Adv Cancer Res. 1982;36:1–102. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60422-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Schally A. V., Comaru-Schally A. M., Redding T. W. Antitumor effects of analogs of hypothalamic hormones in endocrine-dependent cancers. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1984 Mar;175(3):259–281. doi: 10.3181/00379727-175-41797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Schally A. V. Oncological applications of somatostatin analogues. Cancer Res. 1988 Dec 15;48(24 Pt 1):6977–6985. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Scheidereit C., Geisse S., Westphal H. M., Beato M. The glucocorticoid receptor binds to defined nucleotide sequences near the promoter of mouse mammary tumour virus. Nature. 1983 Aug 25;304(5928):749–752. doi: 10.1038/304749a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Schek N., Hall B. L., Finn O. J. Increased glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 1988 Nov 15;48(22):6354–6359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Schick J., Verspohl R., Kern H., Scheele G. Two distinct adaptive responses in the synthesis of exocrine pancreatic enzymes to inverse changes in protein and carbohydrate in the diet. Am J Physiol. 1984 Dec;247(6 Pt 1):G611–G616. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1984.247.6.G611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Schlegel W., Raptis S., Harvey R. F., Oliver J. M., Pfeiffer E. F. Inhibition of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin release by somatostatin. Lancet. 1977 Jul 23;2(8030):166–168. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90182-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Sibley D. R., Lefkowitz R. J. Molecular mechanisms of receptor desensitization using the beta-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system as a model. Nature. 1985 Sep 12;317(6033):124–129. doi: 10.1038/317124a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Smith J. J., Derynck R., Korc M. Production of transforming growth factor alpha in human pancreatic cancer cells: evidence for a superagonist autocrine cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(21):7567–7570. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.21.7567. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Smith J. P., Solomon T. E. Effects of gastrin, proglumide, and somatostatin on growth of human colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 1988 Dec;95(6):1541–1548. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(88)80075-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Solomon T. E. Trophic effects of pentagastrin on gastrointestinal tract in fed and fasted rats. Gastroenterology. 1986 Jul;91(1):108–116. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90446-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Solomon T. E., Vanier M., Morisset J. Cell site and time course of DNA synthesis in pancreas after caerulein and secretin. Am J Physiol. 1983 Jul;245(1):G99–105. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1983.245.1.G99. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Sporn M. B., Roberts A. B. Autocrine growth factors and cancer. 1985 Feb 28-Mar 6Nature. 313(6005):745–747. doi: 10.1038/313745a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Stace N. H., Palmer T. J., Vaja S., Dowling R. H. Longterm pancreaticobiliary diversion stimulates hyperplastic and adenomatous nodules in the rat pancreas: a new model for spontaneous tumour formation. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):265–268. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.265. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Stedman K. E., Moore G. E., Morgan R. T. Estrogen receptor proteins in diverse human tumors. Arch Surg. 1980 Mar;115(3):244–248. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1980.01380030004002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Steinberg W. M., Burns M. K., Henry J. P., Nochomovitz L. E., Anderson K. K. Cerulein induces hyperplasia of the pancreas in a rat model of chronic pancreatic insufficiency. Pancreas. 1987;2(2):176–180. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198703000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Stock-Damge C., Lhoste E., Aprahamian M., Pousse A. Effect of chronic bombesin on pancreatic size, composition and secretory function in the rat. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):1–7. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Stock-Damgé C., Aprahamian M., Lhoste E., Pousse A., Humbert W., Noriega R., Grenier J. F. Pancreatic hyperplasia after small bowel resection in the rat: dissociation from endogenous gastrin levels. Digestion. 1984;29(4):223–230. doi: 10.1159/000199037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Sumi C., Longnecker D. S., Roebuck B. D., Brinck-Johnsen T. Inhibitory effects of estrogen and castration on the early stage of pancreatic carcinogenesis in Fischer rats treated with azaserine. Cancer Res. 1989 May 1;49(9):2332–2336. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Szende B., Zalatnai A., Schally A. V. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) in pancreatic cancers of hamsters after treatment with analogs of both luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Mar;86(5):1643–1647. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.5.1643. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Tabor C. W., Tabor H. Polyamines. Annu Rev Biochem. 1984;53:749–790. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.003533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Takasaki H., Tempero M. A., Uchida E., Büchler M., Ness M. J., Burnett D. A., Metzgar R. S., Colcher D., Schlom J., Pour P. M. Comparative studies on the expression of tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72), CA 19-9 and DU-PAN-2 in normal, benign and malignant pancreatic tissue. Int J Cancer. 1988 Nov 15;42(5):681–686. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910420508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Takeuchi T., Gumucio D. L., Yamada T., Meisler M. H., Minth C. D., Dixon J. E., Eddy R. E., Shows T. B. Genes encoding pancreatic polypeptide and neuropeptide Y are on human chromosomes 17 and 7. J Clin Invest. 1986 Mar;77(3):1038–1041. doi: 10.1172/JCI112357. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Tesone M., Chazenbalk G. D., Ballejos G., Charreau E. H. Estrogen receptor in rat pancreatic islets. J Steroid Biochem. 1979 Sep;11(3):1309–1314. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(79)90201-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Theve N. O., Pousette A., Carlström K. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas--a hormone sensitive tumor? A preliminary report on Nolvadex treatment. Clin Oncol. 1983 Sep;9(3):193–197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Townsend C. M., Jr, Beauchamp R. D., Singh P., Thompson J. C. Growth factors and intestinal neoplasms. Am J Surg. 1988 Mar;155(3):526–536. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9610(88)80128-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Trede M., Schwall G. The complications of pancreatectomy. Ann Surg. 1988 Jan;207(1):39–47. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198801000-00009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Tsuchiya R., Noda T., Harada N., Miyamoto T., Tomioka T., Yamamoto K., Yamaguchi T., Izawa K., Tsunoda T., Yoshino R. Collective review of small carcinomas of the pancreas. Ann Surg. 1986 Jan;203(1):77–81. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198601000-00013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Tulassay Z., Sándor Z., Bodrogi L., Papp J., Fehér T. An endocrine marker for pancreatic cancer. BMJ. 1988 Dec 3;297(6661):1447–1448. doi: 10.1136/bmj.297.6661.1447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Upp J. R., Jr, Olson D., Poston G. J., Alexander R. W., Townsend C. M., Jr, Thompson J. C. Inhibition of growth of two human pancreatic adenocarcinomas in vivo by somatostatin analog SMS 201-995. Am J Surg. 1988 Jan;155(1):29–35. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9610(88)80254-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Upp J. R., Jr, Poston G. J., MacLellan D. G., Townsend C. M., Jr, Barranco S. C., Thompson J. C. Mechanisms of the trophic actions of bombesin on the pancreas. Pancreas. 1988;3(2):193–198. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198804000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Ura H., Makino T., Ito S., Tsutsumi M., Kinugasa T., Kamano T., Ichimiya H., Konishi Y. Combined effects of cholecystectomy and lithocholic acid on pancreatic carcinogenesis of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine in Syrian golden hamsters. Cancer Res. 1986 Sep;46(9):4782–4786. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Velu T. J., Beguinot L., Vass W. C., Willingham M. C., Merlino G. T., Pastan I., Lowy D. R. Epidermal-growth-factor-dependent transformation by a human EGF receptor proto-oncogene. Science. 1987 Dec 4;238(4832):1408–1410. doi: 10.1126/science.3500513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. WARBURG O. On the origin of cancer cells. Science. 1956 Feb 24;123(3191):309–314. doi: 10.1126/science.123.3191.309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. WESSELLS N. K. DNA SYNTHESIS, MITOSIS, AND DIFFERENTIATION IN PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS IN VITRO. J Cell Biol. 1964 Mar;20:415–433. doi: 10.1083/jcb.20.3.415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Weinberg R. A. The action of oncogenes in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Science. 1985 Nov 15;230(4727):770–776. doi: 10.1126/science.2997917. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Wenzel G., Stöcker E., Heine W. D. Zur Zellproliferation im exokrinen Pankreas der Ratte. Autoradiographische Untersuchungen mit 3 H-thymidin. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol. 1972;10(2):118–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Wicker C., Puigserver A., Rausch U., Scheele G., Kern H. Multiple-level caerulein control of the gene expression of secretory proteins in the rat pancreas. Eur J Biochem. 1985 Sep 16;151(3):461–466. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09124.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Wilking N., Appelgren L. E., Carlström K., Pousette A., Theve N. O. The distribution and metabolism of 14C-labelled tamoxifen in spayed female mice. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1982 Mar;50(3):161–168. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1982.tb00958.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Williams J. A., Goldfine I. D. The insulin-pancreatic acinar axis. Diabetes. 1985 Oct;34(10):980–986. doi: 10.2337/diab.34.10.980. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Williams J. A. Role of receptors in mediating trophic stimuli in the pancreas. Gut. 1987;28 (Suppl):45–49. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.suppl.45. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Williamson R. C. Pancreatic cancer: the greatest oncological challenge. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988 Feb 13;296(6620):445–446. doi: 10.1136/bmj.296.6620.445. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Wisner J. R., Jr, McLaughlin R. E., Rich K. A., Ozawa S., Renner I. G. Effects of L-364,718, a new cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, on camostate-induced growth of the rat pancreas. Gastroenterology. 1988 Jan;94(1):109–113. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90617-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Yamaguchi N., Kawai K. Acid protease secreted from human pancreatic carcinoma cell line HPC-YT into serum-free, chemically defined medium. Cancer Res. 1986 Oct;46(10):5353–5359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Zalatnai A., Schally A. V. Responsiveness of the hamster pancreatic cancer to treatment with microcapsules of D-Trp-6-LH-RH and somatostatin analog RC-160. Histological evidence of improvement. Int J Pancreatol. 1989 Mar;4(2):149–160. doi: 10.1007/BF02931317. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Zalatnai A., Schally A. V. Treatment of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine-induced pancreatic cancer in Syrian golden hamsters with D-Trp-6-LH-RH and somatostatin analogue RC-160 microcapsules. Cancer Res. 1989 Apr 1;49(7):1810–1815. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. de Larco J. E., Todaro G. J. Growth factors from murine sarcoma virus-transformed cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Aug;75(8):4001–4005. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.8.4001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES