Abstract
Permeabilized cells of toluene-mineralizing, sulfate-reducing strain PRTOL1 catalyzed the addition of toluene to fumarate to form benzylsuccinate under anaerobic conditions. Recent in vitro studies with two toluene-mineralizing, denitrifying bacteria demonstrated the same fumarate addition reaction and indicated that it may be the first step of anaerobic toluene degradation. This study with strain PRTOL1 shows that anaerobic toluene activation by fumarate addition occurs in bacteria as disparate as sulfate-reducing and denitrifying species (members of the delta and beta subclasses of the Proteobacteria, respectively).
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (164.2 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Anders H. J., Kaetzke A., Kämpfer P., Ludwig W., Fuchs G. Taxonomic position of aromatic-degrading denitrifying pseudomonad strains K 172 and KB 740 and their description as new members of the genera Thauera, as Thauera aromatica sp. nov., and Azoarcus, as Azoarcus evansii sp. nov., respectively, members of the beta subclass of the Proteobacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1995 Apr;45(2):327–333. doi: 10.1099/00207713-45-2-327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beller H. R., Reinhard M., Grbić-Galić D. Metabolic by-products of anaerobic toluene degradation by sulfate-reducing enrichment cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Sep;58(9):3192–3195. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.9.3192-3195.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beller H. R., Spormann A. M. Anaerobic activation of toluene and o-xylene by addition to fumarate in denitrifying strain T. J Bacteriol. 1997 Feb;179(3):670–676. doi: 10.1128/jb.179.3.670-676.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beller H. R., Spormann A. M., Sharma P. K., Cole J. R., Reinhard M. Isolation and characterization of a novel toluene-degrading, sulfate-reducing bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Apr;62(4):1188–1196. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.4.1188-1196.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Biegert T., Fuchs G., Heider J. Evidence that anaerobic oxidation of toluene in the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica is initiated by formation of benzylsuccinate from toluene and fumarate. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Jun 15;238(3):661–668. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0661w.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coschigano P. W., Young L. Y. Identification and sequence analysis of two regulatory genes involved in anaerobic toluene metabolism by strain T1. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997 Feb;63(2):652–660. doi: 10.1128/aem.63.2.652-660.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lovley D. R., Giovannoni S. J., White D. C., Champine J. E., Phillips E. J., Gorby Y. A., Goodwin S. Geobacter metallireducens gen. nov. sp. nov., a microorganism capable of coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of iron and other metals. Arch Microbiol. 1993;159(4):336–344. doi: 10.1007/BF00290916. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rabus R., Nordhaus R., Ludwig W., Widdel F. Complete oxidation of toluene under strictly anoxic conditions by a new sulfate-reducing bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 May;59(5):1444–1451. doi: 10.1128/aem.59.5.1444-1451.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rabus R., Widdel F. Anaerobic degradation of ethylbenzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons by new denitrifying bacteria. Arch Microbiol. 1995 Feb;163(2):96–103. doi: 10.1007/BF00381782. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhou J., Fries M. R., Chee-Sanford J. C., Tiedje J. M. Phylogenetic analyses of a new group of denitrifiers capable of anaerobic growth of toluene and description of Azoarcus tolulyticus sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1995 Jul;45(3):500–506. doi: 10.1099/00207713-45-3-500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]