Abstract
BACKGROUND. Despite theoretically higher requirements for water due to physiologic demands of pregnancy and lactation, little is known of actual ranges of intake in pregnant and lactating women. METHODS. Population-based estimates of total water and tapwater intake in women of reproductive age were derived using data from the 1977-78 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Three-day average intakes were calculated for 188 pregnant women, 77 lactating women, and 6,201 non-pregnant, non-lactating control women. RESULTS. Total water intake (mean +/- SD) was 1,940 +/- 686 g/day (median 1,835) for control women, 2,076 +/- 743 g/day (median 1,928) for pregnant women and 2,242 +/- 658 g/day (median 2,164) for lactating women. Tapwater intake was 1,157 +/- 635 g/day (median 1,065) for control women, 1,189 +/- 699 g/day (median 1,063) for pregnant women, and 1,310 +/- 591 g/day (median 1,330) for lactating women. Total water intake was equal to or greater than 3,000 g/day among 7 percent of control women, 11 percent of pregnant women, and 13 percent of lactating women. Tapwater intake was equal to or greater than 2,000 g/day among 10 percent of control women, 15 percent of pregnant women, and 8 percent of lactating women. CONCLUSIONS. These results should be useful in estimating amounts of nutrients and toxic substances that women of reproductive age obtain through the water supply.
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Dusdieker L. B., Booth B. M., Stumbo P. J., Eichenberger J. M. Effect of supplemental fluids on human milk production. J Pediatr. 1985 Feb;106(2):207–211. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(85)80288-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Krebs-Smith S. M., Kott P. S., Guenther P. M. Mean proportion and population proportion: two answers to the same question? J Am Diet Assoc. 1989 May;89(5):671–676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stumbo P. J., Booth B. M., Eichenberger J. M., Dusdieker L. B. Water intakes of lactating women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Nov;42(5):870–876. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/42.5.870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swan P. B. Food consumption by individuals in the United States: two major surveys. Annu Rev Nutr. 1983;3:413–432. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nu.03.070183.002213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]