Skip to main content
PMC home page
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 1978 Jun;19(6):572–577. doi: 10.1136/gut.19.6.572

Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: a great neglected disease of the liver.

K S Warren
PMCID: PMC1412035  PMID: 355069

Abstract

Schistosomiasis mansoni and japonica, helminth infections involving the livers of 100 million people, are among the 'great neglected diseases of mankind' on the basis both of their prevalence and the relative lack of interest shown in them by clinicians and biomedical investigators. Schistosomiasis is not only an interesting disease in itself but has the added advantage of providing unique human and animal models of hepatic pathophysiology, immunopathogenesis, and collagen metabolism.

Full text

PDF
572

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ANDRADE Z. A. WARREN KS: MILD PROLONGED SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN MICE: ALTERATIONS IN HOST RESPONSE WITH TIME AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PORTAL FIBROSIS. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1964 Jan;58:53–57. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(64)90068-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Akpom C. A., Warren K. S. Calorie and protein malnutrition in chronic murine schistosomiasis mansoni: effect on the parasite and the host. J Infect Dis. 1975 Jul;132(1):6–14. doi: 10.1093/infdis/132.1.6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Andrade Z. A., Cheever A. W. Alterations of the intrahepatic vasculature in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1971 May;20(3):425–432. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1971.20.425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Arap Siongok T. K., Mahmoud A. A., Ouma J. H., Warren K. S., Muller A. S., Handa A. K., Houser H. B. Morbidity in Schistosomiasis mansoni in relation to intensity of infection: study of a community in Machakos, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1976 Mar;25(2):273–284. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1976.25.273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bloch E. H., Wahab M. F., Warren K. S. In vivo microscopic observations of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in the mouse liver. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1972 Sep;21(5):546–557. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Boros D. L., Warren K. S. Delayed hypersensitivity-type granuloma formation and dermal reaction induced and elicited by a soluble factor isolated from Schistosoma mansoni eggs. J Exp Med. 1970 Sep 1;132(3):488–507. doi: 10.1084/jem.132.3.488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Boros D. L., Warren K. S., Pelley R. P. The secretion of migration inhibitory factor by intact schistosome egg granulomas maintained in vitro. Nature. 1973 Nov 23;246(5430):224–226. doi: 10.1038/246224a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. CAMERON G. R., GANGULY N. C. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE PATHOGENESIS AND REVERSIBILITY OF SCHISTOSOMAL HEPATIC FIBROSIS. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1964 Apr;87:217–237. doi: 10.1002/path.1700870202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cheever A. W. A quantitative post-mortem study of Schistosomiasis mansoni in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1968 Jan;17(1):38–64. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1968.17.38. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cheever A. W., Kamel I. A., Elwi A. M., Mosimann J. E., Danner R. Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections in Egypt. II. Quantitative parasitological findings at necropsy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1977 Jul;26(4):702–716. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.702. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Coutinho A. Hemodynamic studies of portal hypertension in schistosomiasis. Am J Med. 1968 Apr;44(4):547–556. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(68)90055-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Domingo E. O., Warren K. S. Endogenous desensitization: changing host granulomatou response to schistosome eggs at different stages of infection with schistosoma mansoni. Am J Pathol. 1968 Feb;52(2):369–379. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Domingo E. O., Warren K. S., Stenger R. J. Increased incidence of hepatoma in mice with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni treated with a carcinogen. Am J Pathol. 1967 Sep;51(3):307–321. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Dunn M. A., Rojkind M., Warren K. S., Hait P. K., Rifas L., Seifter S. Liver collagen synthesis in murine schistosomiasis. J Clin Invest. 1977 Apr;59(4):666–674. doi: 10.1172/JCI108685. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hamburger J., Pelley R. P., Warren K. S. Schistoma mansoni soluble egg antigens: determination of the stage and species specificity of their serologic reactivity by radioimmunoassay. J Immunol. 1976 Nov;117(5 Pt 1):1561–1566. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. James S. L., Colley D. G. Eosinophils and immune mechanisms: production of the lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter (ESP) in vitro by isolated intact granulomas. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1975 Nov;18(5):283–293. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. KLOETZEL K. SOME QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF DIAGNOSIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY IN SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1963 May;12:334–337. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1963.12.334. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kanuft R. F., Warren K. S. The effect of calorie and protein malnutrition on both the parasite and the host in acute murine schistosomiasis mansoni. J Infect Dis. 1969 Nov;120(5):560–575. doi: 10.1093/infdis/120.5.560. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Lehman J. S., Jr, Mott K. E., Morrow R. H., Jr, Muniz T. M., Boyer M. H. The intensity and effects of infection with Schistosoma mansoni in a rural community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1976 Mar;25(2):285–294. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1976.25.285. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lyra L. G., Rebouças G., Andrade Z. A. Hepatitis B surface antigen carrier state in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Gastroenterology. 1976 Oct;71(4):641–645. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ongom V. L., Bradley D. J. The epidemiology and consequences of Schistosoma mansoni infection in West Nile, Uganda. I. Field studies of a community at Panyagoro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1972;66(6):835–851. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(72)90118-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Pelley R. P., Pelley R. J., Hamburger J., Peters P. A., Warren K. S. Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens. I. Identification and purification of three major antigens, and the employment of radioimmunoassay for their further characterization. J Immunol. 1976 Nov;117(5 Pt 1):1553–1560. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. SULIT Y. S., DOMINGO E. O., DALMACIO-CRUZ A. E., DEPERALTA D. S., IMPERIAL E. S. PARASITIC CIRRHOSIS AMONG FILIPINOS. J Philipp Med Assoc. 1964 Dec;40:SUPPL–SUPPL:1038. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Sadun E. H., von Lichtenberg F., Cheever A. W., Erickson D. G. Schistosomiasis mansoni in the chimpanzee. The natural history of chronic infections after single and multiple exposures. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970 Mar;19(2):258–277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Von Lichtenberg F., Sadun E. H., Cheever A. W., Erickson D. G., Johnson A. J., Boyce H. W. Experimental infection with Schistosoma japonicum in chimpanzees. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1971 Nov;20(6):850–893. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1971.20.850. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. WARREN K. S., DEWITT W. B. Production of portal hypertension and esophageal varices in the mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1958 May;98(1):99–101. doi: 10.3181/00379727-98-23952. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. WARREN K. S., REBOUCAS G., BAPTISTA A. G. AMMONIA METABOLISM AND HEPATIC COMA IN HEPATOSPLENIC SCHISTOSOMIASIS: PATIENTS STUDIED BEFORE AND AFTER PORTACAVAL SHUNT. Ann Intern Med. 1965 Jun;62:1113–1133. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-62-6-1113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. WARREN K. S., REBOUCAS G. BLOOD AMMONIA DURING BLEEDING FROM ESOPHAGEAL VARICES IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOSPLENIC SCHISTOSOMIASIS. N Engl J Med. 1964 Oct 29;271:921–926. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196410292711802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. WARREN K. S. The influence of treatment on the development and course of murine hepato-splenic schistosomiasis mansoni. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1962 Nov;56:510–519. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(62)90075-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Warren K. S., Domingo E. O., Cowan R. B. Granuloma formation around schistosome eggs as a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity. Am J Pathol. 1967 Nov;51(5):735–756. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Warren K. S. Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni: an immunologic disease. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1975 Apr;51(4):545–550. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Warren K. S., Klein L. Chronic murine hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni: relative irreversibility after treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1969;63(3):333–337. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(69)90006-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Warren K. S., Moore D. E. Murine hepatosplenic schistosomiasis japonica. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1966 Jan;15(1):22–27. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1966.15.22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Warren K. S. Regulation of the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in man: immunology or ecology? J Infect Dis. 1973 May;127(5):595–609. doi: 10.1093/infdis/127.5.595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Warren K. S., Rosenthal M. S., Domingo E. O. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV3) infection in chronic murine schistosomiasis mansoni. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1969 Feb;45(2):211–224. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Warren K. S. The immunopathogenesis of schistosomiasis: a multidisciplinary approach. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1972;66(3):417–434. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(72)90273-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Warren K. S. The pathogenesis of "clay-pipe stem cirrhosis" in mice with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni, with a note on the longevity of the schistosomes. Am J Pathol. 1966 Sep;49(3):477–489. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES