Skip to main content
PMC home page
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 1962 Mar;3(1):1–15. doi: 10.1136/gut.3.1.1

Mechanisms protecting against gastro-oesophageal reflux: a review

Michael Atkinson
PMCID: PMC1413309  PMID: 13863110

Full text

PDF
1

Images in this article

7FIG. 6
on p.7
10FIG. 7
on p.10

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ADLER R. H., FIRME C. N., LANIGAN J. M. A valve mechanism to prevent gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis. Surgery. 1958 Jul;44(1):63–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. ALLISON P. R., JOHNSTONE A. S. The oesophagus lined with gastric mucous membrane. Thorax. 1953 Jun;8(2):87–101. doi: 10.1136/thx.8.2.87. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. ARROYAVE R., CLATWORTHY H. W., WANGENSTEEN O. H. Experimental production of esophagitis and esophageal ulcers in dogs. Surg Forum. 1950:57–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. ATKINSON M., BOTTRILL M. B., EDWARDS A. T., MITCHELL W. M., PEET B. G., WILLIAMS R. E. Mucosal tears at the oesophagogastric junction (the Mallory-Weiss syndrome). Gut. 1961 Mar;2:1–11. doi: 10.1136/gut.2.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. ATKINSON M., EDWARDS D. A., HONOUR A. J., ROWLANDS E. N. Comparison of cardiac and pyloric sphincters; a manometric study. Lancet. 1957 Nov 9;273(7002):918–922. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)92381-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. ATKINSON M., KRAMER P., WYMAN S. M., INGELFINGER F. J. The dynamics of swallowing. I. Normal pharyngeal mechanisms. J Clin Invest. 1957 Apr;36(4):581–588. doi: 10.1172/JCI103457. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. ATKINSON M., SUMERLING M. D. The competence of the cardia after cardiomyotomy. Gastroenterologia. 1959;92:123–134. doi: 10.1159/000202882. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. ATKINSON M. The oesophago-gastric sphincter after cardiomyotomy. Thorax. 1959 Jun;14:125–131. doi: 10.1136/thx.14.2.125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. AYLWIN J. A. The physiological basis of reflux oesophagitis in sliding hiatal diaphragmatic hernia. Thorax. 1953 Mar;8(1):38–45. doi: 10.1136/thx.8.1.38. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. BARNES W. A., BREWER M. S., REDO S. F. Evaluation of operative procedures for achalasia. Ann Surg. 1956 Nov;144(5):823–828. doi: 10.1097/00000658-195611000-00004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. BARRETT N. R. Chronic peptic ulcer of the oesophagus and 'oesophagitis'. Br J Surg. 1950 Oct;38(150):175–182. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18003815005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. BARRETT N. R., FRANKLIN R. H. Concerning the unfavourable late results of certain operations performed in the treatment of cardiospasm. Br J Surg. 1949 Oct;37(146):194-202, illust. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18003714608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. BLANK L., PEW W. L. Cardio-esophageal relaxation (chalasia) studies on the normal infant. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1956 Sep;76(3):540–550. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. BOTHA G. S. M., ASTLEY R., CARRE I. J. A combined cineradiographic and manometric study of the gastro-oesophageal junction. Lancet. 1957 Mar 30;272(6970):659–662. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)91120-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. BRAASCH J. W., ELLIS F. H., Jr The gastroesophageal sphincter mechanism: an experimental study. Surgery. 1956 Jun;39(6):901–905. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. BRUCE J., SMALL W. P. Dysphagia following vagotomy. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1959 Jan;4(2):170–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. BUTIN J. W., OLSEN A. M., MOERSCH H. J., CODE C. F. A study of esophageal pressures in normal persons and patients with cardiospasm. Gastroenterology. 1953 Feb;23(2):278–293. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. CARRE I. J., ASTLEY R. The gastro-oesophageal junction in infancy; a combined cineradiographic and manometric study. Thorax. 1958 Jun;13(2):159–164. doi: 10.1136/thx.13.2.159. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. CATEL W., GARSCHE R. Studien bei Kindern mit dem Bildwandler. I. Anatomie und Motilität des distalen Osophagus-Abschnittes. Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed. 1956 Jul;85(1):1–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. CODE C. F., FYKE F. E., Jr, SCHLEGEL J. F. The gastroesophageal sphincter in healthy human beings. Gastroenterologia. 1956;86(3):135–150. doi: 10.1159/000200544. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. CODE C. F., SCHLEGEL J. F. The pressure profile of the gastroesophageal sphincter in man: an improved method of detection. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1958 Aug 6;33(16):406–414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. COLLIS J. L., KELLY T. D., WILEY A. M. Anatomy of the crura of the diaphragm and the surgery of hiatus hernia. Thorax. 1954 Sep;9(3):175–189. doi: 10.1136/thx.9.3.175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. COLLIS J. L., SATCHWELL L. M., ABRAMS L. D. Nerve supply to the crura of the diaphragm. Thorax. 1954 Mar;9(1):22–25. doi: 10.1136/thx.9.1.22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. CONNELL A. M., ROWLANDS E. N. Wireless telemetering from the digestive tract. Gut. 1960 Sep;1:266–272. doi: 10.1136/gut.1.3.266. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. CONWAY-HUGHES J. H. Oesophageal reflux; an analysis of 453 consecutive barium meal examinations. Br J Radiol. 1956 Jun;29(342):331–334. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-29-342-331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. CREAMER B., ANDERSEN H. A., CODE C. F. Esophageal motility in patients with scleroderma and related diseases. Gastroenterologia. 1956;86(6):763–775. doi: 10.1159/000200667. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. CREAMER B., HARRISON G. K., PIERCE J. W. Further observations on the gastro-oesophageal junction. Thorax. 1959 Jun;14:132–137. doi: 10.1136/thx.14.2.132. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. CREAMER B. Oesophageal reflux and the action of carminatives. Lancet. 1955 Mar 19;268(6864):590–592. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)91637-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. CREAMER B., PIERCE J. W. Observations on the gastrooesophageal junction during swallowing and drinking. Lancet. 1957 Dec 28;273(7009):1309–1312. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)91638-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. CROSS F. S., SMITH G. V., Jr, KAY E. B. The surgical treatment of peptic esophagitis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1959 Dec;38:798–813. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. DORNHORST A. C., HARRISON K., PIERCE J. W. Observations on the normal oesophagus and cardia. Lancet. 1954 Apr 3;266(6814):695–698. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(54)92106-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. DRAKE E. H. Phrenicotomy for esophageal hiatus hernia. N Engl J Med. 1957 Mar 14;256(11):487–490. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195703142561102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. DUTTON W. A., BLAND H. J. Hiatus hernia and pregnancy; a review of nine cases and the literature. Br Med J. 1953 Oct 17;2(4841):864–866. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4841.864. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. EDMUNDS V. Hiatus hernia; a clinical study of 200 cases. Q J Med. 1957 Oct;26(104):445–465. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. EDWARDS D. A. The mechanism at the cardia. II. The anri-reflux mechanism. Br J Radiol. 1961 Aug;34:474–487. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-34-404-474. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. ELLIS F. G., KAUNTZE R., TROUNCE J. R. The innervation of the cardia and lower oesophagus in man. Br J Surg. 1960 Mar;47:466–472. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18004720503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. FLEISCHNER F. G. Hiatal hernia complex; hiatal hernia, peptic esophagitis, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, hemorrhage and anemia, and marginal esophagogastric ulcer. J Am Med Assoc. 1956 Sep 15;162(3):183–191. doi: 10.1001/jama.1956.02970200031007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. FLESHLER B., HENDRIX T. R., KRAMER P., INGELFINGER F. J. Resistance and reflex function of the lower esophageal sphincter. J Appl Physiol. 1958 Mar;12(2):339–342. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1958.12.2.339. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. FORSHALL I. The cardio-oesophageal syndrome in childhood. Arch Dis Child. 1955 Feb;30(149):46–54. doi: 10.1136/adc.30.149.46. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. FROBESE A. S., HAWTHORNE H. R., NEMIR P., Jr The surgical management of achalasia of the esophagus. Ann Surg. 1956 Oct;144(4):653–669. doi: 10.1097/00000658-195610000-00009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. FYKE F. E., Jr, CODE C. F. Resting and deglutition pressures in the pharyngoesophageal region. Gastroenterology. 1955 Jul;29(1):24–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. GAMMIE W. F., JENNINGS D., RICHARDSON J. E. Cardiomyotomy (Heller's operation) for oesophageal achalasia. Lancet. 1958 Nov 1;2(7053):917–920. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(58)90422-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. GIUSEFFI V. J., Jr, GRINDLAY J. H., SCHMIDT H. W. Canine esophagitis following experimentally produced esophageal hiatal hernia. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1954 Jul 14;29(14):399–403. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. GOLDBERG H. M. Role of fundus in prevention of gastrooesophageal regurgitation. Lancet. 1960 Mar 19;1(7125):613–615. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(60)90501-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. HARPER R. A. K. The radiological manifestations of diffuse systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Proc R Soc Med. 1953 Jul;46(7):512–522. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. HARRINGTON S. W. Esophageal hiatal diaphragmatic hernia. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1955 Mar;100(3):277–292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. HIEBERT C. A., BELSEY R. Incompetency of the gastric cardia without radiologic evidence of hiatal hernia. The diagnosis and management of 71 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1961 Sep;42:352–362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. HOAG E. W., KIRILUK L. B., MERENDINO K. A. Experiences with upper gastrectomy, its relationship to esophagitis with special reference to the esophagogastric junction and diaphragm; a study in the dog. Am J Surg. 1954 Jul;88(1):44–55. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(54)90329-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. HUGHES F. B. The muscularis mucosae of the oesophagus of the cat, rabbit and rat. J Physiol. 1955 Oct 28;130(1):123–130. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005398. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. HUMPHREYS G. H., 2nd, FERRER J. M., Jr, WIEDEL P. D. Esophageal hiatus hernia of the diaphragm; an analysis of surgical results. J Thorac Surg. 1957 Dec;34(6):749–778. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. INGELFINGER F. J. Esophageal motility. Physiol Rev. 1958 Oct;38(4):533–584. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1958.38.4.533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. INGELFINGER F. J., KRAMER P., SANCHEZ G. C. The gastroesophageal vestibule, its normal function and its role in cardiospasm and gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Med Sci. 1954 Oct;228(4):417–425. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. INGRAM P. R., RESPESS J. C., MULLER W. H., Jr The role of an intrinsic sphincter mechanism in the prevention of reflux esophagitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1959 Dec;109:659–667. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. JOHNSTONE A. S. Oesophagitis and peptic ulcer of the oesophagus. Br J Radiol. 1955 May;28(329):229–240. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-28-329-229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. LAWLER N. A., McCREATH N. D. Gastro-oesophageal regurgitation. Lancet. 1951 Sep 1;2(6679):369–374. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(51)91551-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Langley J. N. On Inhibitory Fibres in the Vagus for the end of the OEsophagus and the Stomach. J Physiol. 1898 Dec 30;23(5):407–414. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1898.sp000737. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. MARCHAND P. The gastro-oesophageal sphincter and the mechanism of regurgitation. Br J Surg. 1955 Mar;42(175):504–513. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18004217510. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. MERENDINO K. A., DILLARD D. H. The concept of sphincter substitution by an interposed jejunal segment for anatomic and physiologic abnormalities at the esophagogastric junction; with special reference to reflux esophagitis, cardiospasm and esophageal varices. Ann Surg. 1955 Sep;142(3):486–506. doi: 10.1097/00000658-195509000-00015. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. MILSTEIN B. B. The mechanism at the cardia. Br J Radiol. 1961 Aug;34:471–474. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-34-404-471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. MULLER BOTHA G. S. The anatomy of phrenic nerve termination and the motor innervation of the diaphragm. Thorax. 1957 Mar;12(1):50–56. doi: 10.1136/thx.12.1.50. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. O'MULLANE E. J. Vomiting and regurgitation during anaesthesia. Lancet. 1954 Jun 12;266(6824):1209–1212. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(54)92444-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. PECORA D. V. Observations on the pathologic physiology of the lower esophagus in sliding hiatal hernia with comments on surgical treatment. Ann Surg. 1956 Apr;143(4):459–464. doi: 10.1097/00000658-195604000-00005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. PERERA H., EDWARDS F. R. Intradiaphragmatic course of the left phrenic nerve in relation to diaphragmatic incisions. Lancet. 1957 Jul 13;273(6985):75–77. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)92546-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. PETERS P. M. Closure mechanisms at the cardia with special reference to the diaphragmatico-oesophageal elastic ligament. Thorax. 1955 Mar;10(1):27–36. doi: 10.1136/thx.10.1.27. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. RENNIE J. B., LAND F. T., PARK S. D. S. The short oesophagus; a review of 31 cases. Br Med J. 1949 Dec 24;2(4642):1443-9, illust. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4642.1443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. RIPLEY H. R., LEARY W. V., GRINDLAY J. H., SEYBOLD W. D., CODE C. F. Experimental studies of peptic ulceration and stricture of the lower part of the esophagus. Surg Forum. 1950:60–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. SANCHEZ G. C., KRAMER P., INGELFINGER F. J. Motor mechanisms of the esophagus, particularly of its distal portion. Gastroenterology. 1953 Nov;25(3):321-32; discussion, 359-63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. SCHENK E. A., FREDERICKSON E. L. Pharmacologic evidence for a cardiac sphincter mechanism in the cat. Gastroenterology. 1961 Jan;40:75–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. SMIDDY F. G., ATKINSON M. Mechanisms preventing gastrooesophageal reflux in the dog. Br J Surg. 1960 May;47:680–687. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18004720617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. SOM M. L. Endoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the esophagus. J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 1956 Jan-Feb;23(1):56–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. STENSRUD N. Incompetence of the cardia. J Thorac Surg. 1957 Jun;33(6):749–753. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. SYCAMORE L. K. Radiologic diagnosis of hiatus hernia. Gastroenterology. 1956 Aug;31(2):169–189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. TORRANCE H. B. Studies on the mechanism of gastro-oesophageal regurgitation. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1958 Sep;4(1):54–62. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. WELLS C., JOHNSTON J. H. Hiatus hernia: surgical relief or reflux oesophagitis. Lancet. 1955 May 7;268(6871):937–940. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)90964-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. WOLF B. S., MARSHAK R. H., SOM M. L., BRAHMS S. A., GREENBERG E. I. The gastroesophageal vestibule on roentgen examination: differentiation from the phrenic ampulla and minimal hiatal herniation. J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 1958 Mar-Apr;25(2):167–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES