Abstract
Of 17 032 women taking part in the Oxford Family Planning Association contraceptive study, 4104 stopped using a birth control method to plan a pregnancy on a total of 6199 occasions. The influence of various factors on fertility in these women was assessed by measuring the time taken to give birth to a child. An appreciable inverse relation was observed between age at stopping contraception and fertility both in nulliparous and parous women, but the effect was much greater in the nulliparous women. The most important finding was a consistent and highly significant trend of decreasing fertility with increasing numbers of cigarettes smoked per day; it was estimated that five years after stopping contraception 10.7% of smokers smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day, but only 5.4% of non-smokers, remained undelivered. Some relation was found between fertility and social class, age at marriage, and a history of gynaecological disease, but weight, height, and Quetelet's index were without noticeable effect.
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- James W. H. The causes of the decline in fecundability with age. Soc Biol. 1979 Winter;26(4):330–334. doi: 10.1080/19485565.1979.9988390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jick H., Porter J. Relation between smoking and age of natural menopause. Report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University Medical Center. Lancet. 1977 Jun 25;1(8026):1354–1355. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92562-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MANTEL N., HAENSZEL W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1959 Apr;22(4):719–748. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MacMahon B., Trichopoulos D., Cole P., Brown J. Cigarette smoking and urinary estrogens. N Engl J Med. 1982 Oct 21;307(17):1062–1065. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198210213071707. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Olsen J., Rachootin P., Schiødt A. V., Damsbo N. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption and infertility. Int J Epidemiol. 1983 Jun;12(2):179–184. doi: 10.1093/ije/12.2.179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schwartz D., Mayaux M. J. Female fecundity as a function of age: results of artificial insemination in 2193 nulliparous women with azoospermic husbands. Federation CECOS. N Engl J Med. 1982 Feb 18;306(7):404–406. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198202183060706. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- TIETZE C. Reproductive span and rate of reproduction among Hutterite women. Fertil Steril. 1957 Jan-Feb;8(1):89–97. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)32587-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vessey M. P., Lawless M., McPherson K., Yeates D. Fertility after stopping use of intrauterine contraceptive device. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983 Jan 8;286(6359):106–106. doi: 10.1136/bmj.286.6359.106. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vessey M. P., Wright N. H., McPherson K., Wiggins P. Fertility after stopping different methods of contraception. Br Med J. 1978 Feb 4;1(6108):265–267. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6108.265. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vessey M. P., Yeates D., Flavel R., McPherson K. Pelvic inflammatory disease and the intrauterine device: findings in a large cohort study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981 Mar 14;282(6267):855–857. doi: 10.1136/bmj.282.6267.855. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vessey M., Doll R., Peto R., Johnson B., Wiggins P. A long-term follow-up study of women using different methods of contraception--an interim report. J Biosoc Sci. 1976 Oct;8(4):373–427. doi: 10.1017/s0021932000010890. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]