Table 3.

Methods of studies of nicotine replacement to help smokers not trying to quit to reduce.^a

Study	Study design	Intent-to-tx sample size	Duration of tx (months)	Control condition	Longest lollow-up (months)
Published studies
Nicotine gum
Jimenez-Ruiz et al. 2002b	PP	17	6	Within-Ss	18
Rennard et al. 1990	PP	15	2	Within-Ss	2
Wennike et al. 2003	RCT	411	12	Placebo	24
Nicotine inhaler
Bolliger et al. 2000	RCT	400	18	Placebo	24
Fagerstrom et al. 2002c	PP	39	2	Within-Ss	2
Hurt et al. 2000	PP	23	6	Within-Ss	6
Stein et al. 2002	RCT	51	?	No tx	3
Choice of NRTs
Carpenter et al. 2003	RCT	67	1	Cessation advice	6
Carpenter et al .2004	RCT	616	1.5	No tx	5
				Cessation advice	6
Etter et al. 2004	RCT	923	6	Placebo
				No tx	26
Fagerstrom et al. 1997d	PP	170	1	Within-Ss	1
Hecht et al. 2004e	PP	49	6	Within-Ss	6
25th-75th percentile for published studies		39–411	1.5–6.0		3–18
Unpublished studies
Nicotine gum
Haustein et al 2003f	RCT	192	9	Placebo	12
Landfelt et al 2003	RCT	364	12	Placebo	13
Rennard et al. 1994	RCT	90	?	Placebo	6
Nicotine inhaler
Rennard et al. 2002	RCT	429	12	Placebo	15
Choice of NRTs
Joseph et al. 2005	RCT	152	18	Usual care	6
Kotlyar et al. 2004	RCT	151	3	Within-Ss	6
Kralikova et al. 2002g	RCT	314	6	Placebo	12
25th-75th percentile for all studies		50–406	2–12		6–14

^aNRTs = nicotine replacement therapies, PP = pre- versus post-treatment comparison, RCT = randomized controlled trial, Ss = subjects, Tx = treatment; bold type = from our calculations; italics = studies in previous review; see text for other studies.

^bExamined self-selected groups.

^cRandomized to choice of versus assignment to different NRTs.

^dOnly used waiting list group which later received NRT.

^eIntent of participants unclear.

^fOnly used long-term induction group.

^gSmokers given choice of quitting or reducing.