Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 1987 Apr;28(4):488–505. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.4.488

Achlorhydria: hypergastrinaemia: carcinoids--a flawed hypothesis?

J Penston, K G Wormsley
PMCID: PMC1432809  PMID: 3556339

Full text

PDF
488

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ali M. H., Davidson A., Azzopardi J. G. Composite gastric carcinoid and adenocarcinoma. Histopathology. 1984 May;8(3):529–536. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1984.tb02362.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alumets J., El Munshid H. A., Håkanson R., Hedenbro J., Liedberg G., Oscarson J., Rehfeld J. F., Sundler F., Vallgren S. Gastrin cell proliferation after chronic stimulation: effect of vagal denervation or gastric surgery in the rat. J Physiol. 1980 Jan;298:557–569. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Alumets J., El Munshid H. A., Håkanson R., Liedberg G., Oscarson J., Rehfeld J. F., Sundler F. Effect of antrum exclusion on endocrine cells of rat stomach. J Physiol. 1979 Jan;286:145–155. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012610. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Arnold R., Hülst M. V., Neuhof C. H., Schwarting H., Becker H. D., Creutzfeldt W. Antral gastrin-producing G-cells and somatostatin-producing D-cells in different states of gastric acid secretion. Gut. 1982 Apr;23(4):285–291. doi: 10.1136/gut.23.4.285. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Assad R. T., Eastwood G. L. Epithelial proliferation in human fundic mucosa after antrectomy and vagotomy. Gastroenterology. 1980 Nov;79(5 Pt 1):807–811. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Barclay G., Maxwell V., Grossman M. I., Solomon T. E. Effects of graded amounts of intragastric calcium on acid secretion, gastrin release, and gastric emptying in normal and duodenal ulcer subjects. Dig Dis Sci. 1983 May;28(5):385–391. doi: 10.1007/BF02430525. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Becker H. D., Reeder D. D., Thompson J. C. The effect of changes in antral pH on the basal release of gastrin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1973 May;143(1):238–240. doi: 10.3181/00379727-143-37293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Black J. W., Leff P., Shankley N. P. Pharmacological analysis of the pentagastrin-tiotidine interaction in the mouse isolated stomach. Br J Pharmacol. 1985 Nov;86(3):589–599. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1985.tb08935.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bonar S. F., Sweeney E. C. The prevalence, prognostic significance and hormonal content of endocrine cells in gastric cancer. Histopathology. 1986 Jan;10(1):53–63. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1986.tb02460.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Borch K., Renvall H., Liedberg G., Andersen B. N. Relations between circulating gastrin and endocrine cell proliferation in the atrophic gastric fundic mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986 Apr;21(3):357–363. doi: 10.3109/00365528609003087. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Borch K., Renvall H., Liedberg G. Gastric endocrine cell hyperplasia and carcinoid tumors in pernicious anemia. Gastroenterology. 1985 Mar;88(3):638–648. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90131-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bordi C., Cocconi G., Togni R., Vezzadini P., Missale G. Gastric endocrine cell proliferation. Association with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Arch Pathol. 1974 Oct;98(4):274–278. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bordi C., Gabrielli M., Missale G. Pathologic changes of endocrine cells in chronic atrophic gastritis. An ultrastructural study on peroral gastric biopsy specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1978 Mar;102(3):129–135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bostwick D. G., Bensch K. G. Gastrin releasing peptide in human neuroendocrine tumours. J Pathol. 1985 Dec;147(4):237–244. doi: 10.1002/path.1711470402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bostwick D. G., Roth K. A., Barchas J. D., Bensch K. G. Gastrin-releasing peptide immunoreactivity in intestinal carcinoids. Am J Clin Pathol. 1984 Oct;82(4):428–431. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/82.4.428. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Brandsborg O. Control of gastrin secretion by catecholamines with special reference to duodenal ulcer. Dan Med Bull. 1979 Nov;26(7):333–341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Brittain R. T., Jack D., Reeves J. J., Stables R. Pharmacological basis for the induction of gastric carcinoid tumours in the rat by loxtidine, an insurmountable histamine H2-receptor blocking drug. Br J Pharmacol. 1985 Aug;85(4):843–847. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1985.tb11083.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Buchan A. M., Seal A. M., Debas H. T. Increased antral G-cell number and gastrin content in dogs after massive small bowel resection. Dig Dis Sci. 1985 Mar;30(3):236–239. doi: 10.1007/BF01347890. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bunnett N. W., Clark B., Debas H. T., Del Milton R. C., Kovacs T. O., Orloff M. S., Pappas T. N., Reeve J. R., Jr, Rivier J. E., Walsh J. H. Canine bombesin-like gastrin releasing peptides stimulate gastrin release and acid secretion in the dog. J Physiol. 1985 Aug;365:121–130. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015762. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Capella C., Polak J. M., Timson C. M., Frigerio B., Solcia E. Gastric carcinoids of argyrophil ECL cells. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1980 Jul-Sep;1(3):411–418. doi: 10.3109/01913128009141444. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Capoferro R., Nygaard K. Effects of antrectomy on the gastric mucosa of the rat. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1973;8(4):347–352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Carey M. C. American Gastroenterological Association. Our new President--Jerry S. Trier. Gastroenterology. 1986 Jan;90(1):1–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Carney J. A., Go V. L., Fairbanks V. F., Moore S. B., Alport E. C., Nora F. E. The syndrome of gastric argyrophil carcinoid tumors and nonantral gastric atrophy. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Dec;99(6):761–766. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-99-6-761. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Chejfec G., Capella C., Solcia E., Jao W., Gould V. E. Amphicrine cells, dysplasias, and neoplasias. Cancer. 1985 Dec 1;56(11):2683–2690. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19851201)56:11<2683::aid-cncr2820561127>3.0.co;2-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Chiba T., Kadowaki S., Taminato T., Chihara K., Seino Y., Matsukura S., Fujita T. Effect of antisomatostatin gamma-globulin on gastrin release in rats. Gastroenterology. 1981 Aug;81(2):321–326. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Correa P. Chronic gastritis as a cancer precursor. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1984;104:131–136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Cox W. F., Jr, Pierce G. B. The endodermal origin of the endocrine cells of an adenocarcinoma of the colon of the rat. Cancer. 1982 Oct 15;50(8):1530–1538. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19821015)50:8<1530::aid-cncr2820500813>3.0.co;2-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Creutzfeldt W., Arnold R., Creutzfeldt C., Feurle G., Ketterer H. Gastrin and G-cells in the antral mucosa of patients with pernicious anaemia, acromegaly and hyperparathyroidism and in a Zollinger-Ellison tumour of the pancreas. Eur J Clin Invest. 1971 Sep;1(6):461–479. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1971.tb00558.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Cuttitta F., Carney D. N., Mulshine J., Moody T. W., Fedorko J., Fischler A., Minna J. D. Bombesin-like peptides can function as autocrine growth factors in human small-cell lung cancer. 1985 Aug 29-Sep 4Nature. 316(6031):823–826. doi: 10.1038/316823a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. DENT J. N., GADSDEN E. L., FURTH J. Further studies on induction and growth of thyrotropic pituitary tumors in mice. Cancer Res. 1956 Feb;16(2):171–174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. DeSchryver-Kecskemeti K., Greider M. H., Rieders E. R., Komyati S. E., McGuigan J. E. In vitro gastrin secretion by rat antrum: effects of neurotransmitter agonists, antagonists, and modulators of secretion. Lab Invest. 1981 Feb;44(2):158–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Delince P., Willems G., de Graef J. Antral gastrin cell proliferation after vagotomy in rats. Digestion. 1978;18(1-2):27–34. doi: 10.1159/000198181. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Delle Fave G., Kohn A., De Magistris L., Annibale B., Bruzzone R., Sparvoli C., Severi C., Torsoli A. Effects of bombesin on gastrin and gastric acid secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer. Gut. 1983 Mar;24(3):231–235. doi: 10.1136/gut.24.3.231. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Deveney C. W., Freeman H., Way L. W. Experimental gastric carcinogenesis in the rat: effects of hypergastrinemia and acid secretion. Am J Surg. 1980 Jan;139(1):49–54. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(80)90229-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Dockray G. J., Vaillant C., Walsh J. H. The neuronal origin of bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Neuroscience. 1979;4(11):1561–1568. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(79)90019-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Dunn D. H., Namayama S., Dougherty S., Bonsack M. E., Vogel S., Eisenberg M. M., Delaney J. P. Gastrin cell hyperplasia after massive small bowel resection. Surg Forum. 1978;29:384–386. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Elsborg L., Mosbech J. Pernicious anaemia as a risk factor in gastric cancer. Acta Med Scand. 1979;206(4):315–318. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1979.tb13517.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Evans J. C., Reeder D. D., Becker H. D., Thompson J. C. Extraction of circulating endogenous gastrin by the gastric fundus. Gut. 1974 Feb;15(2):112–115. doi: 10.1136/gut.15.2.112. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Farber E. Chemical carcinogenesis. N Engl J Med. 1981 Dec 3;305(23):1379–1389. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198112033052304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Feldman M., Dickerman R. M., McClelland R. N., Cooper K. A., Walsh J. H., Richardson C. T. Effect of selective proximal vagotomy on food-stimulated gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in patients with duodenal ulcer. Gastroenterology. 1979 May;76(5 Pt 1):926–931. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Festen H. P., Thijs J. C., Lamers C. B., Jansen J. M., Pals G., Frants R. R., Défize J., Meuwissen S. G. Effect of oral omeprazole on serum gastrin and serum pepsinogen I levels. Gastroenterology. 1984 Nov;87(5):1030–1034. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Fordtran J. S., Walsh J. H. Gastric acid secretion rate and buffer content of the stomach after eating. Results in normal subjects and in patients with duodenal ulcer. J Clin Invest. 1973 Mar;52(3):645–657. doi: 10.1172/JCI107226. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Friesen S. R., Crosby I., Boggan M. D., Fiallos E., Lees J. M., Cudnik D. B., Underwood J., 3rd, Peckler M. S., Craig C. C., Friesen R. H. An experimental study of the antral gastrin mechanism. Surgery. 1974 Apr;75(4):517–527. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Fujimura S., Kogure K., Sugimura T., Takayama S. The effect of limited administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on the induction of stomach cancer in rats. Cancer Res. 1970 Mar;30(3):842–848. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Gardiner G. W., Van Patter T., Murray D. Atypical carcinoid tumor of the small bowel complicating celiac disease. Cancer. 1985 Dec 1;56(11):2716–2722. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19851201)56:11<2716::aid-cncr2820561135>3.0.co;2-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Geboes K., Rutgeerts P., Broeckaert L., Vantrappen G., Desmet V. Histologic appearances of endoscopic gastric mucosal biopsies 10--20 years after partial gastrectomy. Ann Surg. 1980 Aug;192(2):179–182. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198008000-00008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Gledhill A., Hall P. A., Cruse J. P., Pollock D. J. Enteroendocrine cell hyperplasia, carcinoid tumours and adenocarcinoma in long-standing ulcerative colitis. Histopathology. 1986 May;10(5):501–508. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1986.tb02501.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Goldenberg D. M., Fisher E. R. Histogenetic relationship between carcinoids and mucin-secreting carcinomas of colon as revealed by heterotransplantation. Br J Cancer. 1970 Sep;24(3):610–614. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1970.74. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Gould V. E., Linnoila R. I., Memoli V. A., Warren W. H. Neuroendocrine components of the bronchopulmonary tract: hyperplasias, dysplasias, and neoplasms. Lab Invest. 1983 Nov;49(5):519–537. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Gower W. R., Jr, McSweeney E. M., Fabri P. J. Hyperplastic G cell responsiveness in vitro. Surgery. 1985 Dec;98(6):1045–1053. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Grouls V., Jautzke G., Pickartz H. Mikrokarzinoidose des Magens. Diffuse Hyperplasie endokriner Zellen und multiple polypöse Karzinoide. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1985 Jun 7;110(23):915–919. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1068931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hansen O. H., Larsen J. K., Svendsen L. B. Changes in gastric mucosal cell proliferation after antrectomy or vagotomy in man. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1978;13(8):947–952. doi: 10.3109/00365527809181374. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Hansky J., Korman M. G., Cowley D. J., Baron J. H. Serum gastrin in duodenal ulcer. II. Effect of insulin hypoglycaemia. Gut. 1971 Dec;12(12):959–962. doi: 10.1136/gut.12.12.959. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Harvey R. F., Bradshaw M. J., Davidson C. M., Wilkinson S. P., Davies P. S. Multifocal gastric carcinoid tumours, achlorhydria, and hypergastrinaemia. Lancet. 1985 Apr 27;1(8435):951–954. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91727-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hattori T., Helpap B., Gedigk P. Regeneration of endocrine cells in the stomach. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol. 1982;38(3):283–290. doi: 10.1007/BF02892823. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Hodges J. R., Isaacson P., Wright R. Diffuse enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and multiple gastric carcinoids: a complication of pernicious anaemia. Gut. 1981 Mar;22(3):237–241. doi: 10.1136/gut.22.3.237. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Häkanson R., Larsson L. I., Liedberg G., Oscarson J., Sundler F., Vang J. Effects of antrectomy or porta-caval shunting on the histamine-storing endocrine-like cells in oxyntic mucosa of rat stomach. A fluorescence histochemical, electron microscopic and chemical study. J Physiol. 1976 Aug;259(3):785–800. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011495. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Håkanson R., Oscarson J., Sundler F. Gastrin and the trophic control of gastric mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1986;118:18–30. doi: 10.3109/00365528609090883. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Inoue K., Wiener I., Fried G. M., Lilja P., Watson L. C., Thompson J. C. Effect of colectomy on cholecystokinin and gastrin release. Ann Surg. 1982 Dec;196(6):691–694. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198212001-00013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Jain D. K., Wolfe M. M., McGuigan J. E. Functional and anatomical relationships between antral gastrin cells and gastrin-releasing peptide neurons. Histochemistry. 1985;82(5):463–467. doi: 10.1007/BF02450481. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Janunger K. G., Domellöf L., Eriksson S. The development of mucosal changes after gastric surgery for ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1978;13(2):217–223. doi: 10.3109/00365527809181751. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Jones R. A., Dawson I. M. Morphology and staining patterns of endocrine cell tumours in the gut, pancreas and bronchus and their possible significance. Histopathology. 1977 Mar;1(2):137–150. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1977.tb01652.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Keuppens F., Woussen-Colle M. C., De Graef J., Willems G. Increase in gastrin and somatostatin cell numbers in the antrum of dogs after small bowel resection. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1983 Mar;7(3):287–292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Kishimoto S., Konemori R., Mukai T., Kambara A., Okamoto K., Shimizu S., Iwasaki Y., Daitoku K., Kajiyama G., Miyoshi A. Distribution of GEP endocrine cells in the gastric mucosa of mice with experimental gastritis. Hiroshima J Med Sci. 1984 Dec;33(4):649–657. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Kishimoto S., Kunita S., Shimizu S., Koh H., Yamamoto M., Kajiyama G., Miyoshi A. Effects of atrophic changes in mucosa and endogenous gastrin (hypergastrinemia) on development of experimental gastric cancer and its growth in rats: a pilot study. Hiroshima J Med Sci. 1983 Jun;32(2):213–218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Klappenbach R. S., Kurman R. J., Sinclair C. F., James L. P. Composite carcinoma-carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. A morphologic, histochemical, and immunocytochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol. 1985 Aug;84(2):137–143. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/84.2.137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Kline M. M., McCallum R. W., Curry N., Sturdevant R. A. Effect to gastric alkalinization on lower esophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin. Gastroenterology. 1975 May;68(5 Pt 1):1137–1139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Kobori O., Oota K. Neuroendocrine cells in serially passaged rat stomach cancers induced by MNNG. Int J Cancer. 1979 Apr 15;23(4):536–541. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910230415. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Kobori O., Shimizu T., Maeda M., Atomi Y., Watanabe J., Shoji M., Morioka Y. Enhancing effect of bile and bile acid on stomach tumorigenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984 Oct;73(4):853–861. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Koop H., Arnold R. Serotoninergic control of somatostatin and gastrin release from the isolated rat stomach. Regul Pept. 1984 Sep;9(1-2):101–108. doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(84)90012-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Koop H., Behrens I., Bothe E., Koschwitz H., McIntosh C. H., Pederson R. A., Arnold R., Creutzfeldt W. Adrenergic control of rat gastric somatostatin and gastrin release. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1983 Jan;18(1):65–71. doi: 10.3109/00365528309181561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Langhans P., Bues M., Heger R. A., Hohenstein J., Korfsmeier K. H. Cell-kinetic investigations in the operated rat stomach to show the influence of duodenogastric reflux. An experimental long-term study. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1984;92:87–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Larsson H., Carlsson E., Mattsson H., Lundell L., Sundler F., Sundell G., Wallmark B., Watanabe T., Håkanson R. Plasma gastrin and gastric enterochromaffinlike cell activation and proliferation. Studies with omeprazole and ranitidine in intact and antrectomized rats. Gastroenterology. 1986 Feb;90(2):391–399. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90938-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Lauweryns J. M., Cokelaere M., Deleersynder M., Liebens M. Intrapulmonary neuro-epithelial bodies in newborn rabbits. Influence of hypoxia, hyperoxia, hypercapnia, nicotine, reserpine, L-DOPA and 5-HTP. Cell Tissue Res. 1977 Sep 5;182(4):425–440. doi: 10.1007/BF00219827. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Lehy T. Trophic effect of some regulatory peptides on gastric exocrine and endocrine cells of the rat. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1984;101:27–30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Lehy T., Voillemot N., Dubrasquet M., Dufougeray F. Gastrin cell hyperplasia in rats with chronic antral stimulation. Gastroenterology. 1975 Jan;68(1):71–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Levine B. A., Greenburg A. G., Peskin G. W., Salk R. P. Antral gastrin regulation. J Surg Res. 1976 Jun;20(6):509–514. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(76)90084-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Levine J. S., Coonan J. E., Kern F., Jr Effect of antral instillation of bile salts on fasting serum gastrin levels. Dig Dis Sci. 1980 Jun;25(6):449–452. doi: 10.1007/BF01395509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Lewin K. J., Layfield L., Cheng L. Disseminated bombesin-producing carcinoid tumor of pulmonary origin. Am J Surg Pathol. 1985 Feb;9(2):129–134. doi: 10.1097/00000478-198502000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Lim S. T., Lam S. K., Lee N. W., Wong J., Ong G. B. Effects of gastrocystoplasty on serum gastrin levels and gastric acid secretion. Br J Surg. 1983 May;70(5):275–277. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800700509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Llanos O. L., Villar H. V., Konturek S. J., Rayford P. L., Thompson J. C. Release of antral and duodenal gastrin in response to an intestinal meal. Ann Surg. 1977 Nov;186(5):614–618. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197711000-00012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. MOORE G. E., BRACKNEY E. L., BOCK F. G. Production of pituitary tumors in mice by chronic administration of a thiouracil derivative. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1953 Apr;82(4):643–645. doi: 10.3181/00379727-82-20204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Magallanes F., Mulholland M. W., Bonsack M., Delaney J. P. Does a nonacid lumen cause antral G-cell hyperplasia? Curr Surg. 1983 Jul-Aug;40(4):281–285. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Magallanes F., Quigley T. M., Eisenberg M. M., Bonsack M., Delaney J. P. The relationship of lumenal pH and distention to antral G-cell numbers. J Surg Res. 1981 Apr;30(4):349–353. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(81)90170-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Magallanes F., Quigley T. M., Mulholland M. W., Bonsack M., Delaney J. P. Antral proliferation of G cells after truncal, parietal cell, and antral vagotomy. J Surg Res. 1982 Apr;32(4):377–381. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(82)90116-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Martin F., Macleod I. B., Sircus W. Effects of antrectomy on the fundic mucosa of the rat. Gastroenterology. 1970 Sep;59(3):437–444. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. McConnell E. E., Solleveld H. A., Swenberg J. A., Boorman G. A. Guidelines for combining neoplasms for evaluation of rodent carcinogenesis studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986 Feb;76(2):283–289. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. McGuigan J. E., Trudeau W. L. Serum gastrin concentrations in pernicious anemia. N Engl J Med. 1970 Feb 12;282(7):358–361. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197002122820703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. McLaughlin M. H., Peskin G. W., Greenburg A. G., Saik R. P. Topical calcium and pH effect on gastrin release and parietal cell secretion. J Surg Res. 1975 Apr;18(4):427–430. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(75)90104-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. McLaughlin M., Peskin G., Saik R. P. Cation and hydrogen ion effect on canine acid and gastrin output. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1978 Jul;147(1):27–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Miller R. R., Sumner H. W. Argyrophilic cell hyperplasia and an atypical carcinoid tumor in chronic ulcerative colitis. Cancer. 1982 Dec 15;50(12):2920–2925. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19821215)50:12<2920::aid-cncr2820501235>3.0.co;2-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Mingazzini P., Carlei F., Malchiodi-Albedi F., Lezoche E., Covotta A., Speranza V., Polak J. M. Endocrine cells in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach. J Pathol. 1984 Nov;144(3):171–178. doi: 10.1002/path.1711440304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Moghimzadeh E., Ekman R., Håkanson R., Yanaihara N., Sundler F. Neuronal gastrin-releasing peptide in the mammalian gut and pancreas. Neuroscience. 1983 Oct;10(2):553–563. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90152-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Moody T. W., Pert C. B., Gazdar A. F., Carney D. N., Minna J. D. High levels of intracellular bombesin characterize human small-cell lung carcinoma. Science. 1981 Dec 11;214(4526):1246–1248. doi: 10.1126/science.6272398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Morgan J. E., Kaiser C. W., Johnson W., Doos W. G., Dayal Y., Berman L., Nabseth D. Gastric carcinoid (gastrinoma) associated with achlorhydria (pernicious anemia). Cancer. 1983 Jun 15;51(12):2332–2340. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19830615)51:12<2332::aid-cncr2820511228>3.0.co;2-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Mortensen N. J. The anatomy of the gastrin cell. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1980 Nov;62(6):462–469. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Mulholland M. W., Bonsack M., Delaney J. P. Proliferation of gastric endocrine cells after vagotomy in the rat. Endocrinology. 1985 Oct;117(4):1578–1584. doi: 10.1210/endo-117-4-1578. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Murayama H., Imai T., Kikuchi M. Solid carcinomas of the stomach. A combined histochemical, light and electron microscopic study. Cancer. 1983 May 1;51(9):1673–1681. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19830501)51:9<1673::aid-cncr2820510920>3.0.co;2-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Nielsen O. H., Jacobsen O., Pedersen E. R., Rasmussen S. N., Petri M., Laulund S., Jarnum S. Non-tropical sprue. Malignant diseases and mortality rate. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985 Jan;20(1):13–18. doi: 10.3109/00365528509089626. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Nishidoi H., Koga S., Kaibara N. Possible role of duodenogastric reflux on the development of remnant gastric carcinoma induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984 Jun;72(6):1431–1435. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. OBERHELMAN H. A., Jr, WOODWARD E. R., ZUBIRAN J. M., DRAGSTEDT L. R. Physiology of the gastric antrum. Am J Physiol. 1952 Jun;169(3):738–748. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1952.169.3.738. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Owen D. A., Hwang W. S., Thorlakson R. H., Walli E. Malignant carcinoid tumor complicating chronic ulcerative colitis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1981 Sep;76(3):333–338. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/76.3.333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Perera F. P. The genotoxic/epigenetic distinction: relevance to cancer policy. Environ Res. 1984 Jun;34(1):175–191. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(84)90087-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Peters M. N., Feldman M., Walsh J. H., Richardson C. T. Effect of gastric alkalinization on serum gastrin concentrations in humans. Gastroenterology. 1983 Jul;85(1):35–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Petersen B., Andersen B. N. Increased concentrations of the NH2-terminal fragment of gastrin-17 in acute duodenal ulcer and acute gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1983 Jul;18(5):635–641. doi: 10.3109/00365528309181650. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Peterson W. L., Walsh J. H., Richardson C. T. Cimetidine blocks antacid-induced hypergastrinemia. Gastroenterology. 1986 Jan;90(1):48–52. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90073-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Polak J. M., Doe W., Coulling I., Pearse A. G. The G cells in pernicious anaemia. Gut. 1971 Apr;12(4):319–323. doi: 10.1136/gut.12.4.319. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Polak J. M., Hoffbrand A. V., Reed P. I., Bloom S., Pearse A. G. Qualitative and quantitative studies of antral and fundic G cells in pernicious anaemia. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1973;8(4):361–367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Poynter D., Pick C. R., Harcourt R. A., Selway S. A., Ainge G., Harman I. W., Spurling N. W., Fluck P. A., Cook J. L. Association of long lasting unsurmountable histamine H2 blockade and gastric carcinoid tumours in the rat. Gut. 1985 Dec;26(12):1284–1295. doi: 10.1136/gut.26.12.1284. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Rbin W. Proliferation of endocrine-like enterochromaffin) cells in atrophic gastri mucosa. Gastroenterology. 1969 Dec;57(6):641–648. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Reed P. I., Smith P. L., Haines K., House F. R., Walters C. L. Gastric juice N-nitrosamines in health and gastroduodenal disease. Lancet. 1981 Sep 12;2(8246):550–552. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)90939-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Reed P. I., Smith P. L., Summers K., Haines K., Burgess B. A., House F. R., Walters C. L. The influence of enterogastric reflux on gastric juice bacterial growth, nitrite, and N-nitroso compound concentrations following gastric surgery. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1984;92:232–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Rubin W. A fine structural characterization of the proliferated endocrine cells in atrophic gastric mucosa. Am J Pathol. 1973 Jan;70(1):109–118. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Rubin W. An unusual intimate relationship between endocrine cells and other types of epithelial cells in the human stomach. J Cell Biol. 1972 Jan;52(1):219–227. doi: 10.1083/jcb.52.1.219. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Rubin W., Schwartz B. Electron microscopic radioautographic identification of the ECL cell as the histamine-synthesizing endocrine cell in the rat stomach. Gastroenterology. 1979 Sep;77(3):458–467. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Russo A., Buffa R., Grasso G., Giannone G., Sanfilippo G., Sessa F., Solcia E. Gastric gastrinoma and diffuse G cell hyperplasia associated with chronic atrophic gastritis. Endoscopic detection and removal. Digestion. 1980;20(6):416–419. doi: 10.1159/000198484. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. SELLERS E. A., HILL J. M., LEE R. B. Effect of iodide and thyroid on the production of tumors of the thyroid and pituitary by propylthiouracil. Endocrinology. 1953 Feb;52(2):188–203. doi: 10.1210/endo-52-2-188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Salmon R. J., Merle S., Zafrani B., Decosse J. J., Sherlock P., Deschner E. E. Gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: role of gastrectomy and duodenal reflux. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1985 Mar;76(3):167–172. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Samaan N. A., Osborne B. M., Mackay B., Leavens M. E., Duello T. M., Halmi N. S. Endocrine and morphologic studies of pituitary adenomas secondary to primary hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977 Nov;45(5):903–911. doi: 10.1210/jcem-45-5-903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Schlag P., Böckler R., Peter M. Nitrite and nitrosamines in gastric juice: risk factors for gastric cancer? Scand J Gastroenterol. 1982 Jan;17(1):145–150. doi: 10.3109/00365528209181060. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Scribner J. D., Süss R. Tumor initiation and promotion. Int Rev Exp Pathol. 1978;18:137–198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Sharma B. K., Walt R. P., Pounder R. E., Gomes M. D., Wood E. C., Logan L. H. Optimal dose of oral omeprazole for maximal 24 hour decrease of intragastric acidity. Gut. 1984 Sep;25(9):957–964. doi: 10.1136/gut.25.9.957. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Short G. M., Doyle J. W., Wolfe M. M. Effect of antibodies to somatostatin on acid secretion and gastrin release by the isolated perfused rat stomach. Gastroenterology. 1985 Apr;88(4):984–988. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(85)80018-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Short G. M., Reel G. M., Doyle J. W., Wolfe M. M. Effect of GRP on beta-adrenergic-stimulated gastrin and somatostatin release in the isolated rat stomach. Am J Physiol. 1985 Aug;249(2 Pt 1):G197–G202. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1985.249.2.G197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Sloan J. M., Buchanan K. D., McFarland R. J., Titterington P., Sandford J. C. A histological study of the effect of chronic gastritis on gastrin cell distribution in the human stomach. J Clin Pathol. 1979 Mar;32(3):201–207. doi: 10.1136/jcp.32.3.201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Smith J. F. Parathyroid adenomas associated with the malabsorption syndrome and chronic renal disease. J Clin Pathol. 1970 May;23(4):362–369. doi: 10.1136/jcp.23.4.362. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Soga J., Tazawa K. Pathologic analysis of carcinoids. Histologic reevaluation of 62 cases. Cancer. 1971 Oct;28(4):990–998. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(1971)28:4<990::aid-cncr2820280424>3.0.co;2-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Stockbrügger R., Angervall L., Lundqvist G. Serum gastrin and atrophic gastritis in achlorhydric patients with and without pernicious anemia. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1976;11(7):713–719. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Straus E., Gerson C. D., Yalow R. S. Hypersecretion of gastrin associated with the short bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1974 Feb;66(2):175–180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Streett C. S., Cimprich R. E., Robertson J. L. Pathologic findings in the stomachs of rats treated with the H2-receptor antagonist tiotidine. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1984;101:109–117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Strickland R. G., Bhathal P. S., Korman M. G., Hansky J. Serum gastrin and the antral mucosa in atrophic gastritis. Br Med J. 1971 Nov 20;4(5785):451–453. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5785.451. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Swinson C. M., Slavin G., Coles E. C., Booth C. C. Coeliac disease and malignancy. Lancet. 1983 Jan 15;1(8316):111–115. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)91754-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Tahara E., Haizuka S. Effect of gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine hormones on the histogenesis of gastric cancer in rats induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine; with special reference to development of scirrhous gastric cancer. Gan. 1975 Aug;66(4):421–426. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Tahara E., Ito H., Nakagami K., Shimamoto F. Induction of carcinoids in the glandular stomach of rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1981;100(1):1–12. doi: 10.1007/BF00405896. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Tahara E., Ito H., Nakagami K., Shimamoto F., Yamamoto M., Sumii K. Scirrhous argyrophil cell carcinoma of the stomach with multiple production of polypeptide hormones, amine, CEA, lysozyme, and HCG. Cancer. 1982 May 1;49(9):1904–1915. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19820501)49:9<1904::aid-cncr2820490925>3.0.co;2-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Tahara E., Shimamoto F., Taniyama K., Ito H., Kosako Y., Sumiyoshi H. Enhanced effect of gastrin on rat stomach carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Cancer Res. 1982 May;42(5):1781–1787. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Tamai S., Kameya T., Yamaguchi K., Yanai N., Abe K., Yanaihara N., Yamazaki H., Kageyama K. Peripheral lung carcinoid tumor producing predominantly gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Morphologic and hormonal studies. Cancer. 1983 Jul 15;52(2):273–281. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19830715)52:2<273::aid-cncr2820520214>3.0.co;2-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Tatsuta M., Yamamura H., Taniguchi H., Tamura H. Gastrin protection against chemically induced gastric adenocarcinomas in Wistar rats: histopathology of the glandular stomach and incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1982 Jul;69(1):59–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Uvnäs-Wallensten K., Efendic S., Uvnäs B., Lundberg J. M. Release of gastrin from the skeletal muscles and from the antral mucosa in cats induced by sulfonuric drugs. Acta Physiol Scand. 1979 Jul;106(3):267–270. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1979.tb06397.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Uvnäs-Wallensten K. Effect of intraantral pH on basal gastrin release into the circulation and antral lumen in anesthetized cats. Acta Physiol Scand. 1978 Dec;104(4):386–393. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1978.tb06293.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Vezzadini P., Bonora G., Tomassetti P., Labo G. Effect of rising intragastric pH induced by different antacids and by cimetidine on unstimulated serum gastrin levels in duodenal ulcer patients. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1978 Jul-Aug;41(7-8):463–467. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Walsh J. H., Grossman M. I. Gastrin (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1975 Jun 19;292(25):1324–1334. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197506192922505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Walsh J. H., Maxwell V., Ferrari J., Varner A. A. Bombesin stimulates human gastric function by gastrin-dependent and independent mechanisms. Peptides. 1981;2 (Suppl 2):193–198. doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(81)90030-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Wells C. A., Taylor S. M., Cuello A. C. Argentaffin and argyrophil reactions and serotonin content of endocrine tumours. J Clin Pathol. 1985 Jan;38(1):49–53. doi: 10.1136/jcp.38.1.49. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Wilander E. Achylia and the development of gastric carcinoids. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol. 1981;394(1-2):151–160. doi: 10.1007/BF00431673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Wilander E., El-Salhy M., Pitkänen P. Histopathology of gastric carcinoids: a survey of 42 cases. Histopathology. 1984 Mar;8(2):183–193. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1984.tb02335.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Witzel L., Heitz P. U., Halter F., Olah A. J., Varga L., Werner O., Häcki W. H. Effects of prolonged administration of metiamide on serum gastrin, gastrin content of the antrum and gastric corpus, and G-cell population in the rat. Gastroenterology. 1979 May;76(5 Pt 1):945–949. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Yamashina M., Flinner R. A. Concurrent occurrence of adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumor in the stomach: a composite tumor or collision tumors? Am J Clin Pathol. 1985 Feb;83(2):233–236. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/83.2.233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Yardley J. H., Bayless T. M., Diamond M. P. Cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1979 Jan;76(1):221–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES