Skip to main content
PMC home page
Environmental Health Perspectives logoLink to Environmental Health Perspectives
. 1996 Mar;104(Suppl 1):85–95. doi: 10.1289/ehp.96104s185

Exposure, metabolism, and toxicity of rare earths and related compounds.

S Hirano 1, K T Suzuki 1
PMCID: PMC1469566  PMID: 8722113

Abstract

For the past three decades, most attention in heavy metal toxicology has been paid to cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and tin because these metals widely polluted the environment. However, with the development of new materials in the last decade, the need for toxicological studies on those new materials has been increasing. A group of rare earths (RE) is a good example. Although some RE have been used for superconductors, plastic magnets, and ceramics, few toxicological data are available compared to other heavy metals described above. Because chemical properties of RE are very similar, it is plausible that their binding affinities to biomolecules, metabolism, and toxicity in the living system are also very similar. In this report, we present an overview of the metabolism and health hazards of RE and related compounds, including our recent studies.

Full text

PDF
85

Images in this article

87Figure 1. A
on p.87
87Figure 1. B
on p.87
87Figure 1. C
on p.87

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abramczuk J. W. The effects of lanthanum chloride on pregnancy in mice and on preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. Toxicology. 1985 Mar 29;34(4):315–320. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(85)90142-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allard M., Kien P., Caille J. M., Bonnemain B., Doucet D., Simonnet G. Subcellular localisation of gadolinium in the rat brain. J Neuroradiol. 1987;14(2):159–162. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ando A., Doishita K., Sanada S., Ando I., Hiraki T. [Study of distribution of 169Yb, 69Ga and 111In in tumor tissues by macroautoradiography; comparison between viable and necrotic tumor tissues]. Radioisotopes. 1977 Jan;26(1):13–18. doi: 10.3769/radioisotopes.26.13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Ando A., Mori H., Ando I., Hiraki T., Hisada K. [Whole-body retention studies of 169Yb-citrate.--Estimation of radiation dose to humans from 169Yb-citrate (author's transl)]. Radioisotopes. 1977 Sep;26(9):602–605. doi: 10.3769/radioisotopes.26.9_602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Ando A., Takeshita M., Ando I., Hiraki T., Hisada K. [Study of subcellular distribution of 169Yb and 111In in tumor and liver (author's transl)]. Radioisotopes. 1977 Mar;26(3):169–174. doi: 10.3769/radioisotopes.26.3_169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Arvela P., Kraul H., Stenbäck F., Pelkonen O. The cerium-induced liver injury and oxidative drug metabolism in DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice. Toxicology. 1991;69(1):1–9. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(91)90148-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Arvela P., Reinilä M., Pelkonen O. Effects of phenobarbital and beta-naphthoflavone on cerium induced biochemical changes in rat serum. Toxicol Lett. 1981 Jun-Jul;8(4-5):213–216. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(81)90103-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Ball R. A., Van Gelder G. Chronic toxicity of gadolinium oxide for mice following exposure by inhalation. Arch Environ Health. 1966 Nov;13(5):601–608. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1966.10664625. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Baltrukiewicz Z., Burakowski T., Derecki J. Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) derivatives on penetration of ytterbium-169 and cerium-144 into the rat offspring. Acta Physiol Pol. 1976 Mar-Apr;27(2):175–181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Barnhart J. L., Kuhnert N., Bakan D. A., Berk R. N. Biodistribution of GdCl3 and Gd-DTPA and their influence on proton magnetic relaxation in rat tissues. Magn Reson Imaging. 1987;5(3):221–231. doi: 10.1016/0730-725x(87)90023-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Basu A., Chakrabarty K., Chatterjee G. C. Neurotoxicity of lanthanum chloride in newborn chicks. Toxicol Lett. 1982 Nov;14(1-2):21–25. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(82)90005-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Basu A., Haldar S., Chakrabarty K., Santra M., Chatterjee G. C. Effect of cysteine supplementation on lanthanum chloride induced alterations in the antioxidant defence system of chick liver. Indian J Exp Biol. 1984 Aug;22(8):432–434. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bell E. T., Featherstone J. D., Bell J. E. Interaction of terbium and calcium with chicken cystatin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989 Jun;271(2):359–365. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90285-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Berry J. P., Masse R., Escaig F., Galle P. Intracellular localization of cerium. A microanalytical study using an electron microprobe and ionic microanalysis. Hum Toxicol. 1989 Nov;8(6):511–520. doi: 10.1177/096032718900800614. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Berthezène Y., Mühler A., Lang P., Shames D. M., Clément O., Rosenau W., Kuwatsuru R., Brasch R. C. Safety aspects and pharmacokinetics of inhaled aerosolized gadolinium. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1993 Jan-Feb;3(1):125–130. doi: 10.1002/jmri.1880030121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Beyer G. J., Franke W. G., Hennig K., Johannsen B. A., Khalkin V. A., Kretzschmar M., Lebedev N. A., Münze R., Novgorodov A. F., Thieme K. Comparative kinetic studies of simultaneously injected 167Tm- and 67Ga-citrate in normal and tumour bearing mice. Int J Appl Radiat Isot. 1978 Nov;29(11):673–681. doi: 10.1016/0020-708x(78)90105-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bjondahl K. Differences in liver weight, mortality in cerium-treated mice and 144Ce levels in blood, liver, urine and faeces at various intervals after treatment with nafenopin and pregnenolone 16-alpha-carbonitrile (PCN). Med Biol. 1976 Dec;54(6):454–460. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Blank M. L., Byrd B. L., Cress E. A., Washburn L. C., Snyder F. Liposomal preparations of calcium- or zinc-DTPA have a high efficacy for removing colloidal Ytterbium-169 from rat tissues. Toxicology. 1984 Apr 16;30(4):275–281. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(84)90138-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Blank M. L., Cress E. A., Byrd B. L., Washburn L. C., Snyder F. Liposomal encapsulated Zn-DTPA for removing intracellular 169Yb. Health Phys. 1980 Dec;39(6):913–920. doi: 10.1097/00004032-198012000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Brooks S. M. Lung disorders resulting from the inhalation of metals. Clin Chest Med. 1981 May;2(2):235–254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Buccigross J. M., Nelson D. J. EPR studies show that all lanthanides do not have the same order of binding to calmodulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Aug 14;138(3):1243–1249. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80416-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Byrd B. L., Watson E. E., Cloutier R. J., Hayes R. L. Effect of stable scandium on the long-term whole body retention of intravenously administered 46Sc citrate in the rat. Health Phys. 1975 Sep;29(3):375–379. doi: 10.1097/00004032-197509000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Canada R. G. Calcium receptor binding of cisplatin and terbium in human breast tumor cells after hyperthermia. Radiat Res. 1993 Feb;133(2):170–175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Cohan R. H., Leder R. A., Herzberg A. J., Hedlund L. W., Wheeler C. T., Beam C. A., Nadel S. N., Dunnick N. R. Extravascular toxicity of two magnetic resonance contrast agents. Preliminary experience in the rat. Invest Radiol. 1991 Mar;26(3):224–226. doi: 10.1097/00004424-199103000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Conti M., Malandrino S., Magistretti M. J. Protective activity of silipide on liver damage in rodents. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1992 Dec;60(4):315–321. doi: 10.1254/jjp.60.315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. D'Agostino R. B., Lown B. A., Morganti J. B., Massaro E. J. Effects of in utero or suckling exposure to cerium (citrate) on the postnatal development of the mouse. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1982 Sep;10(3):449–458. doi: 10.1080/15287398209530267. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Das T., Sharma A., Talukder G. Effects of lanthanum in cellular systems. A review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1988 Dec;18:201–228. doi: 10.1007/BF02917504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Dean P. B., Niemi P., Kivisaari L., Kormano M. Comparative pharmacokinetics of gadolinium DTPA and gadolinium chloride. Invest Radiol. 1988 Sep;23 (Suppl 1):S258–S260. doi: 10.1097/00004424-198809001-00055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Eisele G. R., Mraz F. R., Woody M. C. Gastrointestinal uptake of 144Ce in the neonatal mouse, rat and pig. Health Phys. 1980 Aug;39(2):185–192. doi: 10.1097/00004032-198008000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Endre Z. H., Allis J. L., Radda G. K. Toxicity of dysprosium shift reagents in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Magn Reson Med. 1989 Aug;11(2):267–274. doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910110215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Esposito M., Collecchi P., Brera S., Mora E., Mazzucotelli A., Cutolo M., Oddone M. Plasma and tissue levels of some lanthanide elements in malignant and non-malignant human tissues. Sci Total Environ. 1986 Apr;50:55–63. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(86)90351-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Ford-Hutchinson A. W., Perkins D. J. 46 Scandium metabolism; binding to metalloproteins in vivo and in vitro. Radiat Res. 1972 Aug;51(2):244–248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Fujimori T., Jencks W. P. Lanthanum inhibits steady-state turnover of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase by replacing magnesium as the catalytic ion. J Biol Chem. 1990 Sep 25;265(27):16262–16270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Gachályi A., Naményi J., Szegedi I., Varga P. L. Effect of mixed ligand complex therapy on the retention of 95Nb and 144Ce in mice. Radiat Res. 1989 Oct;120(1):177–181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Galle P., Berry J. P., Galle C. Role of alveolar macrophages in precipitation of mineral elements inhaled as soluble aerosols. Environ Health Perspect. 1992 Jul;97:145–147. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9297145. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Garrett I. R., McClure J. Lanthanide-induced calcergy. J Pathol. 1981 Dec;135(4):267–275. doi: 10.1002/path.1711350404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Ghosh N., Chattopadhyay D., Chatterjee G. C. Chicken erythrocyte membrane: lipid profile and enzymatic activity under lanthanum chloride and neodymium chloride administration. Indian J Exp Biol. 1991 Mar;29(3):226–229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Ghosh N., Chattopadhyay D., Mukhopadhyay S., Addya S., Chatterjee G. C. Cellular defence mechanism under the influence of lanthanum intoxication in chick bone marrow. Indian J Exp Biol. 1988 May;26(5):374–376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Grajewski O., von Lehmann B., Arntz H. R., Arvela P., Oberdisse E. Alterations of rat serum lipoproteins and lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase activity in praseodymium-induced liver damage. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1977 Dec;301(1):65–73. doi: 10.1007/BF00501265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. HUNTER R. B., WALKER W. Anticoagulant action of neodymium 3-sulpho-isonicotinate. Nature. 1956 Jul 7;178(4523):47–47. doi: 10.1038/178047a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Haley P. J. Pulmonary toxicity of stable and radioactive lanthanides. Health Phys. 1991 Dec;61(6):809–820. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199112000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Haley T. J., Komesu N., Colvin G., Koste L., Upham H. C. Pharmacology and toxicology of europium chloride. J Pharm Sci. 1965 Apr;54(4):643–645. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600540435. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Haley T. J., Koste L., Komesu N., Efros M., Upham H. C. Pharmacology and toxicology of dysprosium, holmium, and erbium chlorides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1966 Jan;8(1):37–43. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(66)90098-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Hammoudah M. M., Nir S., Bentz J., Mayhew E., Stewart T. P., Hui S. W., Kurland R. J. Interactions of La2+ with phosphatidylserine vesicles: binding, phase transition, leakage, 31P-NMR and fusion. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Jul 6;645(1):102–114. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(81)90517-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Hiraki T., Ando A., Mori H., Ando I., Sakamoto K., Amano R., Kojima K., Hisada K. [Whole-body retention studies of 167Tm-citrate.--Estimation of radiation dose to human from 167Tm-citrate--(author's transl)]. Radioisotopes. 1978 Feb;27(2):85–89. doi: 10.3769/radioisotopes.27.2_85. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Hirano S., Kodama N., Shibata K., Suzuki K. T. Distribution, localization, and pulmonary effects of yttrium chloride following intratracheal instillation into the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1990 Jun 15;104(2):301–311. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(90)90304-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Hirano S., Kodama N., Shibata K., Suzuki K. T. Metabolism and toxicity of intravenously injected yttrium chloride in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1993 Aug;121(2):224–232. doi: 10.1006/taap.1993.1149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Hirano S., Sakai S., Ebihara H., Kodama N., Suzuki K. T. Metabolism and pulmonary toxicity of intratracheally instilled cupric sulfate in rats. Toxicology. 1990 Dec 3;64(3):223–233. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(90)90115-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Hirano S., Tsukamoto N., Kobayashi E., Suzuki K. T. Toxicity of cadmium oxide instilled into the rat lung. I. Metabolism of cadmium oxide in the lung and its effects on essential elements. Toxicology. 1989 Apr;55(1-2):15–24. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(89)90171-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Husain M. H., Dick J. A., Kaplan Y. S. Rare earth pneumoconiosis. J Soc Occup Med. 1980 Jan;30(1):15–19. doi: 10.1093/occmed/30.1.15. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Inaba J., Suzuki-Yasumoto M. A kinetic study of radionuclide absorption through damaged and undamaged skin of the guinea pig. Health Phys. 1979 Oct;37(4):592–595. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Ji Y. J., Cui M. Z. Toxicological studies on safety of rare earths used in agriculture. Biomed Environ Sci. 1988 Oct;1(3):270–276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Kargacin B., Kostial K. Age-related efficiency of Ca-DTPA to reduce 141Ce retention in rats. Toxicol Lett. 1986 Sep;32(3):243–247. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(86)90114-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Kargacin B., Kostial K., Ciganović M. The influence of age on the efficiency of delayed therapy with Ca-DTPA for cerium in rats. Arch Toxicol. 1986 Apr;58(4):276–277. doi: 10.1007/BF00297120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Kargacin B., Kostial K. Reduction of 85Sr, 137Cs, 131I and 141Ce retention in rats by simultaneous oral administration of calcium alginate, ferrihexacyanoferrate(II), KI and Zn-DTPA. Health Phys. 1985 Nov;49(5):859–864. doi: 10.1097/00004032-198511000-00017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Kitani K., Morita Y., Kanai S. The effects of spironolactone on the biliary excretion of mercury, cadmium, zinc, and cerium in rats. Biochem Pharmacol. 1977 Feb 15;26(4):279–282. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90177-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Kobayashi Y., Ozeki M., Takei M., Shimano R. [Absorption of lanthanum by the enamel surface of extracted human teeth]. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi. 1979 Oct;29(3):276–290. doi: 10.5834/jdh.29.276. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Kostial K., Kargacin B., Landeka M. Gut retention of metals in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1989 Jul-Sep;21:213–218. doi: 10.1007/BF02917255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Kostial K., Kargacin B., Landeka M. Oral Zn-DTPA therapy for reducing 141Ce retention in suckling rats. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med. 1987 Oct;52(4):501–504. doi: 10.1080/09553008714552001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kostial K., Kargacin B., Landeka M. Reduction of 141Ce absorption in suckling rats. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med. 1987 Jan;51(1):139–145. doi: 10.1080/09553008714550571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kramsch D. M., Aspen A. J., Apstein C. S. Suppression of experimental atherosclerosis by the Ca++-antagonist lanthanum. Possible role of calcium in atherogenesis. J Clin Invest. 1980 May;65(5):967–981. doi: 10.1172/JCI109783. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Kyle V., Hazleman B. L., Wraight E. P. Yttrium-90 therapy and 99MTc pertechnetate knee uptake measurements in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1983 Apr;42(2):132–137. doi: 10.1136/ard.42.2.132. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. LIEBSCHER K., SCHOENFELD T., SCHALLER A. Concentration of inhaled cerium-144 in pulmonary lymphonodes of human beings. Nature. 1961 Dec 30;192:1308–1308. doi: 10.1038/1921308a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Lachine E. E., Noujaim A. A., Ediss C., Wiebe L. I. Toxicity, tissue distribution and excretion of 46ScCl3 and 46Sc-EDTA in mice. Int J Appl Radiat Isot. 1976 Jul;27(7):373–377. doi: 10.1016/0020-708x(76)90091-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Loscalzo J., Rabkin D. The interaction of Tb3+ with the human platelet surface. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1986 Aug 15;249(1):237–242. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90579-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Marciniak M., Bałtrukiewicz Z., Chaś J. The effect of toxic doses of lanthanum and cerium on the placental barrier and the blood/organ barrier in mice after intravenous injection of these elements. Acta Physiol Pol. 1988 Jul-Aug;39(4):294–299. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Marciniak M., Bałtrukiewicz Z. Serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) in rats poisoned with lanthanum, cerium and praseodymium. Acta Physiol Pol. 1977 Nov-Dec;28(6):589–594. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Maulik G., Ghosh N., Sengupta T., Chattopadhyay D., Chakraborty A. K., Chatterjee G. C. Curative effect of methionine on certain enzymes of chick kidney cortex under lanthanum toxicity situation. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992 Dec;30(12):1166–1169. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Menczel J., Rosoff B., Spencer H. Tissue distribution of orally administered 91Y and 46Sc in mice. Health Phys. 1982 May;42(5):727–730. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Monafo W. W., Tandon S. N., Ayvazian V. H., Tuchschmidt J., Skinner A. M., Deitz F. Cerium nitrate: a new topical antiseptic for extensive burns. Surgery. 1976 Oct;80(4):465–473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Morganti J. B., Lown B. A., Stineman C. H., Massaro E. J. Cerium tissue/organ distribution and alterations in open field and exploratory behavior following repeated exposure of the mouse to citrate complexed cerium. Gen Pharmacol. 1978;9(4):257–261. doi: 10.1016/0306-3623(78)90045-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Müller W. A., Linzner U., Schäffer E. H. Organ distribution studies of lutetium-177 in mouse. Int J Nucl Med Biol. 1978 Mar;5(1):29–31. doi: 10.1016/0047-0740(78)90087-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. NEZU N., ASANO M., OUCHI S. Cerium-144 in food. Science. 1962 Jan 12;135(3498):102–103. doi: 10.1126/science.135.3498.102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Nagy I., Kádas I., Jobst K. Lanthanum Trichloride induced blood coagulation defect and liver injury. Haematologia (Budap) 1976;10(3-4):353–359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Oberdisse E., Arvela P., Gross U. Lanthanon-induced hepatotoxicity and its prevention by pretreatment with the same lanthanon. Arch Toxicol. 1979 Dec;43(2):105–114. doi: 10.1007/BF00333617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Ohyashiki T., Ohtsuka T., Mohri T. Characterization of interaction between Tb3+ and porcine intestinal brush-border membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1985 Jul 11;817(1):181–186. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90081-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Oksendal A. N., Hals P. A. Biodistribution and toxicity of MR imaging contrast media. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1993 Jan-Feb;3(1):157–165. doi: 10.1002/jmri.1880030128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Ozeki M., Kobayashi Y., Takei M., Shimano R. [Inhibition of dental caries by lanthanum]. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi. 1979 Jan;28(4):448–454. doi: 10.5834/jdh.28.448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Palmer R. J., Butenhoff J. L., Stevens J. B. Cytotoxicity of the rare earth metals cerium, lanthanum, and neodymium in vitro: comparisons with cadmium in a pulmonary macrophage primary culture system. Environ Res. 1987 Jun;43(1):142–156. doi: 10.1016/s0013-9351(87)80066-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. ROSOFF B., SIEGEL E., WILLIAMS G. L., SPENCER H. Distribution and excretion of radioactive rare-earth compounds in mice. Int J Appl Radiat Isot. 1963 Mar;14:129–135. doi: 10.1016/0020-708x(63)90107-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Rabinowitz J. L., Fernandez-Gavarron F., Brand J. G. Tissue uptake and intracellular distribution of 140-lanthanum after oral intake by the rat. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1988;24(2):229–235. doi: 10.1080/15287398809531156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Remedios C. D. Lanthanide ions and skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulm. I. Gadolinium localization by electron microscopy. J Biochem. 1977 Mar;81(3):703–708. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a131507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Rhoads K., Sanders C. L. Lung clearance, translocation, and acute toxicity of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, selenium, vanadium, and ytterbium oxides following deposition in rat lung. Environ Res. 1985 Apr;36(2):359–378. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(85)90031-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Richmond C. R., London J. E. Long-term in vivo retention of cerium-144 by beagles. Nature. 1966 Sep 10;211(5054):1179–1179. doi: 10.1038/2111179a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Robinson G. A., Kupsh C. C., Wasnidge D. C., Floto F., Robinson B. L. Increased deposition of uranium in the bones of vitellogenic male Japanese quail. Effect of estradiol-17 beta on the distribution of uranium (VI), thorium (IV), gadolinium (III), and calcium (II). Poult Sci. 1986 Jun;65(6):1178–1183. doi: 10.3382/ps.0651178. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Robinson G. A., Wasnidge D. C., Floto F. Distribution of 140La and 47Ca in female Japanese quail and in the eggs laid. Poult Sci. 1978 Jan;57(1):190–196. doi: 10.3382/ps.0570190. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Robinson G. A., Wasnidge D. C., Floto F., Gibbins A. M. 153Gadolinium as a useful radiolanthanide for long-term labeling of tissues in Japanese quail. Poult Sci. 1981 Apr;60(4):861–866. doi: 10.3382/ps.0600861. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Rofsky N. M., Weinreb J. C., Litt A. W. Quantitative analysis of gadopentetate dimeglumine excreted in breast milk. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1993 Jan-Feb;3(1):131–132. doi: 10.1002/jmri.1880030122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Rosoff B., Spencer H. Binding of rare earths to serum proteins and DNA. Clin Chim Acta. 1979 May 2;93(3):311–319. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(79)90280-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Sabbioni E., Pietra R., Gaglione P., Vocaturo G., Colombo F., Zanoni M., Rodi F. Long-term occupational risk of rare-earth pneumoconiosis. A case report as investigated by neutron activation analysis. Sci Total Environ. 1982 Dec;26(1):19–32. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(82)90093-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Sagan C. E., Lengemann F. W. The retention and movement of cerium-141 in the gastrointestinal tract of adult rats irradiated with 800 R and fed grain-based or milk diets. Radiat Res. 1973 Mar;53(3):480–487. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Sakurai Y. [Distribution and fate of lanthanum in the tissues of rats after administration of lanthanum salt solutions by swabbing the teeth and by stomach tube]. Aichi Gakuin Daigaku Shigakkai Shi. 1982 Jun;20(1):1–17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Salas M., Tuchweber B., Kovacs K., Garg B. D. Effect of cerium on the rat liver: an ultrastructural and biochemical study. Beitr Pathol. 1976 Feb;157(1):23–44. doi: 10.1016/s0005-8165(76)80146-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Salas M., Tuchweber B. Prevention by steroids of cerium hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol. 1976 Mar 11;35(2):115–125. doi: 10.1007/BF00372765. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Salonpä P., Iscan M., Pasanen M., Arvela P., Pelkonen O., Raunio H. Cerium-induced strain-dependent increase in Cyp2a-4/5 (cytochrome P4502a-4/5) expression in the liver and kidneys of inbred mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Oct 6;44(7):1269–1274. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90525-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Sarkander H. I., Brade W. P. On the mechanism of lanthanide-induced liver toxicity. Arch Toxicol. 1976 Sep 15;36(1):1–17. doi: 10.1007/BF00277559. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Schriewer H., Gebauer B., Rauen H. M. Die akute Leberschädigung der Ratte mit Praseodymnitrat. Arzneimittelforschung. 1976;26(3):399–402. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Schroeder H. A., Mitchener M. Scandium, chromium(VI), gallium, yttrium, rhodium, palladium, indium in mice: effects on growth and life span. J Nutr. 1971 Oct;101(10):1431–1437. doi: 10.1093/jn/101.10.1431. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Seidel A., Wiener M., Krüger E., Wirth R., Haffner H. Studies on the lysosomal binding of 141Ce, 239Np, 239Pu and 241Am in rat and Syrian hamster liver using carrier-free electrophoresis. Int J Rad Appl Instrum B. 1986;13(5):515–518. doi: 10.1016/0883-2897(86)90130-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Shaklai M., Tavassoli M. Preferential localization of lanthanum to nuclear-pore complexes. J Ultrastruct Res. 1982 Nov;81(2):139–144. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5320(82)90069-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Shinohara A., Chiba M. Distribution of terbium and increase in calcium concentrations in organs of mice administered with terbium chloride. Toxicology. 1991 Feb 11;66(1):93–103. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(91)90181-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Singh A., Holmes R. A., Farhangi M., Volkert W. A., Williams A., Stringham L. M., Ketring A. R. Human pharmacokinetics of samarium-153 EDTMP in metastatic cancer. J Nucl Med. 1989 Nov;30(11):1814–1818. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Smith T., Shawe D. J., Crawley J. C., Gumpel J. M. Use of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to study the distribution of 90Y in patients with Baker's cysts and persistent synovitis of the knee. Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 Jul;47(7):553–558. doi: 10.1136/ard.47.7.553. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Spencer H., Rosoff B. Removal of scandium-46 in man. Health Phys. 1965 Nov;11(11):1181–1185. doi: 10.1097/00004032-196511000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Stewart J. S., Hird V., Snook D., Sullivan M., Myers M. J., Epenetos A. A. Intraperitoneal 131I- and 90Y-labelled monoclonal antibodies for ovarian cancer: pharmacokinetics and normal tissue dosimetry. Int J Cancer Suppl. 1988;3:71–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Stineman C. H., Massaro E. J., Lown B. A., Morganti J. B., Al-Nakeeb S. Cerium tissue/organ distribution and alterations in open field and exploratory behavior following acute exposure of the mouse to cerium (citrate). J Environ Pathol Toxicol. 1978 Nov-Dec;2(2):553–570. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Strubelt O., Siegers C. P., Younes M. The influence of silybin on the hepatotoxic and hypoglycemic effects of praseodymium and other lanthanides. Arzneimittelforschung. 1980;30(10):1690–1694. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Sturbaum B., Brooks A. L., McClellan R. O. Tissue distribution and dosimetry of 144Ce in Chinese hamsters. Radiat Res. 1970 Nov;44(2):359–367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Sullivan M. F., Miller B. M., Goebel J. C. Gastrointestinal absorption of metals (51Cr, 65Zn, 95mTc, 109Cd, 113Sn, 147Pm, and 238Pu) by rats and swine. Environ Res. 1984 Dec;35(2):439–453. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(84)90151-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Sullivan M. F., Ruemmler P. S., Ryan J. L., Buschbom R. L. Influence of oxidizing or reducing agents on gastrointestinal absorption of U, Pu, Am, Cm and Pm by rats. Health Phys. 1986 Feb;50(2):223–232. doi: 10.1097/00004032-198602000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Suzuki K. T., Kobayashi E., Ito Y., Ozawa H., Suzuki E. Localization and health effects of lanthanum chloride instilled intratracheally into rats. Toxicology. 1992 Nov 30;76(2):141–152. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(92)90161-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Swamy V. C., Triggle C. R., Triggle D. J. The effects of lanthanum and thulium on the mechanical responses of rat vas deferens. J Physiol. 1976 Jan;254(1):55–62. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011220. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Takada K. Comparison of the metabolic behavior of 144Ce injected intravenously with that absorbed from the wound site in rats. Health Phys. 1978 Oct;35(4):537–543. doi: 10.1097/00004032-197810000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Tavassoli M., Aoki M., Shaklai M. A novel stromal cell type in the rat marrow recognizable by its preferential uptake of lanthanum. Exp Hematol. 1980 May;8(5):568–577. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Thomas R. L., Scott J. K., Chiffelle T. L. Metabolism and toxicity of inhaled 144 Ce in rats. Radiat Res. 1972 Mar;49(3):598–610. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Triggle C. R., Triggle D. J. An analysis of the action of cations of the lanthanide series on the mechanical responses of guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle. J Physiol. 1976 Jan;254(1):39–54. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011219. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Tuchweber B., Trost R., Salas M., Sieck W. Effect of praseodymium nitrate on hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1976 Dec;54(6):898–906. doi: 10.1139/y76-126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Washburn L. C., Hwa Sun T. T., Crook J. E., Byrd B. L., Carlton J. E., Hung Y. W., Steplewski Z. S. 90Y-labeled monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. Int J Rad Appl Instrum B. 1986;13(4):453–456. doi: 10.1016/0883-2897(86)90024-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Wedeking P., Eaton S., Covell D. G., Nair S., Tweedle M. F., Eckelman W. C. Pharmacokinetic analysis of blood distribution of intravenously administered 153Gd-labeled Gd(DTPA)2- and 99mTc(DTPA) in rats. Magn Reson Imaging. 1990;8(5):567–575. doi: 10.1016/0730-725x(90)90133-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Weiss G. B., Goodman F. R. Distribution of a lanthanide (147 Pm) in vascular smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1976 Aug;198(2):366–374. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Wenzel W. J., Thomas R. G., McClellan R. O. Effect of stable yttrium concentration on the distribution and excretion of inhaled radioyttrium in the rat. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1969 Nov-Dec;30(6):630–634. doi: 10.1080/00028896909343185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Wilczek W., Drosselmeyer E., Seidel A. The in vitro effects of high-Tc-superconducting particles (YBa2Cu3O6-7) and quartz (SiO2) on bovine alveolar macrophages. Exp Pathol. 1989;37(1-4):269–272. doi: 10.1016/s0232-1513(89)80066-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Yajima H., Sumaoka J., Miyama S., Komiyama M. Lanthanide ions for the first non-enzymatic formation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate from adenosine triphosphate under physiological conditions. J Biochem. 1994 Jun;115(6):1038–1039. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124453. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Yoneda S., Emi N., Fujita Y., Ohmichi M., Hirano S., Suzuki K. T. Effects of gadolinium chloride on the rat lung following intratracheal instillation. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1995 Nov;28(1):65–70. doi: 10.1006/faat.1995.1147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Environmental Health Perspectives are provided here courtesy of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

RESOURCES