Abstract
Information about the consequences of human exposure to radiation in the former Soviet Union has recently become available. These data add new insights and provide possible answers to several important questions regarding radiation and its impact on occupational and public health. The 1986 Chernobyl accident initiated a major and early increase in childhood thyroid cancer that resulted from ingestion of iodine-131 (131I) by young children living in the most heavily contaminated areas of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. No significant additional cancer or other adverse medical effects have yet been reported in the affected populations and among clean-up workers. Major psychological stress independent of radiation dose has been observed in those people thought to be exposed. During the early days of the atomic energy program in the former Soviet Union, some unfortunate events occurred. The country's first atomic test in Semipalatinsk in 1949 exposed over 25,000 people downwind from the blast to significant doses of fission products, especially 131I. During the late 1940s and the early 1950s nuclear material production facilities were developed near Chelyabinsk in the South Ural Mountains, which resulted in major releases into the environment and significant overexposures for thousands of workers and nearby populations. Chronic radiation sickness was observed early in exposed workers, and increases in leukemia and other cancers were also reported. The series of plutonium inhalation-related lung cancers and fatalities among workers exposed in that first decade appears to be unique. Long-term consequences of chronic radiation sickness and four decades of follow-up are being described for the first time. Villagers downstream from the plant consumed high levels of 137Cs and 90Sr and, it is reported, manifested increases in leukemia from internal and external exposures. Although the 40-year databases for retrospective dosimetry epidemiology studies are just beginning to be integrated and evaluated, preliminary evaluations suggest that there may be graded, significant dose-rate amelioration factors for cancer and leukemia risks in workers and the general population relative to the risk data on the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Even for plutonium-induced lung cancers in workers, such a dose-rate effect may be evident. These experiences give us insight into the consequences of protracted radiation at high and low doses and rates. If these findings are validated and confirmed, they can provide information that reduces some of the uncertainties in retrospective radiation dosimetry and radiation risk estimates (especially for low-level, chronic exposures) for activities related to medicine as well as the handling of nuclear materials and nuclear facility decommissioning, decontamination, and demilitarization.
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Anspaugh L. R., Catlin R. J., Goldman M. The global impact of the Chernobyl reactor accident. Science. 1988 Dec 16;242(4885):1513–1519. doi: 10.1126/science.3201240. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buglova E. E., Kenigsberg J. E., Sergeeva N. V. Cancer risk estimation in Belarussian children due to thyroid irradiation as a consequence of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Health Phys. 1996 Jul;71(1):45–49. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199607000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Day R., Gorin M. B., Eller A. W. Prevalence of lens changes in Ukrainian children residing around Chernobyl. Health Phys. 1995 May;68(5):632–642. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199505000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goldman M. Chernobyl: a radiobiological perspective. Science. 1987 Oct 30;238(4827):622–623. doi: 10.1126/science.3672115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goldman M., Filjushkin I. V. Low level radiation risks in people. Chin Med J (Engl) 1994 Aug;107(8):624–626. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goldman M. Ionizing radiation and its risks. West J Med. 1982 Dec;137(6):540–547. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koshurnikova N. A., Buldakov L. A., Bysogolov G. D., Bolotnikova M. G., Komleva N. S., Peternikova V. S. Mortality from malignancies of the hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues among personnel of the first nuclear plant in the USSR. Sci Total Environ. 1994 Mar 1;142(1-2):19–23. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90068-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koshurnikova N. A., Bysogolov G. D., Bolotnikova M. G., Khokhryakov V. F., Kreslov V. V., Okatenko P. V., Romanov S. A., Shilnikova N. S. Mortality among personnel who worked at the Mayak complex in the first years of its operation. Health Phys. 1996 Jul;71(1):90–93. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199607000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kossenko M. M. Cancer mortality among Techa River residents and their offspring. Health Phys. 1996 Jul;71(1):77–82. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199607000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Likhtarev I. A., Chumack V. V., Repin V. S. Retrospective reconstruction of individual and collective external gamma doses of population evacuated after the Chernobyl accident. Health Phys. 1994 Jun;66(6):643–652. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199406000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shilnikova N. S., Koshurnikova N. A., Bolotnikova M. G., Kabirova N. R., Kreslov V. V., Lyzlov A. F., Okatenko P. V. Mortality among workers with chronic radiation sickness. Health Phys. 1996 Jul;71(1):86–89. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199607000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stsjazhko V. A., Tsyb A. F., Tronko N. D., Souchkevitch G., Baverstock K. F. Childhood thyroid cancer since accident at Chernobyl. BMJ. 1995 Mar 25;310(6982):801–801. doi: 10.1136/bmj.310.6982.801. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]