Abstract
The method described here allows the detection of protein-DNA interactions in vivo in filamentous fungi. We outline culture conditions and conditions of in vivo methylation that permit uniform modification of all cells in an apically growing, non-uniform organism, and subsequent visualization of protected areas by ligation-mediated PCR.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (76.2 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Archer D. B., Peberdy J. F. The molecular biology of secreted enzyme production by fungi. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 1997;17(4):273–306. doi: 10.3109/07388559709146616. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burger G., Strauss J., Scazzocchio C., Lang B. F. nirA, the pathway-specific regulatory gene of nitrate assimilation in Aspergillus nidulans, encodes a putative GAL4-type zinc finger protein and contains four introns in highly conserved regions. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Nov;11(11):5746–5755. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.11.5746. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Caddick M. X., Arst H. N., Jr, Taylor L. H., Johnson R. I., Brownlee A. G. Cloning of the regulatory gene areA mediating nitrogen metabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans. EMBO J. 1986 May;5(5):1087–1090. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04326.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Haas H., Marzluf G. A. NRE, the major nitrogen regulatory protein of Penicillium chrysogenum, binds specifically to elements in the intergenic promoter regions of nitrate assimilation and penicillin biosynthetic gene clusters. Curr Genet. 1995 Jul;28(2):177–183. doi: 10.1007/BF00315785. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kudla B., Caddick M. X., Langdon T., Martinez-Rossi N. M., Bennett C. F., Sibley S., Davies R. W., Arst H. N., Jr The regulatory gene areA mediating nitrogen metabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans. Mutations affecting specificity of gene activation alter a loop residue of a putative zinc finger. EMBO J. 1990 May;9(5):1355–1364. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08250.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mueller P. R., Wold B. In vivo footprinting of a muscle specific enhancer by ligation mediated PCR. Science. 1989 Nov 10;246(4931):780–786. doi: 10.1126/science.2814500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- PONTECORVO G., ROPER J. A., HEMMONS L. M., MACDONALD K. D., BUFTON A. W. J. The genetics of Aspergillus nidulans. Adv Genet. 1953;5:141–238. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60408-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Punt P. J., Strauss J., Smit R., Kinghorn J. R., van den Hondel C. A., Scazzocchio C. The intergenic region between the divergently transcribed niiA and niaD genes of Aspergillus nidulans contains multiple NirA binding sites which act bidirectionally. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Oct;15(10):5688–5699. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.10.5688. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pérez-Esteban B., Orejas M., Gómez-Pardo E., Peñalva M. A. Molecular characterization of a fungal secondary metabolism promoter: transcription of the Aspergillus nidulans isopenicillin N synthetase gene is modulated by upstream negative elements. Mol Microbiol. 1993 Aug;9(4):881–895. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01746.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ravagnani A., Gorfinkiel L., Langdon T., Diallinas G., Adjadj E., Demais S., Gorton D., Arst H. N., Jr, Scazzocchio C. Subtle hydrophobic interactions between the seventh residue of the zinc finger loop and the first base of an HGATAR sequence determine promoter-specific recognition by the Aspergillus nidulans GATA factor AreA. EMBO J. 1997 Jul 1;16(13):3974–3986. doi: 10.1093/emboj/16.13.3974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strauss J., Muro-Pastor M. I., Scazzocchio C. The regulator of nitrate assimilation in ascomycetes is a dimer which binds a nonrepeated, asymmetrical sequence. Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Mar;18(3):1339–1348. doi: 10.1128/mcb.18.3.1339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Unkles S. E., Campbell E. I., Punt P. J., Hawker K. L., Contreras R., Hawkins A. R., Van den Hondel C. A., Kinghorn J. R. The Aspergillus niger niaD gene encoding nitrate reductase: upstream nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons. Gene. 1992 Feb 15;111(2):149–155. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90682-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wösten H. A., Moukha S. M., Sietsma J. H., Wessels J. G. Localization of growth and secretion of proteins in Aspergillus niger. J Gen Microbiol. 1991 Aug;137(8):2017–2023. doi: 10.1099/00221287-137-8-2017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]